Etera cellulose
Ko te cellulose ether he kupu whānui mō te raupapa o ngā hua i puta mai i te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko etherifying i raro i ētahi tikanga. Ka whakakapia te cellulose alkali ki ngā kaihoko etherifying rerekē hei whiwhi i ngā cellulose ether rerekē. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ionization o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā cellulose ether ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ionic (pēnei i te carboxymethyl cellulose) me te kore-ionic (pēnei i te methyl cellulose). E ai ki te momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i te cellulose ether ki te monoether (pēnei i te methyl cellulose) me te ether whakauru (pēnei i te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). E ai ki ngā rerekētanga o te wairewatanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki te wairewa-wai (pēnei i te hydroxyethyl cellulose) me te wairewa-whakarewa waro (pēnei i te ethyl cellulose), me ētahi atu. Ko te moata maroke-ranu he cellulose wairewa-wai te nuinga, ā, ko te cellulose wairewa-wai ka wehea ki te momo tere me te momo wairewa whakaroa kua tukatukahia ki te mata.
Ko te tikanga mahi a te cellulose ether i roto i te moata penei:
(1) I muri i te whakarewatanga o te cellulose ether i roto i te moata ki te wai, ka whakaritehia te tohatoha whai hua me te ōrite o te rauemi sima i roto i te pūnaha nā te mahi o te mata, ā, ka "takai" te cellulose ether, hei colloid tiaki, i ngā matūriki totoka, ā, ka hangaia he paparanga kiriata hinu ki tōna mata o waho, ka pai ake te pumau o te pūnaha moata, ā, ka whakapai ake hoki i te rere o te moata i te wā e whakaranua ana, me te maeneene o te hanganga.
(2) Nā tōna ake hanganga ngota, ka kore e ngawari te ngaro o te wai i roto i te moata e te wai cellulose ether, ā, ka tukuna mārire i roto i te wā roa, ka pai te pupuri wai me te ngāwari o te mahi a te moata.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
I muri i te rongoā o te miro kua whakapaia ki te kawakore, ka puta te cellulose ether mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga me te methane chloride hei kaihoko etherification. Ko te tikanga, ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.6~2.0, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te wairewatanga me ngā taumata rerekē o te whakakapinga. Nō te cellulose ether kore-ionic tēnei.
(1) Ka wairewa te Methylcellulose i roto i te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai wera. He tino pumau tōna wairewa wai i roto i te awhe pH=3~12. He pai te hototahitanga ki te māngaro, te kapia guar, me ētahi atu, me te maha o ngā surfactants. Ina tae te pāmahana ki te pāmahana gelation, ka puta te gelation.
(2) Ko te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, te pai o te matūriki me te tere whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te nui te nui o te tāpiri, he iti te pai, ā, ki te nui te matotoru, he teitei te tere pupuri wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te nui o te tāpiri te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te tere pupuri wai, ā, kāore te taumata matotoru e rite tika ki te taumata o te tere pupuri wai. Ko te tere whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarerekētanga mata o ngā matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I roto i ngā cellulose ethers o runga ake nei, he nui ake ngā tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Ka pā kino ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana ki te tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. I te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino ake te pupuri wai. Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o te moata i te 40°C, ka tino heke te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka pā kino ki te hanganga o te moata.
(4) He pānga nui tō te methyl cellulose ki te hanganga me te piri o te moata. Ko te "piri" i konei e pā ana ki te kaha piri e pā ana ki te taputapu tono a te kaimahi me te papa pakitara, arā, te ātete kutikuti o te moata. He teitei te piri, he nui te ātete kutikuti o te moata, ā, he nui hoki te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaimahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, he ngoikore te mahi hanganga o te moata. He taumata taurite te piri o te methyl cellulose i roto i ngā hua cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he momo cellulose kua tere te piki haere o tana putanga me tana whakamahinga i ngā tau tata nei. He cellulose kore-ionic i konatunatua ki te ether i hangaia mai i te miro kua whakapaia i muri i te alkaliization, mā te whakamahi i te propylene oxide me te methyl chloride hei kaihoko etherification, mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.2~2.0. He rerekē ōna āhuatanga nā te rerekētanga o ngā ōwehenga o te ihirangi methoxyl me te ihirangi hydroxypropyl.
