Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether kalma ce ta gabaɗaya ga jerin samfuran da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar alkali cellulose da wakilin etherifying a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ana maye gurbin Alkali cellulose da wakilai daban-daban na etherifying don samun ethers cellulose daban-daban. Dangane da halayen ionization na masu maye gurbin, ana iya raba ethers cellulose zuwa rukuni biyu: ionic (kamar carboxymethyl cellulose) da non-ionic (kamar methyl cellulose). Dangane da nau'in maye gurbin, ana iya raba cellulose ether zuwa monoether (kamar methyl cellulose) da gauraye ether (kamar hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Dangane da narkewa daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa mai narkewa a ruwa (kamar hydroxyethyl cellulose) da kuma mai narkewa a cikin kwayoyin halitta (kamar ethyl cellulose), da sauransu. Turmi mai gauraya busasshe galibi shine cellulose mai narkewa a ruwa, kuma cellulose mai narkewa a ruwa an raba shi zuwa nau'in nan take da nau'in da aka yi wa magani a saman.
Tsarin aikin cellulose ether a cikin turmi shine kamar haka:
(1) Bayan an narkar da cellulose ether a cikin turmi a cikin ruwa, za a tabbatar da ingantaccen rarraba kayan siminti a cikin tsarin saboda aikin saman, kuma cellulose ether, a matsayin colloid mai kariya, yana "naɗe" ƙwayoyin da ke da ƙarfi kuma an samar da wani Layer na fim mai shafawa a saman waje, wanda ke sa tsarin turmi ya fi karko, kuma yana inganta ruwan turmi yayin aikin haɗawa da santsi na gini.
(2) Saboda tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa, ruwan cellulose ether yana sa ruwan da ke cikin turmi ya yi kasa a rasa shi, kuma a hankali yana sake shi tsawon lokaci, yana ba turmi damar riƙe ruwa da kuma aiki yadda ya kamata.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Bayan an yi wa audugar da aka tace magani da alkali, ana samar da cellulose ether ta hanyar jerin halayen da methane chloride a matsayin wakilin etherification. Gabaɗaya, matakin maye gurbin shine 1.6~2.0, kuma narkewar shi ma ya bambanta da matakai daban-daban na maye gurbin. Yana cikin cellulose ether wanda ba ionic ba.
(1) Methylcellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin ruwansa yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kewayon pH = 3 ~ 12. Yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da sitaci, guar gum, da sauransu da yawa. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai zafin gelation, gelation yana faruwa.
(2) Rikewar ruwa na methyl cellulose ya dogara da adadin ƙarinsa, ɗanko, ɗanko na barbashi da kuma yawan narkewar sa. Gabaɗaya, idan adadin ƙarin ya yi yawa, ɗanko yana da ƙarami, kuma ɗanko yana da girma, ƙimar riƙe ruwa yana da yawa. Daga cikinsu, adadin ƙarin yana da babban tasiri akan ƙimar riƙe ruwa, kuma matakin ɗanko ba ya daidai da matakin riƙe ruwa kai tsaye. Yawan narkewar ya dogara ne akan matakin gyaran saman barbashi na cellulose da ɗanko na barbashi. Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cellulose da ke sama, methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose suna da ƙimar riƙe ruwa mafi girma.
(3) Sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi zai yi tasiri sosai ga yawan riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose. Gabaɗaya, idan yawan zafin ya yi yawa, to, riƙe ruwa ya fi muni. Idan zafin turmi ya wuce 40°C, riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose zai ragu sosai, wanda hakan zai shafi ginin turmi sosai.
(4) Methyl cellulose yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ginawa da mannewa na turmi. "Mannewa" a nan yana nufin ƙarfin manne da aka ji tsakanin kayan aikin mai amfani da ma'aikacin da kuma abin da ke kan bango, wato, juriyar yanke turmi. Mannewa yana da girma, juriyar yanke turmi yana da girma, kuma ƙarfin da ma'aikata ke buƙata yayin amfani shi ma yana da girma, kuma aikin ginin turmi ba shi da kyau. Mannewar methyl cellulose yana da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samfuran cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nau'in cellulose ne wanda fitarwa da amfaninsa ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana da gaurayen ether ne wanda ba ionic ba wanda aka yi daga auduga mai tsafta bayan alkali, ta amfani da propylene oxide da methyl chloride a matsayin wakilin etherification, ta hanyar jerin halayen. Matsayin maye gurbin gabaɗaya shine 1.2~2.0. Abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun bambanta saboda bambancin rabo na abun ciki na methoxyl da abun ciki na hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai fuskanci matsaloli wajen narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi. Amma zafin gelation ɗinsa a cikin ruwan zafi ya fi na methyl cellulose girma sosai. Hakanan yana inganta narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi sosai idan aka kwatanta da methyl cellulose.
