Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether bụ okwu izugbe maka usoro ngwaahịa ndị mmeghachi omume nke alkali cellulose na ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri pụta n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. A na-eji ihe dị iche iche na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri dochie alkaline cellulose iji nweta cellulose ethers dị iche iche. Dịka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri si dị, enwere ike kewaa cellulose ethers n'ime ụdị abụọ: ionic (dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose) na non-ionic (dị ka methyl cellulose). Dịka ụdị ihe dị n'ime mmiri si dị, enwere ike kewaa cellulose ether n'ime monoether (dị ka methyl cellulose) na agwakọta ether (dị ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Dịka ihe dị iche iche si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime mmiri na-agbaze (dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose) na organic solvent-soluble (dị ka ethyl cellulose), wdg. Ngwakọta akọrọ bụ cellulose na-agbaze mmiri, a na-ekewa cellulose na-agbaze mmiri n'ime ụdị ozugbo na ụdị ihe na-egbu oge a na-agwọ n'elu.
Usoro ọrụ nke cellulose ether na ngwa agha bụ dị ka ndị a:
(1) Mgbe e gbazere cellulose ether dị na moto ahụ n'ime mmiri, a na-ahụ na e kesara ihe simenti dị irè ma dịkwa otu n'ime sistemu ahụ n'ihi ọrụ elu ya, cellulose ether, dị ka colloid nchebe, "na-ekechi" ihe ndị siri ike ahụ ma a na-emepụta oyi akwa nke ihe nkiri na-eme ka mmanụ dị n'elu mpụta ya, nke na-eme ka sistemụ moto ahụ kwụsie ike karị, ma na-emekwa ka mmiri moto ahụ dịkwuo mma n'oge usoro ngwakọta na ịdị ire ụtọ nke owuwu ahụ.
(2) N'ihi nhazi molekul ya, ihe ngwọta cellulose ether na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime moto ahụ ghara ịdị mfe ịlafu, ma jiri nwayọ na-ahapụ ya ka o ruo ogologo oge, na-enye moto ahụ ezigbo nchekwa mmiri na ikike ịrụ ọrụ.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Mgbe ejiri alkali gwọọ owu a nụchara anụcha, a na-emepụta cellulose ether site na usoro mmeghachi omume na methane chloride dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị. N'ozuzu, ogo nke nnọchi bụ 1.6~2.0, ihe na-agbazekwa dịkwa iche na ọkwa dị iche iche nke nnọchi. Ọ bụ nke cellulose ether na-abụghị ionic.
(1) Methylcellulose na-agbaze n'ime mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike ịgbaze n'ime mmiri ọkụ. Mmiri ya na-agbaze nke ọma na pH = 3 ~ 12. Ọ na-adaba nke ọma na starch, guar gum, wdg. na ọtụtụ surfactants. Mgbe okpomọkụ ruru okpomọkụ gelation, gelation na-eme.
(2) Njide mmiri nke methyl cellulose dabere na ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, ịdị mma nke ihe dị n'ime ya na ọnụego mgbaze. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye buru ibu, ịdị mma ahụ pere mpe, viscosity ahụ buru ibu, ọnụego nchekwa mmiri dị elu. N'ime ha, ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye ahụ nwere mmetụta kachasị ukwuu na ọnụego nchekwa mmiri, ọkwa nke viscosity adịghịkwa nhata kpọmkwem na ọkwa nchekwa mmiri. Ọnụego mgbaze dabere na oke mgbanwe elu nke ihe dị n'ime cellulose na ịdị mma nke ihe dị n'ime ya. N'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime cellulose ethers dị n'elu, methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose nwere ọnụego nchekwa mmiri dị elu.
(3) Mgbanwe na okpomọkụ ga-emetụta oke nchekwa mmiri nke methyl cellulose. N'ozuzu, ka okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka nchekwa mmiri na-aka njọ. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ moto gafere 40°C, nchekwa mmiri nke methyl cellulose ga-ebelata nke ukwuu, nke na-emetụta nnukwu nrụpụta moto ahụ.
