Eteri ya selulosi
Cellulose ether ni ijambo rusange risobanura urukurikirane rw'ibicuruzwa bikorwa n'uburyo cellulose ya alkali ikora n'ikintu gitanga ether mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Alkali cellulose isimburwa n'ibintu bitandukanye bitanga ether kugira ngo haboneke ether zitandukanye za cellulose. Dukurikije imiterere ya ionization y'ibintu bisimbura, ether za cellulose zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: ionic (nk'icarboxymethyl cellulose) na non-ionic (nk'imethyl cellulose). Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ikintu gisimbura, ether ya cellulose ishobora kugabanywamo monoether (nk'imethyl cellulose) na ether ivanze (nk'ihydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gushonga, ishobora kugabanywamo ibintu bishonga mu mazi (nk'ihydroxyethyl cellulose) na organic solvent-soluble (nk'ithyl cellulose), nibindi. Mortilla yumye ivanze ahanini ni cellulose ishonga mu mazi, kandi cellulose ishonga mu mazi igabanywamo ubwoko bw'ubwoko bwihuse n'ubwoko bwo gushonga bwatinze kuvurwa.
Uburyo eteri ya selulosi ikora muri mortila ni ubu bukurikira:
(1) Nyuma yuko eteri ya selulosi iri muri mortiyo ishongeshejwe mu mazi, ibikoresho bya sima bikwirakwira neza kandi bingana muri sisitemu bigerwaho bitewe n'imikorere y'ubuso, kandi eteri ya selulosi, nk'umuyoboro urinda, "ipfunyika" uduce duto kandi Urwego rw'ifiriti itera amavuta rukorwa ku buso bwayo bwo hanze, bigatuma sisitemu ya mortiyo ikomera, kandi inanoza uburyo mortiyo igenda neza mu gihe cyo kuvanga no gukora neza.
(2) Bitewe n'imiterere ya molekile, umuti wa eteri ya cellulose utuma amazi ari muri mortilage atoroshye gutakaza, kandi ukayarekura buhoro buhoro mu gihe kirekire, bigatuma mortilage ikomeza kubika amazi no gukora neza.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Nyuma y'uko ipamba itunganyijwe ivuwe na alkali, eteri ya selulose ikorwa binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukora hamwe na methane chloride nk'ikintu gitanga eteri. Muri rusange, urwego rwo gusimbuza ni 1.6 ~ 2.0, kandi gushonga nabyo biratandukanye iyo ugereranyije n'urwego rwo gusimbuza. Ni iya eteri ya selulose itari ioni.
(1) Methylcellulose irashongesha mu mazi akonje, kandi bizagorana kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo w'amazi uhoraho cyane mu gipimo cya pH = 3 ~ 12. Ikorana neza na sitashi, guar gum, nibindi nibindi byinshi bya surfactants. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze ku bushyuhe bwa gelation, gelation iba ihari.
(2) Uburyo methyl cellulose igumana amazi biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana, ubukana bw'uduce duto n'umuvuduko wo gushonga. Muri rusange, niba ingano yo kongeramo ari nini, ubukana ni buto, kandi ubukana ni bwinshi, umuvuduko wo gufata amazi ni munini. Muri byo, ingano yo kongeramo igira ingaruka nini ku muvuduko wo gufata amazi, kandi urwego rw'ubukana ntabwo rujyanye neza n'urwego rw'umuvuduko wo gufata amazi. Umuvuduko wo gushonga uterwa ahanini n'urugero rw'impinduka z'ubuso bw'uduce twa cellulose n'ubukana bw'uduce duto. Muri ether za cellulose zavuzwe haruguru, methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose bifite umuvuduko wo gufata amazi mwinshi.
(3) Impinduka mu bushyuhe zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku muvuduko wo kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl. Muri rusange, uko ubushyuhe burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko kubika amazi birushaho kuba bibi. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa selulosi burenze dogere selisiyusi 40, kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl bizagabanuka cyane, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwubatsi bwa selulosi.