(2) Dankowar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayoyin halittarsa, kuma girman nauyin kwayoyin halittar, haka nan girman dankowar. Zafin jiki kuma yana shafar dankowar sa, yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, dankowar yana raguwa. Duk da haka, babban dankowar sa yana da ƙarancin tasirin zafin jiki fiye da methyl cellulose. Maganin sa yana da karko idan aka adana shi a zafin jiki na ɗaki.
(3) Rikewar ruwa na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ya dogara da adadin ƙarinsa, dankonsa, da sauransu, kuma yawan riƙewar ruwa a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙarin ya fi na methyl cellulose girma.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali, kuma ruwan da ke cikinsa yana da daidaito sosai a cikin kewayon pH = 2 ~ 12. Soda mai kauri da ruwan lemun tsami ba su da tasiri sosai kan aikinsu, amma alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa da ƙara dankonsa. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga gishirin da aka saba da shi, amma idan yawan ruwan gishiri ya yi yawa, danko na ruwan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana ƙaruwa.
(5) Ana iya haɗa Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose da mahaɗan polymer masu narkewa cikin ruwa don samar da mafita mai kama da juna kuma mafi girma. Kamar polyvinyl alcohol, sitaci ether, kayan lambu, da sauransu.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da juriya ga enzyme fiye da methylcellulose, kuma maganin sa ba shi da yuwuwar lalacewa ta hanyar enzymes fiye da methylcellulose.
(7) Mannewar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ga ginin turmi ya fi na methylcellulose girma.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
An yi shi ne da auduga mai kyau da aka yi wa magani da alkali, kuma ana mayar da shi da ethylene oxide a matsayin wakilin etherification idan akwai acetone. Matsakaicin maye gurbinsa gabaɗaya shine 1.5 ~ 2.0. Yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da sauƙin sha danshi.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, amma yana da wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin sa yana da ƙarfi a zafin jiki mai yawa ba tare da gel ba. Ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin zafin jiki mai yawa a cikin turmi, amma riƙewar ruwansa ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali gabaɗaya. Alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa kuma ya ƙara ɗanɗanonsa kaɗan. Watsewarsa a cikin ruwa ya ɗan fi muni fiye da na methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da kyakkyawan aikin hana sag ga turmi, amma yana da tsawon lokacin jinkirin siminti.
(4) Ayyukan hydroxyethyl cellulose da wasu kamfanonin cikin gida ke samarwa a bayyane yake ƙasa da na methyl cellulose saboda yawan ruwa da kuma yawan toka da ke cikinsa.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Ana yin ether na ionic cellulose daga zare na halitta (auduga, da sauransu) bayan an yi maganin alkali, ana amfani da sodium monochloroacetate a matsayin wakilin etherification, kuma ana yin jerin jiyya. Matsakaicin maye gurbin gabaɗaya shine 0.4 ~ 1.4, kuma aikin sa yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar matakin maye gurbin.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose yana da hygroscopic sosai, kuma zai ƙunshi ƙarin ruwa idan aka adana shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun.
(2) Ruwan da ke cikin ruwa na Carboxymethyl cellulose ba zai samar da gel ba, kuma danko zai ragu tare da karuwar zafin jiki. Idan zafin ya wuce 50°C, danko ba zai iya canzawa ba.
(3) Matsayin pH yana da matuƙar tasiri ga kwanciyar hankalinsa. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da shi a turmi mai tushen gypsum, amma ba a cikin turmi mai tushen siminti ba. Idan yana da alkaline sosai, yana rasa ɗanko.
