I roto i te tukanga whakatikatika me te whakamahi i ngā karāhe, me te whakatutuki i ngā pānga whakapaipai me ngā tohu mahi motuhake, me tutuki hoki i ēnei ngā whakaritenga tukanga tino taketake. Ka whakarārangihia, ka matapakihia hoki e mātou ngā raruraru e rua e tino kitea ana i roto i te tukanga whakamahi i ngā karāhe.
1. Kāore i te pai te mahi a te parai parai
Nā te mea he tonu te hanga o te wheketere uku, ki te mea he raruraru ki te mahi a te paraihe karāhe, ka puta he maha ngā hapa i roto i te tukanga whakarāhe, ka pā tika ki te tere pai o ngā hua a te kaihanga. He mea nui, ā, ko te mahi tino taketake. Me tango tātou i ngā whakaritenga mahi o te paraihe ipu pere i runga i te paraihe karāhe hei tauira. Me whai i te paraihe karāhe pai: he pai te rere, kāore he thixotropy, kāore he ua, kāore he mirumiru i roto i te paraihe karāhe, he pai te pupuri makuku, me te kaha ina maroke, me ētahi atu. Te mahi a te tukanga. Kātahi ka tātarihia ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mahi a te paraihe karāhe.
1) Te kounga o te wai
Ka pā te pakeketanga me te pH o te wai ki te mahi a te paraihe. Ko te tikanga, he ā-rohe te awe o te kounga o te wai. Ko te wai puna i tētahi wāhi he pumau tonu i muri i te maimoatanga, engari ko te wai whenua he kore pumau tonu nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te nui o te tote wairewa i roto i ngā paparanga toka me te parahanga. Ko te pumau, nō reira ko te wai puna te mea pai mō te paraihe mira pōro a te kaihanga, ka pumau tonu.
2) Te nui o te tote wairewa i roto i ngā rauemi mata
Ko te tikanga, ko te maturuturunga iho o te konganuku kawakore me ngā katote konganuku whenua kawakore ki roto i te wai ka pā ki te pH me te taurite pea i roto i te parai parai. Nō reira, i te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mata kohuke, ka ngana mātou ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi kua tukatukahia mā te whakamānu, te horoi wai, me te mira wai. Ka iti iho, ā, ko te nui o te tote wairewa i roto i ngā rauemi mata e pā ana hoki ki te hanganga whānui o ngā uaua o te konganuku me te nui o te huarere. He rerekē te nui o te tote wairewa o ngā maina rerekē. Ko tētahi tikanga māmā ko te tāpiri wai i tētahi ōwehenga me te whakamātautau i te tere rere o te parai parai i muri i te mira pōro. , Ka ngana mātou ki te whakamahi i te iti iho, i te kore rānei o ngā rauemi mata me te tere rere iti.
3) Konutaicarboxymethyl celluloseme te konutai tripolyphosphate
Ko te matū whakatārewatanga e whakamahia ana i roto i tā mātou kirikiri uku hoahoa ko te konutai carboxymethylcellulose, e kiia whānuitia ana ko te CMC, ko te roa o te mekameka ngota o te CMC ka pā tika ki tōna matotoru i roto i te parai kirikiri, ki te roa rawa te mekameka ngota, he pai te matotoru, engari i roto i te parai kirikiri ka ngawari te puta o ngā mirumiru i roto i te reo, ā, he uaua ki te tuku. Ki te poto rawa te mekameka ngota, ka iti te matotoru, ā, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te pānga here, ā, ka ngawari te pirau o te parai kirikiri i muri i te whakatakotoranga mō tētahi wā. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o te cellulose e whakamahia ana i roto i ā mātou wheketere he cellulose matotoru reo me te matotoru iti. . Ko te kounga o te konutai tripolyphosphate e pā tika ana ki te utu. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā hua kei te mākete kua tino poke, ka hua ake he hekenga nui o te mahi tango kapia. Nō reira, he mea tika kia whiriwhiria ngā kaihanga noa hei hoko, ki te kore ka nui ake te mate i te hua!
4) Ngā poke o tāwāhi
I te nuinga o te wā, ka puta mai ētahi parahanga hinu me ngā matū whakapūmau i te wā e keri ana me te tukatuka rauemi mata. Heoi anō, he maha ngā paru horihori e whakamahi ana i ētahi tāpiringa rauropi me ngā mekameka ngota nui. Ka puta tika mai i te parahanga hinu ngā hapa o te karāhe kōpiko i runga i te mata o te karāhe. Ka pāngia e ngā karāhe whakapūmau te toenga waikawa-pūtake, ā, ka pāngia hoki te rere o te parahanga karāhe. He nui ngā mekameka ngota o ngā tāpiringa paru horihori, ā, he ngāwari ki te pupuhi.
