Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether ndi dzina lathunthu la zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi momwe alkali cellulose imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Alkali cellulose imasinthidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zotenthetsera kuti ipeze ma ether osiyanasiyana a cellulose. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zosinthira zimakhalira, ma ether a cellulose amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ionic (monga carboxymethyl cellulose) ndi non-ionic (monga methyl cellulose). Malinga ndi mtundu wa substituent, cellulose ether imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri (monga methyl cellulose) ndi mixed ether (monga hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Malinga ndi kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri osungunuka m'madzi (monga hydroxyethyl cellulose) ndi organic solvent-soluble (monga ethyl cellulose), ndi zina zotero. Dry-mixed mortar makamaka ndi madzi-soluble cellulose, ndipo madzi-soluble cellulose imagawidwa m'magulu awiri a instant type ndi surface treated delayed dissolving type.
Limagwirira ntchito la efa wa cellulose mu matope ndi motere:
(1) Pambuyo poti ether ya cellulose mu matope yasungunuka m'madzi, kufalikira kogwira mtima komanso kofanana kwa zinthu zomangira simenti mu dongosolo kumatsimikizika chifukwa cha ntchito ya pamwamba, ndipo ether ya cellulose, monga colloid yoteteza, "imakulunga" tinthu tolimba ndipo Filimu yopaka mafuta imapangidwa pamwamba pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dongosolo la matope likhale lolimba, komanso zimathandizira kuti matope aziyenda bwino panthawi yosakaniza komanso kuti ntchito yomanga ikhale yosalala.
(2) Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka molekyulu, yankho la cellulose ether limapangitsa kuti madzi omwe ali mu matope asamatayike mosavuta, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amawatulutsa kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matopewo azikhala ndi madzi okwanira komanso kuti azitha kugwira ntchito bwino.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Thonje loyengedwa likaphikidwa ndi alkali, cellulose ether imapangidwa kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi methane chloride ngati etherification. Kawirikawiri, mlingo wa kusintha ndi 1.6 ~ 2.0, ndipo kusungunuka kumasiyananso ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a kusintha. Ndi ya non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Madzi ake ndi olimba kwambiri pa pH = 3 ~ 12. Imagwirizana bwino ndi starch, guar gum, ndi zina zotero. Kutentha kukafika pa kutentha kwa gelation, gelation imachitika.
(2) Kusunga madzi kwa methyl cellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala, kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka. Kawirikawiri, ngati kuchuluka kowonjezera kuli kwakukulu, kusalala kwake kuli kochepa, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kuli kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezeredwa kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kukhuthala sikufanana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi. Kusungunuka kwa madzi kumadalira makamaka kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta cellulose ndi kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pakati pa ma cellulose ether omwe ali pamwambapa, methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose zili ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi.
(3) Kusintha kwa kutentha kudzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa mu methyl cellulose. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kukakhala kwakukulu, madzi omwe amasungidwa amakhala oipa kwambiri. Ngati kutentha kwa matope kupitirira 40°C, madzi omwe amasungidwa mu methyl cellulose adzachepa kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka matopewo.
(4) Methyl cellulose imakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ndi kumatirira kwa matope. "Kumatirira" apa kumatanthauza mphamvu yomatirira yomwe imamveka pakati pa chida chogwiritsira ntchito cha wantchito ndi khoma, ndiko kuti, kukana kukatira kwa matope. Kumatirira kwake ndi kwakukulu, kukana kukatira kwa matope ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe ogwira ntchito amafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito matope ndi zazikulu, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a matope ndi otsika. Kumatirira kwa methyl cellulose kuli pamlingo wocheperako muzinthu zopangidwa ndi cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi mtundu wa cellulose womwe kutulutsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakhala kukukwera mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndi ether yosakanikirana ya cellulose yosakhala ionic yopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa pambuyo pa alkalization, pogwiritsa ntchito propylene oxide ndi methyl chloride ngati etherification, kudzera muzochita zingapo. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri umakhala 1.2 ~ 2.0. Katundu wake ndi wosiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi kuchuluka kwa hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ozizira, ndipo imakumana ndi zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Koma kutentha kwake kwa gelation m'madzi otentha ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kusungunuka m'madzi ozizira nakonso kumawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi methyl cellulose.
(2) Kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumagwirizana ndi kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kukakhala kwakukulu, kukhuthala kumakhala kwakukulu. Kutentha kumakhudzanso kukhuthala kwake, pamene kutentha kukukwera, kukhuthala kumachepa. Komabe, kukhuthala kwake kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kutentha kochepa kuposa methyl cellulose. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika likasungidwa kutentha kwa chipinda.
(3) Kusunga madzi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala kwake, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kosungira madzi pansi pa kuchuluka komweko kowonjezera kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku asidi ndi alkali, ndipo yankho lake lamadzi ndi lokhazikika kwambiri pa pH = 2 ~ 12. Caustic soda ndi madzi a laimu sizikhudza kwambiri magwiridwe ake, koma alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku mchere wamba, koma pamene kuchuluka kwa mchere kuli kwakukulu, kukhuthala kwa yankho la hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumawonjezeka.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ikhoza kusakanikirana ndi mankhwala a polymer osungunuka m'madzi kuti apange yankho lofanana komanso lokhuthala kwambiri. Monga polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, ndi zina zotero.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ili ndi kukana bwino kwa ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose, ndipo yankho lake silingathe kuwonongeka ndi ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose.