(4) Rikewar ruwa da ke cikinsa ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose. Yana da tasirin rage tasirin turmi da aka yi da gypsum kuma yana rage ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, farashin carboxymethyl cellulose ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da na methyl cellulose.
Foda roba mai sake juyawa ta polymer
Ana sarrafa foda roba mai sake dawowa ta hanyar busar da feshi na musamman na emulsion na polymer. A cikin aikin sarrafawa, colloid mai kariya, wakili mai hana caking, da sauransu sun zama ƙarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Busasshen foda roba wasu ƙwayoyin zagaye ne na 80 ~ 100mm da aka tattara tare. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma suna samar da warwatse mai ƙarfi da ɗan girma fiye da ƙwayoyin emulsion na asali. Wannan warwatse zai samar da fim bayan bushewa da bushewa. Wannan fim ɗin ba shi da matsala kamar yadda aka samar da fim ɗin emulsion gabaɗaya, kuma ba zai sake warwatse ba lokacin da ya haɗu da ruwa. Warwatsewa.
Ana iya raba foda roba mai sake dawowa zuwa: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, da sauransu, kuma bisa ga wannan, ana dasa silicone, vinyl laurate, da sauransu don inganta aiki. Matakan gyare-gyare daban-daban suna sa foda roba mai sake dawowa yana da halaye daban-daban kamar juriyar ruwa, juriyar alkali, juriyar yanayi da sassauci. Ya ƙunshi vinyl laurate da silicone, waɗanda zasu iya sa foda roba ya sami kyakkyawan hydrophobicity. Vinyl tertiary carbonate mai rassan bishiyoyi tare da ƙarancin ƙimar Tg da sassauci mai kyau.
Idan aka shafa irin waɗannan foda na roba a kan turmi, duk suna da tasirin jinkiri akan lokacin saita siminti, amma tasirin jinkiri ya fi ƙasa da na amfani da emulsions kai tsaye. Idan aka kwatanta, styrene-butadiene yana da mafi girman tasirin jinkiri, kuma ethylene-vinyl acetate yana da ƙaramin tasirin jinkiri. Idan yawan maganin ya yi ƙanƙanta, tasirin inganta aikin turmi ba a bayyane yake ba.
Zaruruwan polypropylene
An yi zaren polypropylene da polypropylene a matsayin kayan aiki kuma an yi masa gyaran fuska daidai gwargwado. Girman zaren gabaɗaya yana da kusan microns 40, ƙarfin taurin shine 300 ~ 400mpa, ƙarfin roba shine ≥3500mpa, kuma tsawonsa na ƙarshe shine 15 ~ 18%.
(1) Zaruruwan polypropylene suna rarrabawa iri ɗaya a cikin hanyoyi uku na bazuwar a cikin turmi, suna samar da tsarin ƙarfafa hanyar sadarwa. Idan aka ƙara kilogiram 1 na zaren polypropylene a cikin kowace tan na turmi, za a iya samun zaruruwan monofilament sama da miliyan 30.
(2) Ƙara zare na polypropylene a cikin turmi zai iya rage raguwar fashewar turmi yadda ya kamata a yanayin filastik. Ko waɗannan fasa suna bayyane ko a'a. Kuma yana iya rage zubar jini a saman da kuma daidaita turmi da aka yi.
(3) Ga jikin turmi mai tauri, zare mai polypropylene zai iya rage yawan fasawar nakasa sosai. Wato, lokacin da jikin turmi mai tauri ke haifar da damuwa saboda nakasa, yana iya tsayayya da kuma aika damuwa. Lokacin da jikin turmi mai tauri ya fashe, yana iya kashe yawan damuwa a ƙarshen fasawar kuma yana iyakance faɗaɗa fasawar.
(4) Yaɗuwar zaruruwan polypropylene masu inganci a cikin samar da turmi zai zama matsala mai wahala. Haɗa kayan aiki, nau'in zare da yawan amfani, rabon turmi da sigogin aikinsu duk za su zama muhimman abubuwan da ke shafar yaɗuwar.
wakilin shiga iska
Maganin shigar iska wani nau'in surfactant ne wanda zai iya samar da kumfa mai ƙarfi a cikin siminti ko turmi sabo ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin zahiri. Ya ƙunshi: rosin da polymers ɗinsa na thermal, non-ionic surfactants, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acid da gishirinsu, da sauransu.