(4) Selulosi ya Methyl igira ingaruka zikomeye ku iyubakwa n'ifatana rya sima. "Gufatana" hano bivuga imbaraga zo gufatana hagati y'igikoresho cy'umukozi n'igice cy'urukuta, ni ukuvuga imbaraga zo gufatana za sima. Gufatana ni byinshi, imbaraga zo gufatana za sima ni nini, kandi imbaraga zisabwa n'abakozi mu ikoreshwa nazo ni nyinshi, kandi imikorere y'ifatana rya sima ni mibi. Gufatana kwa selulosi ya Methyl kuri ku rwego rwo hagati mu bicuruzwa bya eteri ya selulosi.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ni ubwoko bwa cellulose, umusaruro n'ikoreshwa byakomeje kwiyongera cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha. Ni eteri ivanze ya cellulose itari ionic ikozwe mu ipamba itunganyijwe nyuma yo kuyitunganya, hakoreshejwe propylene oxide na methyl chloride nk'ikintu gihindura ether, binyuze mu buryo butandukanye. Igipimo cyo kuyihindura muri rusange ni 1.2 ~ 2.0. Imiterere yayo iratandukanye bitewe n'ibipimo bitandukanye by'ibikubiye muri methoxyl n'ibikubiye muri hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishongeshwa byoroshye mu mazi akonje, kandi izahura n'ingorane mu gushonga mu mazi ashyushye. Ariko ubushyuhe bwayo bwo gushonga mu mazi ashyushye buri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ubwa methyl cellulose. Gushonga mu mazi akonje nabyo birarushaho kwiyongera ugereranije na methyl cellulose.
(2) Uburemere bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bufitanye isano n'uburemere bwayo bwa molekile, kandi uko uburemere bwa molekile burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko uburemere burushaho kuba bwinshi. Ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka ku buremere bwayo, uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, uburemere bugabanuka. Ariko, uburemere bwayo bwinshi bugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe buke ugereranyije na methyl cellulose. Umuti wayo uhoraho iyo ubitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
(3) Uburyo hydroxypropyl methylcellulose igumana amazi biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana bwayo, n'ibindi, kandi igipimo cyo kubika amazi munsi y'ingano imwe y'inyongera kiri hejuru y'icya methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahamye kuri aside na alkali, kandi umuti wayo w’amazi urahamye cyane mu rugero rwa pH = 2 ~ 12. Soda ya Caustic na lime amazi ntacyo bigira ku mikorere yayo, ariko alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga no kongera ubukana bwayo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahamye kuri umunyu usanzwe, ariko iyo ubwinshi bw’umunyu buri hejuru, ubukana bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bukunda kwiyongera.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishobora kuvangwa n'ibinyabutabire bya polymer bishongeshwa n'amazi kugira ngo bikore umuti umwe kandi ufite ubukana bwinshi. Nka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, nibindi.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwa enzymes kurusha methylcellulose, kandi umuti wayo ntushobora kwangirika cyane na enzymes kurusha methylcellulose.
(7) Uburyo hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ifatana n'imiterere ya mortier buruta ubw'uburyo methylcellulose ifatana.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Ikozwe mu ipamba itunganyijwe ivuguruwe na alkali, kandi ivanze na ethylene oxide nk'ikintu gihindura umwuka iyo hari acetone. Ubusanzwe urwego rwo kuyisimbura ni 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mazi kandi yoroshye kuyikuramo ubushuhe.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose irashongesha mu mazi akonje, ariko biragoye kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo uhoraho ku bushyuhe bwinshi nta gel ikoreshejwe. Ishobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu mashini, ariko amazi yayo ni make ugereranyije n'aya methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose irakomera kuri aside rusange na alkali. Alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga kwayo no kongera ubukana bwayo gato. Kudashobora gukwirakwira kwayo mu mazi ni bibi gato kurusha ibya methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya gushonga kwa mortilage, ariko sima yo iratinda cyane.
(4) Imikorere ya hydroxyethyl cellulose ikorwa na bimwe mu bigo byo mu gihugu iragaragara ko iri hasi ugereranyije n’iya methyl cellulose bitewe n’uko ifite amazi menshi n’umuvu mwinshi.
4. Selulose ya karboksimetili (CMC)
Ionic cellulose ether ikorwa mu migozi karemano (ipamba, nibindi) nyuma yo kuvurwa na alkali, hakoreshejwe sodium monochloroacetate nk'umusemburo wa etherification, kandi ikorerwa ubuvuzi butandukanye. Igipimo cyo gusimbuza muri rusange ni 0.4 ~ 1.4, kandi imikorere yayo igirwaho ingaruka cyane n'urwego rwo gusimbuza.
(1) Selulosi ya karboksimetili irushaho kuba hygroscopic, kandi izaba irimo amazi menshi iyo ibitswe mu buryo busanzwe.
(2) Umuti w'amazi wa carboxymethyl cellulose ntuzatanga jeli, kandi ubushyuhe buzagabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 50°C, ubushyuhe buragabanuka.
(3) Ubudahangarwa bwayo buterwa cyane na pH. Muri rusange, ishobora gukoreshwa muri morti ishingiye kuri gypsum, ariko ntikoreshwa muri morti ishingiye kuri sima. Iyo ifite alkaline nyinshi, itakaza ubukana.