(7) Kugwirizana kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ku matope ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa methylcellulose.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa bwino lomwe limaphikidwa ndi alkali, ndipo limaphatikizidwa ndi ethylene oxide ngati etherification ngati pali acetone. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri umakhala 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ali ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndipo ndi osavuta kuyamwa chinyezi.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, koma imakhala yovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika kutentha kwambiri popanda gelling. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kutentha kwambiri mu mortar, koma kusunga kwake madzi ndi kochepa kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose imakhala yokhazikika ku asidi wamba ndi alkali. Alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Kufalikira kwake m'madzi ndikoipa pang'ono kuposa kwa methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kutsika kwa matope, koma simenti imachedwa kutsika nthawi yayitali.
(4) Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka hydroxyethyl cellulose komwe kamapangidwa ndi mabizinesi ena am'nyumba n'kotsika poyerekeza ndi ka methyl cellulose chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi phulusa.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Ionic cellulose ether imapangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachilengedwe (thonje, ndi zina zotero) pambuyo pochiza alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito sodium monochloroacetate ngati etherification, ndipo imachitidwa chithandizo chamankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri umakhala 0.4 ~ 1.4, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ake amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose ndi yopyapyala kwambiri, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri ikasungidwa bwino.
(2) Madzi a Carboxymethyl cellulose sapanga gel, ndipo kukhuthala kudzachepa kutentha kukakwera. Kutentha kukapitirira 50°C, kukhuthala sikungasinthe.
(3) Kukhazikika kwake kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH. Kawirikawiri, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu matope opangidwa ndi gypsum, koma osati mu matope opangidwa ndi simenti. Ikakhala ndi alkaline yambiri, imataya kukhuthala.
(4) Kusunga kwake madzi ndi kotsika kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kumachedwetsa ntchito ya matope okhala ndi gypsum ndipo kumachepetsa mphamvu yake. Komabe, mtengo wa carboxymethyl cellulose ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa methyl cellulose.
Ufa wa rabara wa polima wotha kusungunukanso
Ufa wa rabara wothiranso umakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupopera kwa emulsion yapadera ya polima. Pokonza, colloid yoteteza, mankhwala oletsa kukhetsa, ndi zina zotero zimakhala zowonjezera zofunika kwambiri. Ufa wa rabara wouma ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tozungulira ta 80 ~ 100mm tosonkhanitsidwa pamodzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'onoti timasungunuka m'madzi ndipo timapanga kufalikira kokhazikika kwakukulu pang'ono kuposa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta emulsion yoyambirira. Kufalikira kumeneku kudzapanga filimu pambuyo pa kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi kuumitsa. Filimuyi ndi yosasinthika monga momwe filimu yonse ya emulsion imapangidwira, ndipo sidzafalikiranso ikakumana ndi madzi. Kufalikira.
Ufa wa rabara wosungunuka ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kutengera izi, silicone, vinyl laurate, ndi zina zotero zimalumikizidwa kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito. Njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira zimapangitsa kuti ufa wa rabara wosungunuka ukhale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kukana madzi, kukana alkali, kukana nyengo komanso kusinthasintha. Muli vinyl laurate ndi silicone, zomwe zingapangitse ufa wa rabara kukhala ndi hydrophobicity yabwino. vinyl tertiary carbonate yokhala ndi nthambi zambiri yokhala ndi Tg yochepa komanso kusinthasintha kwabwino.
Ufa wa rabara wamtunduwu ukagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matope, onsewa amachedwetsa nthawi yoyika simenti, koma kuchedwetsa kwake kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji ma emulsions ofanana. Poyerekeza, styrene-butadiene imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochedwetsa, ndipo ethylene-vinyl acetate imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri yochedwetsa. Ngati mlingo wake ndi wochepa kwambiri, zotsatira zake zowongolera magwiridwe antchito a matope sizikudziwika.
Ulusi wa polypropylene
Ulusi wa polypropylene umapangidwa ndi polypropylene ngati zopangira ndipo uli ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa chosinthira. M'mimba mwake wa ulusi nthawi zambiri umakhala pafupifupi ma microns 40, mphamvu yolimba ndi 300 ~ 400mpa, modulus yotanuka ndi ≥3500mpa, ndipo kutalika kwakukulu ndi 15 ~ 18%. Makhalidwe ake ogwirira ntchito:
(1) Ulusi wa polypropylene umagawidwa mofanana m'njira zitatu mwachisawawa mu matope, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yolimbikitsira maukonde. Ngati ulusi wa polypropylene wokwana 1 kg uwonjezeredwa pa tani iliyonse ya matope, ulusi wa monofilament woposa 30 miliyoni ungapezeke.
(2) Kuonjezera ulusi wa polypropylene ku matope kungachepetse bwino ming'alu ya matopewo ngati pulasitiki. Kaya ming'aluyi ikuwoneka kapena ayi. Ndipo kungachepetse kwambiri kutuluka kwa magazi pamwamba ndi kukhazikika kwa matope atsopano.