Ana amfani da sinadaran shigar iska don shirya turmi da turmi na ƙarfe. Saboda ƙarin sinadarin shigar iska, za a sami wasu canje-canje a aikin turmi.
(1) Saboda shigar da kumfa na iska, sauƙin da kuma gina turmi mai gauraye na iya ƙaruwa, kuma zubar jini na iya raguwa.
(2) Yin amfani da sinadarin shigar iska kawai zai rage ƙarfi da sassaucin mold a cikin turmi. Idan aka yi amfani da sinadarin shigar iska da sinadarin rage ruwa tare, kuma rabon ya dace, ƙimar ƙarfi ba za ta ragu ba.
(3) Zai iya inganta juriyar sanyi na turmi mai tauri sosai, inganta juriyar turmi mai hana ruwa shiga, da kuma inganta juriyar zaizayar ƙasa na turmi mai tauri.
(4) Maganin shigar iska zai ƙara yawan iskar turmi, wanda zai ƙara raguwar turmi, kuma za a iya rage ƙimar raguwar ta hanyar ƙara sinadarin rage ruwa yadda ya kamata.
Tunda adadin sinadarin shigar iska da aka ƙara ƙanƙanta ne, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar ƴan kaso goma cikin ɗari na jimlar kayan siminti, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa an auna shi daidai kuma an haɗa shi yayin samar da turmi; abubuwa kamar hanyoyin juyawa da lokacin juyawa za su yi tasiri sosai ga adadin shigar iska. Saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin samarwa da gini na gida na yanzu, ƙara sinadaran shigar iska a cikin turmi yana buƙatar aikin gwaji mai yawa.
wakili mai ƙarfi na farko
Ana amfani da su don inganta ƙarfin siminti da turmi na farko, ana amfani da magungunan ƙarfi na farko na sulfate, galibi waɗanda suka haɗa da sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminum sulfate da potassium aluminum sulfate.
Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da sinadarin sodium sulfate mai narkewa sosai, kuma yawansa yana da ƙasa kuma tasirin ƙarfinsa da wuri yana da kyau, amma idan yawan ya yi yawa, zai haifar da faɗaɗawa da fashewa a matakin ƙarshe, kuma a lokaci guda, za a sami komawar alkali, wanda zai shafi bayyanar da tasirin Layer ɗin ado na saman.
Calcium formate kuma kyakkyawan maganin hana daskarewa ne. Yana da tasirin ƙarfi mai kyau da wuri, ƙarancin illa, dacewa mai kyau da sauran sinadarai masu hadewa, kuma kaddarorin da yawa sun fi magungunan ƙarfin sulfate na farko kyau, amma farashin ya fi girma.
maganin daskarewa
Idan aka yi amfani da turmi a yanayin zafi mara kyau, idan ba a ɗauki matakan hana daskarewa ba, lalacewar sanyi za ta faru kuma ƙarfin jikin da ya taurare zai lalace. Maganin daskarewa yana hana lalacewar daskarewa ta hanyoyi biyu na hana daskarewa da inganta ƙarfin turmi da wuri.
Daga cikin magungunan hana daskarewa da ake amfani da su akai-akai, calcium nitrite da sodium nitrite suna da mafi kyawun tasirin hana daskarewa. Tunda calcium nitrite ba ya ƙunshi potassium da sodium ions, yana iya rage faruwar sinadaran alkali lokacin amfani da shi a cikin siminti, amma ƙarfin aikinsa yana da ɗan rauni idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin turmi, yayin da sodium nitrite yana da mafi kyawun iya aiki. Ana amfani da maganin hana daskarewa tare da maganin ƙarfi na farko da mai rage ruwa don samun sakamako mai gamsarwa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da turmi mai busasshe tare da maganin hana daskarewa a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin ƙima, ya kamata a ƙara zafin cakuda yadda ya kamata, kamar haɗawa da ruwan ɗumi.
Idan adadin maganin daskarewa ya yi yawa, zai rage ƙarfin turmi a matakin ƙarshe, kuma saman turmi mai tauri zai sami matsaloli kamar dawo da alkali, wanda zai shafi bayyanar da tasirin Layer ɗin ado na saman.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-16-2023