(4) Methyl cellulose nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'iwuli na njikọta nke ngwa agha. "Nraranye" ebe a na-ezo aka n'ike nraranye dị n'etiti ngwa ọrụ onye ọrụ na ihe mkpuchi mgbidi, ya bụ, nraranye nke ngwa agha. Nraranye dị elu, nraranye nke ngwa agha buru ibu, ike ndị ọrụ chọrọ n'oge ojiji dịkwa ukwuu, arụmọrụ owuwu nke ngwa agha ahụ adịghịkwa mma. Nraranye Methyl cellulose dị n'ọkwa dị ala na ngwaahịa cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bụ ụdị cellulose nke mmepụta na oriri ya na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke cellulose na-abụghị ionic nke e ji owu a nụchara anụcha mee mgbe alkalization gasịrị, na-eji propylene oxide na methyl chloride dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, site na usoro mmeghachi omume. Ogo nke nnọchi anya na-abụkarị 1.2~2.0. Njirimara ya dị iche iche n'ihi oke dị iche iche nke ọdịnaya methoxyl na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-enwekwa nsogbu mgbe ọ na-agbaze na mmiri ọkụ. Mana okpomọkụ ya na-agbaze na mmiri ọkụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose. A na-emekwa ka mmiri oyi na-agbaze nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere methyl cellulose.
(2) Ọbara hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adabere na ibu molekul ya, na ibu molekul ka ọ na-ebu, otú ahụ ka viscosity ya na-abawanye. Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa viscosity ya, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, viscosity na-ebelata. Agbanyeghị, viscosity ya dị elu nwere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ala karịa methyl cellulose. Mmiri ya na-adịgide adịgide mgbe echekwara ya na okpomọkụ ụlọ.
(3) Njide mmiri nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dabere na ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, wdg, na ọnụego njigide mmiri ya n'okpuru otu ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye ahụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali, mmiri mmiri ya na-adịkwa mma nke ukwuu n'ogo pH = 2 ~ 12. Caustic soda na mmiri lime anaghị enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ ya, mana alkali nwere ike ime ka ọ gbazee ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ gbazee ngwa ngwa. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na nnu nkịtị, mana mgbe njupụta nke mmiri nnu dị elu, viscosity nke mmiri hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-abawanye.
(5) Enwere ike ịgwakọta Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na ngwakọta polima mmiri na-agbaze iji mepụta ngwọta viscosity dị otu ma dị elu. Dịka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, chịngọm akwụkwọ nri, wdg.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere ike iguzogide enzyme karịa methylcellulose, ọ dịghịkwa ka enzymes ga-emebi mmiri ya karịa methylcellulose.
(7) Nrapado nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na ihe owuwu ngwa agha dị elu karịa nke methylcellulose.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
A na-eji owu a gwakọtara agwakọta nke ọma nke e ji alkali gwọọ ya, a na-ejikwa ethylene oxide emeghachi omume dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara acetone. Ogo nnọchi ya na-abụkarị 1.5-2.0. Ọ nwere hydrophilicity siri ike ma dịkwa mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri.
(1) A na-agbaze Hydroxyethyl cellulose na mmiri oyi, mana ọ na-esiri ike ịgbaze na mmiri ọkụ. Mmiri ya na-adịgide adịgide na okpomọkụ dị elu na-enweghị gelling. Enwere ike iji ya ruo ogologo oge n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu na moto, mana mmiri ya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali. Alkali nwere ike ime ka ọ gbazee ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Ọ na-agbaze n'ime mmiri dị ntakịrị njọ karịa nke methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose nwere ezigbo ọrụ mgbochi sag maka ngwa agha, mana ọ na-ewe oge dị ogologo maka simenti.
(4) Arụmọrụ nke hydroxyethyl cellulose nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-emepụta doro anya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose n'ihi nnukwu mmiri na oke ntụ ya.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
A na-eji eriri eke (owu, wdg) eme ionic cellulose ether mgbe a gwọchara alkali, jiri sodium monochloroacetate dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị ka ihe na-eme ka ether dị iche iche, a na-ejikwa ya eme usoro ọgwụgwọ mmeghachi omume. Oke nke nnọchi ahụ na-abụkarị 0.4 ~ 1.4, ọkwa nke nnọchi ahụ na-emetụtakwa arụmọrụ ya nke ukwuu.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha karịa, ọ ga-enwekwa mmiri karịa mgbe echekwara ya n'ọnọdụ nkịtị.
(2) Mmiri mmiri nke Carboxymethyl cellulose agaghị emepụta jel, oke ahụ ga-ebelata ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 50°C, oke ahụ agaghị agbanwe agbanwe.
(3) Ọkwa pH na-emetụta nkwụsi ike ya nke ukwuu. N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya na gypsum, mana ọ bụghị na gypsum nke e ji simenti mee. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị oke alkaline, ọ na-efunahụ viscosity.