(3) Pa thupi lolimba la matope, ulusi wa polypropylene ukhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ming'alu yosinthika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, pamene thupi lolimba la matope limapanga kupsinjika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha, limatha kukana ndikufalitsa kupsinjika. Thupi lolimba la matope likasweka, limatha kuletsa kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kumapeto kwa ming'alu ndikuletsa kukula kwa ming'alu.
(4) Kufalikira bwino kwa ulusi wa polypropylene popanga matope kudzakhala vuto lalikulu. Zipangizo zosakaniza, mtundu wa ulusi ndi mlingo wake, chiŵerengero cha matope ndi magawo ake onse adzakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kufalikira.
chothandizira kupumira mpweya
Chothandizira mpweya ndi mtundu wa surfactant chomwe chimapanga thovu lokhazikika la mpweya mu konkire kapena mortar yatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi. Makamaka zimaphatikizapo: rosin ndi ma polima ake otentha, ma surfactants osakhala a ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acids ndi mchere wawo, ndi zina zotero.
Zinthu zopumira mpweya nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matope opaka pulasitala ndi matope omangira. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezera zinthu zopumira mpweya, kusintha kwina pakugwira ntchito kwa matope kudzachitika.
(1) Chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa thovu la mpweya, kuphweka ndi kapangidwe ka matope osakanikirana kumene kumatha kuwonjezeka, ndipo kutuluka magazi kungachepe.
(2) Kungogwiritsa ntchito chopangira mpweya kumachepetsa mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa nkhungu mu matope. Ngati chopangira mpweya ndi chochepetsera madzi zigwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi, ndipo chiŵerengerocho chili choyenera, mphamvu sizingachepe.
(3) Zingathandize kwambiri kukana chisanu cha matope olimba, kusintha kusalowa kwa matope, komanso kusintha kukana kukokoloka kwa matope olimba.
(4) Chothandizira mpweya chidzawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu matope, zomwe zidzawonjezera kuchepa kwa matope, ndipo kuchepa kwa mpweya kungachepe moyenera powonjezera chochepetsera madzi.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolowetsa mpweya zomwe zawonjezeredwa ndi kochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimangowerengera magawo khumi ndi anayi a zinthu zonse zopanga simenti, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zayesedwa bwino ndikusakanizidwa panthawi yopanga simenti; zinthu monga njira zosakaniza ndi nthawi yosakaniza zidzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolowetsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili pano komanso momwe zimamangidwira, kuwonjezera zinthu zolowetsa mpweya ku simenti kumafuna ntchito yambiri yoyesera.
wothandizira mphamvu yoyambirira
Zogwiritsidwa ntchito polimbitsa mphamvu ya konkire ndi matope oyambirira, sulfate early strength agents zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka kuphatikiza sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminium sulfate ndi potassium aluminium sulfate.
Kawirikawiri, sodium sulfate yosaphwanyidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mlingo wake ndi wochepa ndipo mphamvu yoyambirira imakhala yabwino, koma ngati mlingowo ndi waukulu kwambiri, ungayambitse kufutukuka ndi ming'alu pamapeto pake, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kubwereranso kwa alkali kudzachitika, zomwe zidzakhudza mawonekedwe ndi momwe gawo lokongoletsera pamwamba pake limagwirira ntchito.
Calcium formate ndi mankhwala abwino oletsa kuzizira. Ali ndi mphamvu yolimba msanga, zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa, amagwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zina zosakaniza, ndipo zinthu zambiri zimakhala bwino kuposa mankhwala amphamvu oyambira a sulfate, koma mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba.
mankhwala oletsa kuzizira
Ngati matope agwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kotsika, ngati palibe njira zodzitetezera ku kuzizira zomwe zatengedwa, kuwonongeka kwa chisanu kudzachitika ndipo mphamvu ya thupi lolimba idzawonongeka. Madzi oletsa kuzizira amaletsa kuwonongeka kwa kuzizira kuchokera m'njira ziwiri zopewera kuzizira ndikuwongolera mphamvu yoyambirira ya matope.
Pakati pa zinthu zoletsa kuzizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, calcium nitrite ndi sodium nitrite zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zoletsa kuzizira. Popeza calcium nitrite ilibe potaziyamu ndi sodium ions, imatha kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa alkali aggregate ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mu konkire, koma kugwira ntchito kwake kumakhala kochepa pang'ono ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mu konkire, pomwe sodium nitrite imakhala yogwira ntchito bwino. Antifreeze imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala amphamvu oyambirira komanso chochepetsera madzi kuti ipeze zotsatira zabwino. Pamene konkire youma yosakaniza ndi antifreeze ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri, kutentha kwa chisakanizocho kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa moyenera, monga kusakaniza ndi madzi ofunda.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oletsa kuzizira kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya matope pamapeto pake, ndipo pamwamba pa matope olimba padzakhala mavuto monga kubweza kwa alkali, zomwe zidzakhudza mawonekedwe ndi momwe gawo lokongoletsera pamwamba pake limakhudzira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-16-2023