(4) Amazi yayo ari hasi cyane ugereranyije n’aya selulosi ya methyl. Igira ingaruka mbi ku mashini ikoze muri gypsum kandi igabanya imbaraga zayo. Ariko, igiciro cya selulosi ya carboxymethyl kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’iya selulosi ya methyl.
Ifu y'umukara wa polymer ishobora kongera gushonga
Ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa itunganywa hakoreshejwe spray yumisha emulsion yihariye ya polymer. Mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya, colloid irinda, anti-caking agent, nibindi biba inyongeramusaruro z'ingenzi. Ifu ya rubber yumye ni uduce duto twa mm 80 ~ 100 twateranijwe hamwe. Utu duce turashonga mu mazi kandi tugakora intatane ihamye nini gato ugereranyije n'uduce twa emulsion twa mbere. Uku gutandukana kuzakora intatane nyuma yo kubura amazi no kuma. Iyi firime ntabwo isubira inyuma nk'uko firime rusange ya emulsion ikorwa, kandi ntizongera gutandukana iyo ihuye n'amazi. Gutandukana.
Ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa ishobora kugabanywamo: copolymer ya styrene-butadiene, aside karubone ya tertiary ethylene copolymer, copolymer ya aside asetiki ya ethylene-acetate, nibindi, kandi hashingiwe kuri ibi, silicone, vinyl laurate, nibindi bishyirwaho kugira ngo binoze imikorere. Ingamba zitandukanye zo guhindura zituma ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa igira imiterere itandukanye nko kwirinda amazi, kurwanya alkali, kurwanya ikirere no guhinduka. Irimo vinyl laurate na silicone, bishobora gutuma ifu ya rubber igira ubwiza bwo kudakoresha amazi. Karubone ya tertiary ya vinyl ifite amashami menshi ifite agaciro ka Tg nke kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhinduka neza.
Iyo ubwoko bw'ifu y'umukara ikoreshejwe kuri morti, byose bigira ingaruka ku gihe cyo gutinda kwa sima, ariko ingaruka zo gutinda ni ntoya ugereranyije n'iyo gukoresha emulsions zisa. Ugereranije, styrene-butadiene ifite ingaruka nini zo gutinda, naho ethylene-vinyl acetate ifite ingaruka nto zo gutinda. Iyo ingano ari nto cyane, ingaruka zo kunoza imikorere ya morti ntabwo zigaragara.
Indodo za polypropylene
Fibre ya polypropylene ikozwe muri polypropylene nk'ibikoresho fatizo kandi ifite ingano ikwiye yo guhindura. Ubusanzwe umurambararo wa fibre ni mikoroni 40, imbaraga zo gukurura ni 300 ~ 400mpa, modulus ya elastic ni ≥ 3500mpa, naho uburebure bwa nyuma ni 15 ~ 18%. Ibiranga imikorere yayo:
(1) Imigozi ya polypropylene ikwirakwizwa mu buryo bumwe mu byerekezo bitatu mu buryo butunguranye muri morti, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo gushimangira urusobe rw'imiyoboro. Iyo hongewe kilo 1 ya fiber ya polypropylene kuri buri toni ya morti, imigozi ya monofilament irenga miliyoni 30 irashobora kuboneka.
(2) Kongera fibre ya polypropylene muri mortier bishobora kugabanya neza imiyoboro y’uruvange rw’uruvange mu gihe rwa pulasitiki. Niba iyo miyoboro igaragara cyangwa itagaragara. Kandi bishobora kugabanya cyane kuva amaraso hejuru no kwihuza kwa mortier nshya.
(3) Ku mubiri wa mortillage ukomeye, fibre ya polypropylene ishobora kugabanya cyane umubare w'impinduka. Ni ukuvuga ko iyo mortillage ikomeye ikora stress bitewe no guhinduka, ishobora kurwanya no kohereza stress. Iyo mortillage ikomeye icitse, ishobora kugabanya stress ku mpera y'umuvuduko no kugabanya kwaguka kw'imivuduko.
(4) Gukwirakwiza neza imigozi ya polypropylene mu gukora mortier bizaba ikibazo kigoye. Ibikoresho byo kuvanga, ubwoko bwa fiber n'ingano yayo, igipimo cya mortier hamwe n'ibipimo byayo byose bizaba ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku gukwirakwiza.
umukozi utanga amahugurwa mu kirere
Umuti utuma umwuka ujya mu kirere ni ubwoko bwa surfactant ishobora gukora utubumbe tw’umwuka duhamye muri sima nshya cyangwa mu gikoresho gikoreshwa mu buryo bufatika. Muri byo harimo cyane cyane: rosine na polimeri zayo zishyuha, surfactants zitari ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, aside carboxylic n’imyunyu yazo, nibindi.