(1) He ngāwari te wairewa o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te wai matao, ā, ka uaua te wairewa ki te wai wera. Engari he nui ake te pāmahana o tōna wairewatanga i roto i te wai wera i tō te methyl cellulose. He nui ake hoki te pai o te wairewatanga i roto i te wai matao ki te whakaritea ki te methyl cellulose.
(2) E pā ana te matotoru o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki tōna taumaha ngota, ā, ki te nui ake te taumaha ngota, ka teitei ake te matotoru. Ka pā anō te pāmahana ki tōna matotoru, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te matotoru. Heoi, he iti ake te pānga pāmahana o tōna matotoru teitei i te methyl cellulose. He pumau tōna otinga ina rongoatia ki te pāmahana rūma.
(3) Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, me ētahi atu, ā, ko tōna tere pupuri wai i raro i te nui tāpiri kotahi he teitei ake i te methyl cellulose.
(4) He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te waikawa me te alkali, ā, he tino pumau tōna wairewa i te awhe pH=2~12. He iti noa te pānga o te houra kautika me te wai raima ki tōna mahi, engari ka taea e te alkali te tere ake i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā tote noa, engari ina teitei te kukū o te wairewa tote, ka piki ake te matotoru o te wairewa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
(5) Ka taea te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me ngā matū polymer wairewa-wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga ōrite, matotoru ake. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kapia huawhenua, me ētahi atu.
(6) He pai ake te ātete o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pakaruhia tōna otinga e ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose.
(7) He nui ake te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanganga moata i tō te methylcellulose.
3. Te pūhui hauwaioraitiri (HEC)
He mea hanga mai i te miro kua parakorehia kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ā, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko etherification i te aroaro o te acetone. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.5~2.0. He kaha te hydrophilicity, ā, he ngāwari ki te mimiti i te makuku.
(1) Ka wairewa te hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Ka pumau tōna otinga i te pāmahana teitei, kāore e whakapūpū. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i raro i te pāmahana teitei i roto i te moata, engari he iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
(2) He pumau te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te waikawa whānui me te alkali. Ka taea e te alkali te whakatere i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He kino ake tōna memeha i roto i te wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) He pai te mahi ārai-totoka a te Hydroxyethyl cellulose mō te moata, engari he roa ake te wā whakaroa mō te sima.
(4) Ko te mahi a te hydroxyethyl cellulose i hangaia e ētahi umanga ā-rohe he iti iho i te mahi a te methyl cellulose nā te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Ko te etera cellulose ionic he mea hanga mai i ngā muka taiao (miro, me ētahi atu) i muri i te maimoatanga alkali, te whakamahi i te konutai monochloroacetate hei kaihoko etherification, me te whai i te raupapa o ngā maimoatanga tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga ko te 0.4 ~ 1.4, ā, ko tōna mahi he tino pāngia e te nui o te whakakapinga.
(1) He waiora ake te Carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka nui ake te wai kei roto ina rongoatia i raro i ngā āhuatanga whānui.
(2) Kāore e puta he kirikiri i roto i te wairewa wai o te carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka heke te matotoru i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ina neke atu te pāmahana i te 50°C, kāore e taea te whakakore i te matotoru.
(3) He nui te pānga o te pH ki tōna pumau. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te moata gypsum, engari kāore i roto i te moata sima. Ina tino kawakore, ka ngaro te matotoru.