5) Ngā mea rauropi i roto i ngā rauemi mata
Ka uru mai ngā rauemi mata kohuke ki roto i ngā mea rauropi nā te haurua o te ora, te rerekētanga me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei mea rauropi he uaua ki te rewa ki te wai, ā, i ētahi wā ka puta he mirumiru hau, he tātari me te aukati.
2. Kāore i te ōrite te paninga turanga:
E toru ngā āhuatanga e matapakihia ai te whakataurite i te tinana me te karaihe: te whakataurite i te whānuitanga o te putanga ahi, te whakataurite i te whakamaroke me te whakaiti ahi, me te whakataurite i te tauwehenga whānui. Me tātari takitahi tātou i a rātou:
1) Te taurite i te wā e pupuhi ana te hauhautanga
I te wā e whakamahanahia ana te tinana me te paninga, ka puta he raupapa o ngā huringa ā-tinana me te matū me te pikinga o te pāmahana, pēnei i te: mimiti o te wai, te tukunga o te wai tioata, te pirau waikura o ngā mea waro me te pirau o ngā kohuke kore-waro, me ētahi atu, ngā tauhohenga motuhake me te pirau. Kua whakamatautauria te pāmahana e ngā tohunga matua, ā, kua tāruatia penei hei tohutoro ① Te pāmahana rūma -100 nekehanga Celsius, ka memeha te wai mimiti;
② Te mimiti wai i waenga i ngā wāhanga i te 200-118 nekehanga Celsius ③ Te tahunga i ngā mea waro, te whanariki me te whanariki i te 350-650 nekehanga Celsius ④ Te whakakotahitanga tioata 450-650 nekehanga Celsius, te tango wai tioata ⑤ Te hurihanga o te kuata 573 nekehanga Celsius, te hurihanga rōrahi ⑥ Te pirau o te konupūmā, te dolomite, te hau ⑦ Te 700 nekehanga Celsius hei hanga i ngā wāhanga silicate hou me ngā wāhanga silicate matatini.
Ko te pāmahana pirau e rite ana i runga ake nei ka taea anake te whakamahi hei tohutoro i roto i te hanga tuturu, nā te mea kei te heke haere te kounga o ā mātou rauemi mata, ā, hei whakaiti i ngā utu hanga, kei te poto haere te huringa tahunga oumu. Nō reira, mō ngā taera uku, ka whakaroahia hoki te pāmahana tauhohenga pirau e rite ana hei whakautu ki te wera tere, ā, ahakoa te hau kua kukū i te rohe pāmahana teitei ka puta he momo hapa. Hei tunu i ngā tāmi, kia tere ai te tunu, me mahi kaha tātou ki te kiri me te whakakī, me whakaangawari ake te kiri, me whakaiti ake te whakakī, me tiki rānei i ētahi whakakī e ngāwari ana te tunu, me ētahi atu. He rite tonu mō ngā taera uku. Te tahu, te whakaangawari tinana, te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga ahi me ētahi atu. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tinana me te whakakī he rite ki te hanga-ā-tinana o ngā kōtiro. Ko te hunga kua kite i te hanga-ā-tinana o ngā kōtiro, kaua e uaua ki te mārama he aha i reira ngā whakakī o raro me ngā whakakī o runga i te tinana. Ko te kaupapa matua o te hanga-ā-tinana ehara i te huna i te kino me te whakapaipai! Engari ki te werawera koe, ka poke tō mata, ā, tera pea ka mate pāwera koe. He rite tonu mō ngā taera uku. I te tīmatanga i tahuna pai, engari i puta mai ngā kōhao iti i te tūponotanga, nō reira he aha ngā mea whakapaipai e aro nui ai ki te manawa, ā, e whiriwhiri ana i runga i ngā momo kiri rerekē? He rerekē ngā mea whakapaipai, he rite tonu ā mātou paninga, mō ngā tinana rerekē, he rerekē anō ā mātou paninga hei urutau ki a rātou, kotahi te tahunga o ngā pereki uku, i kōrero ahau i te tuhinga o mua: He pai ake te whakamahi i ngā rauemi mata maha atu mēnā he roa te hau, ā, ka whakaurua ngā konganuku whenua kawakawa rua-valent me te warowaihā. Mēnā kua pau wawe te tinana matomato, whakamahia he nui ake ngā parai, whakaurua rānei ngā konganuku whenua kawakawa rua-valent me ngā rauemi he iti ake te ngaronga mura. Ko te kaupapa o te paunga: ko te pāmahana paunga o te tinana matomato he iti iho i te pāmahana o te paninga, kia ataahua ai te mata paninga i muri i te tukunga o te hau i raro, engari he uaua ki te whakatutuki i te hanga tuturu, ā, me neke tika te pūwāhi ngohengohe o te paninga kia pai ai te putanga o te Tinana.