Ibintu bifasha mu gukamura umwuka bikunze gukoreshwa mu gutegura amasafuriya yo gusigwa no gukamura amasafuriya. Bitewe no kongeramo ibikoresho bifasha mu gukamura umwuka, hari impinduka zimwe na zimwe mu mikorere ya safuriya.
(1) Bitewe no gushyiramo utubumbe tw’umwuka, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora sima nshya ivanze bushobora kwiyongera, kandi kuva amaraso bishobora kugabanuka.
(2) Gukoresha gusa igikoresho gifasha mu guhumeka bizagabanya imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibumba riri mu gishishwa. Iyo igikoresho gifasha mu guhumeka n'igikoresho gifasha mu kugabanya amazi bikoreshejwe hamwe, kandi igipimo kikaba gikwiye, agaciro k'imbaraga ntikizagabanuka.
(3) Bishobora kongera cyane ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubukonje bw'uruvange rukomeye, kongera ubushobozi bwo kutavogerwa n'uruvange, no kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya isuri bw'uruvange rukomeye.
(4) Umuti ujyana umwuka uzongera ingano y'umwuka muri mortika, ibyo bizongera ingano y'umwuka ugabanuka, kandi agaciro k'umwuka ugabanuka gashobora kugabanuka neza hakongerwamo umuti ugabanya amazi.
Kubera ko ingano y'ibikoresho bifasha mu guhumeka ari nto cyane, muri rusange ikaba ingana n'ibihumbi icumi by'ingano yose y'ibikoresho bikoresha sima, bigomba gupimwa neza kandi bikavangwa mu gihe cyo gukora sima; ibintu nk'uburyo bwo gukangura n'igihe cyo gukangura bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngano y'ibikoresho bifasha mu guhumeka. Kubwibyo, hakurikijwe imiterere y'umusaruro n'ubwubatsi bw'imbere mu gihugu, kongeramo ibikoresho bifasha mu guhumeka ku sima bisaba akazi kenshi ko kugerageza.
umuti wongera imbaraga hakiri kare
Ikoreshwa mu kunoza imbaraga za beto na sima, ibikoresho byo gushimangira imbaraga za sulfate mbere y’igihe bikunze gukoreshwa, cyane cyane birimo sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminiyumu sulfate na potasiyumu sulfate.
Muri rusange, sodium sulfate ikoreshwa cyane, kandi ingano yayo ni nto kandi ingaruka z'imbaraga zo mu ntangiriro ni nziza, ariko iyo ingano ari nini cyane, izatera kwaguka no kwangirika mu cyiciro cya nyuma, kandi icyarimwe, hazabaho kugaruka kwa alkali, bizagira ingaruka ku isura n'ingaruka z'urwego rw'imitako y'ubuso.
Calcium formate nayo ni umuti mwiza urwanya ubukonje. Igira ingaruka nziza zo gukomera hakiri kare, ingaruka mbi nke, ihura neza n'izindi mvange, kandi imiterere myinshi ni myiza kurusha sulfate, ariko igiciro kiri hejuru.
umuti ugabanya ubukonje
Iyo mortiyo ikoreshejwe ku bushyuhe buri hasi, niba nta ngamba zo kurwanya ubukonje zifashwe, hazangirika ubukonje kandi imbaraga z'umubiri ukomeye zizangirika. Mortiyo irinda ubukonje kwangirika mu buryo bubiri bwo gukumira ubukonje no kunoza imbaraga za mortiyo hakiri kare.
Mu bintu bikunze gukoreshwa mu kurwanya gukonjesha, nitrite ya kalisiyumu na nitrite ya sodiyumu bifite ingaruka nziza ku kurwanya gukonjesha. Kubera ko nitrite ya kalisiyumu idafite potasiyumu na iyoni ya sodiyumu, ishobora kugabanya igaragara rya alkali aggregate iyo ikoreshejwe muri sima, ariko ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora buba buke gato iyo ikoreshejwe muri sima, mu gihe nitrite ya sodiyumu yo ikora neza kurushaho. Antikonjesha ikoreshwa hamwe n'ikintu gifasha imbaraga za mbere n'ikintu kigabanya amazi kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro ushimishije. Iyo sima yumye ivanze na antikonjesha ikoreshejwe ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane, ubushyuhe bw'uruvange bugomba kongerwa uko bikwiye, nko kuvanga n'amazi ashyushye.
Iyo ingano y’ibinini birwanya gukonjesha ari nyinshi cyane, bizagabanya imbaraga za mortiweri mu cyiciro cya nyuma, kandi ubuso bwa mortiweri bukomeye buzagira ibibazo nko kugaruka kwa alkali, bizagira ingaruka ku isura n’ingaruka z’urwego rw’imitako y’ubuso.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama 16-2023