(4) He iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose. He pānga whakaroa tōna ki te moata gypsum, ā, ka whakaiti i tōna kaha. Heoi, he iti ake te utu o te carboxymethyl cellulose i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
Paura rapa pūmua ka taea te whakamarara anō
Ka tukatukahia te paura rapa ka taea te whakamaroke anō mā te whakamaroke rehu i te emulsion polymer motuhake. I roto i te tukanga tukatuka, ka noho te colloid tiaki, te kaihoko ārai-whakakorikori, me ētahi atu hei tāpiringa tino nui. Ko te paura rapa maroke he matūriki porowhita o te 80 ~ 100mm te rahi kua huihuia. Ka wairewa ēnei matūriki ki te wai, ā, ka hanga he marara pumau he nui ake i ngā matūriki emulsion taketake. Ka hanga e tēnei marara he kiriata i muri i te maroke me te whakamaroke. He rite tonu te kore e taea te huri i tēnei kiriata ki te hanganga kiriata emulsion whānui, ā, e kore e marara anō ina tūtaki ki te wai. Ngā marara.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te paura rapa ka taea te whakamarara anō ki: te copolymer styrene-butadiene, te copolymer ethylene waikawa waro tuatoru, te copolymer waikawa acetic ethylene-acetate, me ētahi atu, ā, i runga i tēnei, ka honoa te silicone, te vinyl laurate, me ētahi atu hei whakapai ake i te mahi. Nā ngā momo whakarerekētanga rerekē, ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te paura rapa ka taea te whakamarara anō, pērā i te ātete ki te wai, te ātete ki te kawakore, te ātete ki te huarere me te ngāwari. Kei roto te vinyl laurate me te silicone, ka pai ai te pai o te wai o te paura rapa. He tino peka te vinyl tuatoru waro me te uara Tg iti me te ngāwari pai.
Ina pania ēnei momo paura rapa ki te moata, ka whakaroa katoa i te wā pumau o te sima, engari he iti ake te pānga whakaroa i tērā o te paninga tika o ngā ranunga rite. Ki te whakataurite, ko te styrene-butadiene te mea nui rawa atu hei whakaroa, ā, ko te ethylene-vinyl acetate te mea iti rawa. Mena he iti rawa te horopeta, kāore e kitea te pānga o te whakapai ake i te mahi a te moata.
Ngā muka polypropylene
He rauemi mata te muka polypropylene, ā, he nui te whakarerekētanga e tika ana. Ko te whānui o te muka he 40 microns te nuinga, ko te kaha kume he 300~400mpa, ko te modulus elastic he ≥3500mpa, ā, ko te roanga mutunga he 15~18%. Ngā āhuatanga mahi:
(1) Ka tohatohahia ngā muka polypropylene kia ōrite ki ngā ahunga matapōkere toru-ahu i roto i te moata, ka hanga he pūnaha whakapakari whatunga. Mena ka tāpirihia he 1 kg o te muka polypropylene ki ia tana o te moata, ka taea te whiwhi neke atu i te 30 miriona muka monofilament.
(2) Mā te tāpiri i te muka polypropylene ki te moata ka taea te whakaiti i ngā kapiti mimiti o te moata i roto i te āhua kirihou. Ahakoa e kitea ana ēnei kapiti, kāore rānei. Ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te totohu o te mata me te taunga o te moata hou.
(3) Mō te tinana whakapakeke o te moata, ka taea e te muka polypropylene te whakaiti i te maha o ngā pakaru whakarerekētanga. Arā, ina puta te ahotea nā te whakarerekētanga o te tinana whakapakeke moata, ka taea e ia te ātete me te tuku ahotea. Ina pakaru te tinana whakapakeke moata, ka taea e ia te whakakore i te kukū ahotea i te pito o te pakaru me te aukati i te whānui o te pakaru.
(4) Ka noho hei raruraru uaua te horapa pai o ngā muka polypropylene i roto i te hanga moata. Ko ngā taputapu whakaranu, te momo muka me te horopeta, te ōwehenga moata me ōna tawhā tukanga ka noho hei mea nui e pā ana ki te horapa.
kaihoko whakauru hau
Ko te kaihopu hau he momo matū horoi ka taea te hanga mirumiru hau pumau i roto i te raima hou, i te moata rānei mā ngā tikanga ā-tinana. Kei roto i ngā mea matua: te rosin me ōna pūmua wera, ngā matū horoi kore-ionic, ngā alkylbenzene sulfonates, ngā lignosulfonates, ngā waikawa carboxylic me ō rātou tote, me ētahi atu.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā mea whakauru hau hei hanga i ngā moata parai me ngā moata pereki. Nā te tāpiritanga o te mea whakauru hau, ka puta ētahi huringa ki te mahi a te moata.