2) Te whakataurite i te whakamaroke me te whakahekenga ahi
He kākahu tā te katoa, ā, me noho pai, ki te kore he iti noa te aro, ka tuwhera ngā tuitui, ā, ka rite te paninga o te tinana ki ngā kākahu e mau ana tātou, ā, me uru pai! Nō reira, me ōrite te mimiti maroke o te paninga ki te tinana matomato, ā, kaua e nui rawa, kaua hoki e iti rawa, ki te kore ka puta he ngatata i te wā e whakamaroke ana, ā, ka puta he hapa i te pereki kua oti. Ae, i runga i te wheako me te taumata hangarau o ngā kaimahi paninga o nāianei, e kiia ana ehara tēnei i te raruraru uaua i ēnei rā, ā, he tino pai hoki ngā kaiwhakatikatika whānui ki te hopu i te paru, nō reira kāore e puta pinepine te āhuatanga o runga ake nei, ki te kore e puta ngā raruraru o runga ake nei i roto i ētahi wheketere he tino uaua ngā āhuatanga whakaputa.
3) Te whakataurite i te tauwehenga whānui
I te nuinga o te wā, he paku nui ake te tauwehenga whānui o te tinana matomato i tērā o te paninga, ā, ka pāngia te paninga e te ahotea pēhanga i muri i te tahu i te tinana matomato, kia pai ake ai te pumau o te paninga, kia kore ai e ngawari te pakaru. Koinei anō te ariā me ako tātou ina ako tātou i ngā silicates. I ētahi rā kua pahure ake nei, i pātai mai tētahi hoa ki ahau: he aha te tauwehenga whānui o te paninga he nui ake i tērā o te tinana, kia piko ai te āhua o te pereki, engari he iti ake te tauwehenga whānui o te paninga i tērā o te tinana, kia piko ai te āhua o te pereki? He tika te kī, i muri i te whakamahana me te whakawhanui, he nui ake te paninga i te turanga, ā, he piko, ā, he iti ake te paninga i te turanga, ā, he piko…
Kāore au i te hiahia ki te whakautu, me titiro tātou ki te āhua o te tauwehenga whānui wera. Tuatahi, me waiho hei uara. He aha te momo uara? Ko te uara o te rōrahi o te matū e rerekē ana me te pāmahana. Āe, nā te mea ka rerekē me te "pāmahana", ka rerekē ina piki, ina heke te pāmahana. Ko te tauwehenga whānui wera e kiia nei e tātou he uku ko te tauwehenga whānui rōrahi. Ko te tauwehenga whānui rōrahi e pā ana ki te tauwehenga whānui rārangi, e toru ngā wā te roa o te whānui rārangi. Ko te tauwehenga whānui i inehia he kaupapa matua, arā, "i roto i tētahi awhe pāmahana". Hei tauira, he aha te momo pihi ko te uara o te 20-400 nekehanga Celsius i te nuinga o te wā? Ki te tohe koe ki te whakataurite i te uara o te 400 nekehanga ki te 600 nekehanga. Ko te tikanga, kāore e taea te tango i tētahi whakatau whaitake mai i te whakataurite.
Kia mārama tātou ki te ariā o te tauwehenga whānui, me hoki tātou ki te kaupapa taketake. I muri i te whakamahanatanga o ngā taera i roto i te oumu, ka whai wā whānui, me wā whakaheke hoki. Kaua e whakaarohia ngā huringa o te rohe pāmahana teitei nā te whānui me te whakahekenga wera i mua. He aha ai? Nā te mea, i te pāmahana teitei, he kirihou te tinana matomato me te paninga. Ki te kī tika, he ngohengohe, ā, he nui ake te awe o te kaha ā-papa i tō rātou ake taumahatanga. Ko te mea pai, he tika, he tika te tinana matomato, ā, he iti noa te pānga o te tauwehenga whānui. I muri i te haerenga o te taera uku i roto i te wāhanga pāmahana teitei, ka tere te whakamatao me te whakamatao puhoi, ā, ka mārō te taera uku mai i te tinana kirihou. I te hekenga o te pāmahana, ka whakaiti te rōrahi. Ko te tikanga, ko te nui ake o te tauwehenga whānui, ko te nui ake o te whakahekenga, ā, ko te iti ake o te tauwehenga whānui, ko te iti ake o te whakahekenga e rite ana. Ina nui ake te tauwehenga whānui o te tinana i te paninga, ka nui ake te whakaiti o te tinana i te paninga i te wā whakamatao, ā, ka piko te pereki; ki te iti ake te tauwehenga whānui o te tinana i te paninga, ka whakaiti te tinana me te kore he paninga i te wā whakamatao. Ki te nui rawa ngā pereki, ka hurihia ngā pereki ki runga, nō reira ehara i te mea uaua ki te whakamārama i ngā pātai o runga ake nei!
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-25-2024