(4) Mmiri ọ na-ejide dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose. Ọ na-ebelata ike ya na gypsum ma na-ebelata ike ya. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa carboxymethyl cellulose dị ala nke ukwuu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
Ntụ ntụ rọba polima a na-emegharị emegharị
A na-eji mmiri fesa emulsion pụrụ iche emepụta ntụ rọba a na-akpọ Redispersible site na iji mmiri fesa mee ka ọ kpọọ nkụ. N'ime usoro nhazi, colloid nchebe, ihe na-egbochi achịcha, wdg. na-aghọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mkpa. Ntụ rọba a kpọrọ nkụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe gbara okirikiri nke 80 ~ 100mm a chịkọtara ọnụ. A na-agbaze ihe ndị a na mmiri ma na-emepụta mgbasa kwụsiri ike nke buru ibu karịa ihe ndị emulsion mbụ. Mgbasa a ga-emepụta ihe nkiri mgbe akpọnwụchara ma kpọọ nkụ. Ihe nkiri a enweghị ike ịgbanwe agbanwe dịka nhazi ihe nkiri emulsion izugbe, ọ gaghịkwa agbagharị ọzọ mgbe ọ zutere mmiri. Mgbasa.
Enwere ike kewaa ntụ ntụ rọba Redispersible n'ime: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, wdg, dabere na nke a, a na-akụnye silicone, vinyl laurate, wdg iji melite arụmọrụ. Usoro mgbanwe dị iche iche na-eme ka ntụ ntụ rọba redispersible nwee ihe dị iche iche dịka iguzogide mmiri, iguzogide alkali, iguzogide ihu igwe na mgbanwe. Nwere vinyl laurate na silicone, nke nwere ike ime ka ntụ ntụ rọba nwee ezigbo hydrophobicity. Vinyl tertiary carbonate nwere alaka dị elu nke nwere obere uru Tg na ezigbo mgbanwe.
Mgbe e tinyere ụdị ntụ rọba ndị a n'elu ụrọ, ha niile na-enwe mmetụta igbu oge n'oge ntọala simenti, mana mmetụta igbu oge dị obere karịa nke itinye kpọmkwem na emulsions ndị yiri ya. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, styrene-butadiene nwere mmetụta kachasị na-ebelata ihe mgbu, ethylene-vinyl acetate nwekwara obere mmetụta mbelata ihe mgbu. Ọ bụrụ na dose ahụ dị obere, mmetụta nke imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ụrọ abụghị ihe doro anya.
Eriri polypropylene
E ji polypropylene mee eriri polypropylene dị ka ihe e ji arụ ọrụ ma nwee oke mgbanwe kwesịrị ekwesị. Dayameta eriri ahụ na-adịkarị ihe dị ka micron 40, ike nrụgide bụ 300 ~ 400mpa, modulus elastic bụ ≥3500mpa, ogologo kachasị bụ 15 ~ 18%. Njirimara arụmọrụ ya:
(1) Eriri polypropylene na-agbasa n'otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ n'usoro n'ime ite ahụ, na-eme ka usoro nkwado netwọk dịkwuo mma. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere otu kilogram nke eriri polypropylene na tọn nke ite ọ bụla, enwere ike nweta ihe karịrị nde iri atọ nke eriri monofilament.
(2) Ịtinye eriri polypropylene n'ime ngwa agha ahụ nwere ike ibelata mgbawa nke ngwa agha ahụ n'ọnọdụ plastik ahụ nke ọma. Ma a na-ahụ mgbawa ndị a ma ọ bụ na a hụghị ha. Ọ nwekwara ike ibelata ọbara ọgbụgba n'elu elu na njupụta nke ngwa agha ọhụrụ.
(3) Maka ahụ siri ike nke ụrọ, eriri polypropylene nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ mgbawa nke mmebi nke ukwuu. Ya bụ, mgbe ahụ siri ike nke ụrọ na-emepụta nrụgide n'ihi mmebi, ọ nwere ike iguzogide ma bufee nrụgide. Mgbe ahụ siri ike nke ụrọ na-agbawa agbawa, ọ nwere ike ime ka nrụgide dị na nsọtụ mgbawa ahụ ghara ịdị irè ma gbochie mgbasa mgbawa ahụ.
(4) Mgbasa nke eriri polypropylene nke ọma n'ime mmepụta ngwa agha ga-abụ nsogbu siri ike. Ngwakọta akụrụngwa, ụdị eriri na dose, oke ngwa agha na paramita usoro ya niile ga-aghọ ihe dị mkpa na-emetụta mgbasa.
onye na-ahụ maka ntinye ikuku
Ihe na-etinye ikuku n'ime ihe bụ ụdị ihe na-eme ka ikuku ghara ịdị ike nke nwere ike ịmepụta afụ ikuku kwụsiri ike na simenti ma ọ bụ ngwa agha ọhụrụ site na usoro anụ ahụ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere: rosin na polima ya na-ekpo ọkụ, surfactants na-abụghị ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acid na nnu ha, wdg.
