ʻEtera cellulose
ʻO ka Cellulose ether kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau no kahi moʻo o nā huahana i hana ʻia e ka hopena o ka alkali cellulose a me ka etherifying agent ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. Hoʻololi ʻia ka alkali cellulose e nā ʻano etherifying like ʻole e loaʻa ai nā cellulose ethers like ʻole. Wahi a nā waiwai ionization o nā substituents, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cellulose ethers i ʻelua mau māhele: ionic (e like me ka carboxymethyl cellulose) a me non-ionic (e like me ka methyl cellulose). Wahi a ke ʻano o ka substituent, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cellulose ether i monoether (e like me ka methyl cellulose) a me ka ether hui ʻia (e like me ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Wahi a nā ʻano solubility like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wai-soluble (e like me ka hydroxyethyl cellulose) a me ka organic solvent-soluble (e like me ka ethyl cellulose), etc. ʻO ka mortar maloʻo-hui ʻia ka cellulose wai-soluble nui, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cellulose wai-soluble i ke ʻano koke a me ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe lohi i mālama ʻia ma luna.
ʻO ke ʻano hana o ka cellulose ether i loko o ka mortar penei:
(1) Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka cellulose ether i loko o ka mortar i ka wai, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hoʻolaha like ʻana o ka mea sima i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ma muli o ka hana o ka ʻili, a ʻo ka cellulose ether, ma ke ʻano he colloid pale, "ʻōwili" i nā ʻāpana paʻa a ua hana ʻia kahi papa o ka ʻili lubricating ma luna o kona ʻili waho, kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka ʻōnaehana mortar, a hoʻomaikaʻi pū i ka wai o ka mortar i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hui a me ka maʻalahi o ke kūkulu ʻana.
(2) Ma muli o kona ʻano molekala ponoʻī, ʻo ka hopena cellulose ether e hoʻolilo i ka wai i loko o ka mortar i mea maʻalahi ʻole e nalowale, a hoʻokuʻu mālie iā ia i kahi manawa lōʻihi, e hāʻawi ana i ka mortar me ka paʻa wai maikaʻi a me ka hana.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka alkali, hana ʻia ka cellulose ether ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena me ka methane chloride ma ke ʻano he mea etherification. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 1.6 ~ 2.0, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka solubility me nā kekelē like ʻole o ka pani ʻana. No ka cellulose ether non-ionic.
(1) Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela. He paʻa loa kona hopena wai ma ka pae pH = 3 ~ 12. Loaʻa iā ia ka launa maikaʻi me ka starch, guar gum, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a me nā surfactants he nui. Ke hiki ka mahana i ka mahana gelation, hana ʻia ka gelation.
(2) ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ka mānoanoa, ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Ma keʻano laulā, inā nui ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, liʻiliʻi ka maikaʻi, a nui ka mānoanoa, kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohui ka hopena nui loa i ka wikiwiki o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, a ʻaʻole kūlike pololei ka pae o ka mānoanoa i ka pae o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e pili nui ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana cellulose a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana. I waena o nā ethers cellulose i luna, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose a me ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) ʻO nā loli o ka mahana e hoʻopilikia nui i ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka mortar ma mua o 40°C, e emi nui ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose, e hoʻopilikia nui ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar.
(4) He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka Methyl cellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mortar. ʻO ka "hoʻopili" ma ʻaneʻi e pili ana i ka ikaika hoʻopili i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka mea hana a ka mea hana a me ka substrate paia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūpaʻa ʻoki o ka mortar. Kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻopili ʻana, nui ke kūpaʻa ʻoki o ka mortar, a nui nō hoʻi ka ikaika e pono ai nā limahana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a ʻilihune ka hana kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar. Aia ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Methyl cellulose ma kahi pae waena i nā huahana cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
ʻO ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kahi ʻano cellulose nona ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana e piʻi wikiwiki nei i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. He ʻenekini hui ʻole cellulose non-ionic i hana ʻia mai ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma hope o ka alkalization, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka propylene oxide a me ka methyl chloride ma ke ʻano he etherification agent, ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena. ʻO ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 1.2 ~ 2.0. He ʻokoʻa kona mau waiwai ma muli o nā lakio like ʻole o ka ʻike methoxyl a me ka ʻike hydroxypropyl.