(1) Nā te whakaurunga mai o ngā mirumiru hau, ka taea te whakanui ake i te māmā me te hanganga o te moata hou kua whakaranua, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te toto.
(2) Mā te whakamahi noa i te kaihopu hau ka whakaiti i te kaha me te ngāwari o te pokepokea ai i roto i te moata. Mēnā ka whakamahia ngātahitia te kaihopu hau me te kaihopu whakaiti wai, ā, he tika te ōwehenga, e kore te uara kaha e heke.
(3) Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te ātete huka o te moata whakapakeke, te whakapai ake i te ātete o te moata ki te wai, me te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te horo o te moata whakapakeke.
(4) Ka whakanuia e te kaihopu hau te nui o te hau i roto i te moata, ka whakanuia hoki te mimiti o te moata, ā, ka taea te whakaiti tika i te nui o te mimiti mā te tāpiri i tētahi kaihopu whakaiti wai.
I te mea he iti noa te nui o te mea whakauru hau e tāpirihia ana, ko te tikanga he tekau mano noa iho o te nui katoa o ngā rauemi sima, me whakarite kia tika te ine me te whakaranu i te wā e hanga ana i te moata; ka pā kino ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā tikanga whakaoho me te wā whakaoho ki te nui o te mea whakauru hau. Nō reira, i raro i ngā āhuatanga hanga me te hanga o nāianei, he nui ngā mahi whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana hei tāpiri i ngā mea whakauru hau ki te moata.
kaihoko kaha wawe
Hei whakapai ake i te kaha wawe o te raima me te moata, he mea noa te whakamahi i ngā kaihoko whakapakari wawe o te whanariki, tae atu ki te konutai whanariki, te konutai thiosulfate, te konumohe whanariki me te pāhare pākawa konumohe whanariki.
Ko te tikanga, he whānui te whakamahinga o te konutai whanariki korewai, ā, he iti te horopeta, ā, he pai te pānga o te kaha wawe, engari ki te nui rawa te horopeta, ka puta te whānui me te pakaru i te wāhanga o muri mai, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka hoki mai te kawakore, ka pā ki te āhua me te pānga o te paparanga whakapaipai mata.
He pai hoki te konupūmā formate hei ārai huka. He pai tōna kaha wawe, he iti ake ngā pānga taha, he pai te hototahi ki ētahi atu ranunga, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga he pai ake i ngā matū kaha wawe o te whanariki, engari he nui ake te utu.
ārai huka
Ki te whakamahia te moata i te pāmahana kino, ki te kore e tangohia he tikanga ārai huka, ka pāngia e te huka, ā, ka ngaro te kaha o te tinana kua whakapakeketia. Ka ārai te ārai huka i te kino o te huka mā roto i ngā huarahi e rua, arā, te ārai i te huka me te whakapai ake i te kaha tōmua o te moata.
I roto i ngā rongoā ārai huka e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ko te konupūmā nitrite me te konutai nitrite ngā pānga ārai huka pai rawa atu. Nā te mea kāore he pāhare pāporo me ngā katote konutai i roto i te konupūmā nitrite, ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te putanga mai o te konganuku kawakore ina whakamahia ki te raima, engari he iti ake te kaha o te mahi ina whakamahia ki te moata, engari he pai ake te kaha o te mahi o te konutai nitrite. Ka whakamahia te rongoā ārai huka me te kaihoko kaha wawe me te whakaiti wai kia whiwhi hua pai ai. Ina whakamahia te moata maroke-whakaranu me te rongoā ārai huka i te pāmahana tino iti, me whakanui ake te pāmahana o te ranunga, pērā i te whakaranu ki te wai mahana.
Mena he nui rawa te nui o te ārai huka, ka whakaitihia te kaha o te moata i te wāhanga o muri mai, ā, ka raru te mata o te moata kua whakapakeketia pērā i te hokinga mai o te kawakore, ka pā ki te āhua me te pānga o te paparanga whakapaipai mata.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-16-2023