A na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-abanye n'ikuku akwadebe ihe e ji ekpuchi ite na ihe e ji ekpuchi ite. N'ihi na etinyere ihe na-abanye n'ikuku, a ga-enwe mgbanwe ụfọdụ na arụmọrụ ihe e ji ekpuchi ite.
(1) N'ihi mwepụta nke afụ ikuku, enwere ike ịbawanye mfe na nhazi nke ngwa agha agwakọtara ọhụrụ, a pụkwara ibelata ọbara ọgbụgba.
(2) Iji ihe na-etinye ikuku n'ime ihe ga-ebelata ike na nguzozi nke ebu dị na ihe e ji ebu mee. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe na-etinye ikuku na ihe na-ebelata mmiri mee ihe ọnụ, ma oke ya dabara adaba, uru ike agaghị ebelata.
(3) Ọ nwere ike ime ka ntu oyi nke ngwa agha siri ike ka mma nke ukwuu, melite ike mmiri nke ngwa agha ahụ, ma melite ike mbuze nke ngwa agha siri ike.
(4) Ihe na-eme ka ikuku banye n'ime ite ga-eme ka ikuku dị n'ite ite ahụ dịkwuo elu, nke ga-eme ka mbelata nke ite ite ahụ dịkwuo elu, a pụkwara ibelata uru mbelata nke ọma site na itinye ihe na-ebelata mmiri.
Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụọgụ ihe na-etinye ikuku n'ime ya pere mpe, ọ na-abụkarị naanị puku iri nke ihe e ji simenti mee, a ghaghị ijide n'aka na a na-atụ ya nke ọma ma gwakọta ya n'oge mmepụta ngwa agha; ihe ndị dị ka ụzọ isi kpalie na oge ịkpali ga-emetụta oke ikuku n'ime ya nke ukwuu. Ya mere, n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmepụta na owuwu ụlọ ugbu a, itinye ihe na-etinye ikuku n'ime ngwa agha ahụ chọrọ nnukwu ọrụ nnwale.
ihe na-enye ike mbụ
A na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-eme ka simenti na ngwa agha sie ike nke ọma, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-eme ka sulfate sie ike nke ọma, ọkachasị sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminum sulfate na potassium aluminum sulfate.
N'ozuzu, a na-ejikarị sodium sulfate nke na-anaghị agbaze agbaze eme ihe nke ọma, ọ dịkwa obere ma mmetụta nke ike mbido dị mma, mana ọ bụrụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ buru ibu nke ukwuu, ọ ga-eme ka ọ gbasaa ma gbawaa n'oge ikpeazụ, n'otu oge ahụkwa, nloghachi alkali ga-eme, nke ga-emetụta ọdịdị na mmetụta nke oyi akwa ịchọ mma elu.
Calcium formate bụkwa ezigbo ihe na-egbochi oyi. Ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma n'oge mbụ, ọ naghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ, ọ na-adakọ nke ọma na ngwakọta ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ihe bara uru dịkwa mma karịa ihe ndị na-eme ka sulfate sie ike n'oge mbụ, mana ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu.
mgbochi ifriizi
Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ngwa agha ahụ mee ihe n'oge okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma, ọ bụrụ na e meghị ihe mgbochi oyi, mmebi oyi ga-eme, ike nke ahụ siri ike ga-emebikwa. Mgbochi oyi na-egbochi mmebi oyi site na ụzọ abụọ nke igbochi oyi na imeziwanye ike mbụ nke ngwa agha.
N'ime ihe ndị na-egbochi oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, calcium nitrite na sodium nitrite nwere mmetụta kachasị mma na-egbochi oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ. Ebe ọ bụ na calcium nitrite enweghị potassium na sodium ion, ọ nwere ike ibelata ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali pụta mgbe ejiri ya na simenti, mana ọ naghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe ejiri ya na simenti, ebe sodium nitrite nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. A na-eji antifreeze eme ihe na njikọta ya na ihe na-eme ka ike dị ngwa ngwa na ihe na-ebelata mmiri iji nweta nsonaazụ na-eju afọ. Mgbe ejiri sortar akọrọ na antifreeze mee ihe na okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma nke ukwuu, a ga-amụba okpomọkụ nke ngwakọta ahụ nke ọma, dịka ịgwakọta ya na mmiri ọkụ.
Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nke ihe mgbochi oyi dị oke elu, ọ ga-ebelata ike nke ihe mgbochi oyi n'oge ikpeazụ, elu nke ihe mgbochi oyi siri ike ga-enwekwa nsogbu dịka nloghachi alkali, nke ga-emetụta ọdịdị na mmetụta nke oyi akwa mma elu.
Oge ozi: Jenụwarị-16-2023