(1) He maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a e pilikia ana ia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai wela. Akā, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona mahana gelation i ka wai wela ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka solubility i ka wai anuanu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka methyl cellulose.
(2) Pili ka mānoanoa o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i kona kaumaha molekala, a ʻo ka nui o ke kaumaha molekala, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mānoanoa. Hoʻopilikia pū ka mahana i kona mānoanoa, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, emi ka mānoanoa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hopena mahana o kona mānoanoa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Paʻa kona hopena ke mālama ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi.
(3) ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e pili ana i kona nui hoʻohui, ka viscosity, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻo kona helu paʻa wai ma lalo o ka nui hoʻohui like ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.
(4) Paʻa ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka waikawa a me ka alkali, a paʻa loa kona hopena wai ma ka pae pH = 2 ~ 12. ʻAʻole nui ka hopena o ka soda caustic a me ka wai lime i kāna hana, akā hiki i ka alkali ke hoʻolalelale i kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻonui i kona mānoanoa. Paʻa ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i nā paʻakai maʻamau, akā i ka wā e kiʻekiʻe ai ka nui o ka hopena paʻakai, e piʻi aʻe ka mānoanoa o ka hopena hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
(5) Hiki ke hoʻohuihui ʻia ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me nā hui polymer wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana i kahi hopena like a kiʻekiʻe aʻe. E like me ka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, a pēlā aku.
(6) ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i nā enzyme ma mua o ka methylcellulose, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻohaumia ʻia kāna hopena e nā enzymes ma mua o ka methylcellulose.
(7) ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar ma mua o ka methylcellulose.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Hana ʻia ia mai ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i mālama ʻia me ka alkali, a hana ʻia me ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he etherification agent i ke alo o ka acetone. ʻO ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 1.5 ~ 2.0. Loaʻa iā ia ka hydrophilicity ikaika a maʻalahi hoʻi e omo i ka makū.
(1) Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose i ka wai anuanu, akā paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela. Paʻa kona hopena i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka gelling. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma lalo o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka mortar, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona paʻa ʻana i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.
(2) Paʻa ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose i ka waikawa maʻamau a me ka alkali. Hiki i ka Alkali ke hoʻolalelale i kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a hoʻonui iki i kona viscosity. ʻOi aku ka ʻino o kona dispersibility i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose a me ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Loaʻa i ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose ka hana anti-sag maikaʻi no ka mortar, akā he lōʻihi kona manawa hoʻopaneʻe no ka sima.
(4) ʻO ka hana o ka hydroxyethyl cellulose i hana ʻia e kekahi mau ʻoihana kūloko he haʻahaʻa loa ia ma mua o ka methyl cellulose ma muli o kona nui o ka wai a me ka nui o ka lehu.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Hana ʻia ka Ionic cellulose ether mai nā olonā kūlohelohe (pulupulu, a pēlā aku) ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka alkali, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium monochloroacetate ma ke ʻano he etherification agent, a ke hana nei i kahi moʻo o nā mālama ʻana. ʻO ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 0.4 ~ 1.4, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kāna hana e ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana.
(1) ʻOi aku ka hygroscopic o ka Carboxymethyl cellulose, a e loaʻa iā ia ka wai hou aku ke mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.
(2) ʻAʻole e hana ka wai hoʻoheheʻe wai Carboxymethyl cellulose i ka gel, a e emi ana ka mānoanoa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 50°C, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka mānoanoa.
(3) Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kona kūpaʻa e ka pH. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka mortar gypsum, akā ʻaʻole i loko o ka mortar sima. Ke alkaline loa, nalowale ka mānoanoa.
(4) ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona paʻa ʻana i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena hoʻopaneʻe i ka mortar gypsum-based a hoʻemi i kona ikaika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka carboxymethyl cellulose ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.
Pauka laholio polymer hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia
Hoʻopili ʻia ka pauka laholio hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ma o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka emulsion polymer kūikawā. I ke kaʻina hana, lilo ka colloid pale, ka mea anti-caking, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i mau mea hoʻohui pono ʻole. ʻO ka pauka laholio maloʻo he mau ʻāpana poepoe o 80 ~ 100mm i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana i ka wai a hana i kahi hoʻopuehu paʻa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻāpana emulsion mua. E hana kēia hoʻopuehu i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana a me ka maloʻo ʻana. ʻO kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia e like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni emulsion maʻamau, a ʻaʻole e hoʻopuehu hou ke hui pū me ka wai. Nā hoʻopuehu.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pauka laholio hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia i loko o: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, a pēlā aku, a ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka silicone, vinyl laurate, a pēlā aku e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻololi like ʻole e hana ai i ka pauka laholio hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia he mau waiwai like ʻole e like me ke kūpaʻa wai, ke kūpaʻa alkali, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka wā a me ka maʻalahi. Loaʻa iā ia ka vinyl laurate a me ka silicone, hiki ke hana i ka pauka laholio i ka hydrophobicity maikaʻi. ʻO ka vinyl tertiary carbonate lālā kiʻekiʻe me ka waiwai Tg haʻahaʻa a me ka maʻalahi maikaʻi.
Ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻano pauka laholio i ka mortar, loaʻa iā lākou āpau kahi hopena hoʻopaneʻe i ka manawa hoʻonohonoho o ka sima, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena hoʻopaneʻe ma mua o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o nā emulsions like. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka styrene-butadiene ka hopena hoʻopaneʻe nui loa, a ʻo ka ethylene-vinyl acetate ka hopena hoʻopaneʻe liʻiliʻi loa. Inā liʻiliʻi loa ka dosage, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o ka mortar.
Nā olonā polypropylene
Hana ʻia ka polypropylene fiber me ka polypropylene ma ke ʻano he mea maka a me ka nui kūpono o ka mea hoʻololi. ʻO ke anawaena o ka fiber ma kahi o 40 microns, ʻo ka ikaika tensile he 300 ~ 400mpa, ʻo ka modulus elastic he ≥3500mpa, a ʻo ka elongation hope loa he 15 ~ 18%. ʻO kona mau hiʻohiʻona hana:
(1) Hoʻolaha like ʻia nā olonā polypropylene ma nā kuhikuhi ʻekolu-dimensional i loko o ka mortar, e hana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoikaika pūnaewele. Inā hoʻohui ʻia 1 kg o ka olonā polypropylene i kēlā me kēia tona o ka mortar, hiki ke loaʻa ma mua o 30 miliona mau olonā monofilament.
(2) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka fiber polypropylene i ka mortar hiki ke hōʻemi pono i nā māwae shrinkage o ka mortar i ke kūlana plastic. Inā ʻike ʻia kēia mau māwae a ʻaʻole paha. A hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi nui i ke kahe ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka aggregate o ka mortar hou.
(3) No ke kino paʻakikī o ka mortar, hiki i ka fiber polypropylene ke hōʻemi nui i ka nui o nā māwae deformation. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke hana ke kino paʻakikī mortar i ke kaumaha ma muli o ka deformation, hiki iā ia ke kū'ē a hoʻouna i ke kaumaha. Ke haki ke kino paʻakikī mortar, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i ka nui o ke kaumaha ma ka piko o ka māwae a kāohi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka māwae.
(4) ʻO ka hoʻopuehu pono ʻana o nā olonā polypropylene i ka hana mortar e lilo i pilikia paʻakikī. ʻO nā lako hoʻohuihui, ke ʻano fiber a me ka nui, ka lakio mortar a me kāna mau palena hana e lilo i mau mea nui e pili ana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana.
mea hoʻokomo ea
ʻO ka mea hoʻokomo ea he ʻano surfactant hiki ke hana i nā pehu ea paʻa i loko o ka sima hou a i ʻole ka mortar ma o nā ʻano kino. ʻO ka mea nui: rosin a me kāna mau polymers thermal, nā surfactants non-ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acids a me ko lākou paʻakai, a pēlā aku.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻokomo ea e hoʻomākaukau i nā mortar plastering a me nā mortar masonry. Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea hoʻokomo ea, e lawe ʻia kekahi mau loli i ka hana o ka mortar.
(1) Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā pehu ea, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka maʻalahi a me ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar i hui hou ʻia, a hiki ke hoʻēmi ʻia ke kahe ʻana o ke koko.
(2) ʻO ka hoʻohana wale ʻana i ka mea hoʻokomo ea e hōʻemi i ka ikaika a me ka elasticity o ka ʻōmole i loko o ka mortar. Inā hoʻohana pū ʻia ka mea hoʻokomo ea a me ka mea hoʻemi wai, a kūpono ka ratio, ʻaʻole e emi ka waiwai ikaika.
(3) Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa hau o ka mortar paʻakikī, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka impermeability o ka mortar, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka erosion o ka mortar paʻakikī.
(4) E hoʻonui ka mea hoʻokomo ea i ka nui o ka ea o ka mortar, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka emi ʻana o ka mortar, a hiki ke hoʻemi kūpono ʻia ka waiwai emi ʻana ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mea hoʻemi wai.
ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o ka mea hoʻokomo ea i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka maʻamau he mau ʻumi tausani wale nō o ka nui o nā mea sima, pono e hōʻoia ʻia ua ana pololei ʻia a hui pū ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka mortar; ʻo nā mea e like me nā ʻano hoʻouluulu a me ka manawa hoʻouluulu e hoʻopilikia nui i ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ea. No laila, ma lalo o nā kūlana hana kūloko a me ke kūkulu ʻana o kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo ea i ka mortar e pono ai ka nui o ka hana hoʻokolohua.
mea hoʻoikaika mua
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻoikaika mua o ka sulfate no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika mua o ka sima a me ka mortar, me ka sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, alumini sulfate a me ka potassium aluminum sulfate.
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka sodium sulfate anhydrous, a haʻahaʻa kona dosage a maikaʻi ka hopena o ka ikaika mua, akā inā nui loa ka dosage, e hoʻonui a haki i ke kahua hope, a i ka manawa like, e hoʻi mai ka alkali, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ke ʻano a me ka hopena o ka papa hoʻonaninani ʻili.
He mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka calcium formate. Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena ikaika mua maikaʻi, emi nā hopena ʻaoʻao, kūpono maikaʻi me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, a he nui nā waiwai i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea hoʻoikaika mua sulfate, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai.
mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hau
Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka mortar ma ka mahana maikaʻi ʻole, inā ʻaʻole lawe ʻia nā hana antifreeze, e hōʻino ʻia ka hau a e luku ʻia ka ikaika o ke kino paʻakikī. Pale aku ka antifreeze i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka hau mai nā ʻano ʻelua o ka pale ʻana i ka hau a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika mua o ka mortar.
Ma waena o nā mea antifreeze i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, ʻo ka calcium nitrite a me ka sodium nitrite ka hopena antifreeze maikaʻi loa. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe potassium a me nā ion sodium i loko o ka calcium nitrite, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka hanana o ka alkali aggregate i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka sima, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi iki kona hiki ke hana i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka mortar, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o ka sodium nitrite. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Antifreeze me ka mea ikaika mua a me ka mea hoʻemi wai e loaʻa ai nā hopena kūpono. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mortar maloʻo me ka antifreeze i ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa, pono e hoʻonui pono ʻia ka mahana o ka hui ʻana, e like me ke kāwili ʻana me ka wai mahana.
Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka antifreeze, e hōʻemi ia i ka ikaika o ka mortar i ka wā ma hope, a e loaʻa i ka ʻili o ka mortar paʻakikī nā pilikia e like me ka hoʻi ʻana o ka alkali, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ke ʻano a me ka hopena o ka papa hoʻonaninani ʻili.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Ian-16-2023