01 Whakamaroke mārire, kātahi ka piri ki muri
I muri i te paraihe i te peita, kāore te kiriata peita e maroke mō te wā roa atu i te wā kua tohua, e kiia ana ko te maroke puhoi. Mena kua hangaia te kiriata peita, engari kei te piri tonu te maihao, e kiia ana ko te piri whakamuri.
Ngā Take:
1. He matotoru rawa te kiriata peita i pania mā te paraihe.
2. I mua i te maroke o te paparanga tuatahi o te peita, pania he paparanga tuarua.
3. Te whakamahinga hē o te whakamaroke.
4. Kāore te mata o te papa i te ma.
5. Kāore te mata o te papa i tino maroke.
Huarahi:
1. Mō te maroke puhoi me te piri whakamuri, ka taea te whakapakari i te hauhautanga me te whakapiki i te pāmahana kia tika.
2. Mō te kiriata peita e puhoi ana te maroke, e piri ana rānei, me horoi ki te whakarewa kaha, kātahi ka rehu anō.
02
Te paura: I muri i te peita, ka paura te kiriata peita
Ngā Take:
1. He ngoikore te ātete o te kapia paninga ki te huarere.
2. Te koretake o te tiaki i te mata o te pakitara.
3. He tino iti rawa te pāmahana i te wā e peita ana, ā, kāore e pai te hanganga o te kiriata.
4. Ka nui rawa te wai e konatunatua ana ki te peita i te wā e peita ana.
Te otinga mō te tārai:
Horoia te paura i te tuatahi, kātahi ka pania ki te paninga hiri pai, kātahi ka rehu anō ki te peita kōhatu tūturu me te ātete pai ki te huarere.
03
te memeha me te ngaro haere
take:
1. He nui rawa te haumākū o te papa, ā, ka whakatō te tote wairewa-wai ki te mata o te pakitara, ka huri te tae, ka memeha hoki.
2. Kāore te peita kōhatu tūturu ngoikore i hangaia ki te onepū tae tūturu, ā, he kawakore te rauemi turanga, ka pakaru te tae, te kapia rānei, ā, he ngoikore te ātete ki te kawakore.
3. Te huarere kino.
4. Te kōwhiringa hē o ngā rauemi paninga.
Otinga:
Ki te kite koe i tēnei āhuatanga i te wā e hanga ana, ka taea e koe te muru, te koko rānei i te mata e pā ana, tukua te sima kia maroke rawa, kātahi ka pania he paparanga o te paninga hiri me te whiriwhiri i tētahi peita kōhatu tūturu pai.
04
te tihore me te pakarukaru
take:
Nā te nui o te haumākū o te rauemi turanga, kāore te maimoatanga o te mata e ma, ā, nā te hē o te tikanga paraihe, mā te whakamahi rānei i te paninga ngoikore ka wehe te kiriata peita mai i te mata turanga.
Otinga:
I tēnei wā, me tirotiro tuatahi koe mēnā kei te turuturu te pakitara. Mēnā he turuturu, me whakaoti tuatahi te raruraru turuturu. Kātahi, tangohia te peita kua tihoretia me ngā rauemi kua wetekina, tāpirihia he putty pakari ki te mata hapa, kātahi ka hiritia te paninga tuatahi.
05
pūkahukahu
Kia maroke te kiriata peita, ka puta he ira mirumiru o ngā rahi rerekē i runga i te mata, ka paku ngāwari te pēhi ina pēhia e te ringa.
take:
1. He makuku te paparanga o raro, ā, nā te mimiti o te wai ka pupuhi te kiriata peita.
2. I te wā e rehu ana, ka konatunatua te hau kōpeke ki te peita, ka mimiti te wai.
3. Kāore te paninga tuatahi i tino maroke, ā, ka pania anō te paninga o runga ina ua. Ina maroke te paninga tuatahi, ka puta he hau hei hiki ake i te paninga o runga.
Otinga:
Mena he paku pupuhi te kiriata peita, ka taea te whakangawari ki te pepa kirikiri wai i muri i te maroke o te kiriata peita, kātahi ka whakatikahia te paninga o runga; ki te nui rawa te kino o te kiriata peita, me tango te kiriata peita, ā, me maroke te paparanga turanga. , kātahi ka rehuhia ki te peita kohatu tūturu.
06
Te whakarōpū paparua (e mōhiotia ana ko te raro ngau)
Ko te take mō te āhuatanga paparanga ko:
I te wā e paraihehia ana, kāore te paninga peita i te maroke rawa, ā, ka pupuhi te paninga peita o raro i te mea angiangi o te paninga o runga, ka mimiti, ka tihore hoki te kiriata peita.
Otinga:
Me mahi te hanganga paninga kia rite ki te wā kua tohua, kaua te paninga e pania kia matotoru rawa, ā, me pani te paninga o runga i muri i te maroke rawa o te paninga tuatahi.
07
Te whakaheke
I ngā papa hangahanga, ka kitea he peita e totohu ana, e maturuturu ana rānei i ngā pakitara, ka hanga he āhua roimata, he piupiu rānei, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā maturuturu roimata.
Ko te take:
1. He matotoru rawa te kiriata peita i tētahi wā.
2. He nui rawa te ōwehenga waimeha.
3. Paraia tika ki te mata peita tawhito kāore anō kia orohia.
Otinga:
1. Pania kia maha ngā wā, ia wā me te paparanga angiangi.
2. Whakaitihia te ōwehenga waimeha.
3. Orohia te mata peita tawhito o te mea e paraihia ana ki te pepa oro.
08
Te miro: Ka hangaia e te kiriata peita ngā miro e rere ana
take:
1. He matotoru rawa te kiriata peita, ā, ka mimiti te mata.
2. Ina pania te paparanga tuarua o te peita, kāore anō kia maroke te paparanga tuatahi.
3. He tino teitei rawa te pāmahana i te wā e maroke ana.
Otinga:
Hei ārai i tēnei, kaua e pania kia matotoru rawa, ā, kia ōrite te paraihe. Me nui te wā i waenga i ngā paparanga peita e rua, ā, me whakarite kia maroke rawa te paparanga tuatahi o te kiriata peita i mua i te paninga o te paparanga tuarua.
09
He kino te noho mai o te whakawhiti-parahanga
take:
Kāore te paparanga mata i aro ki te tohatoha i runga i te whatunga i te wā hanga, ā, i puta ai te āhua o te hurihuri atu.
Otinga:
I roto i te tukanga hanga, me whai i ia taahiraa hanga kia kore ai e kino te whakawhiti-parahanga. I taua wā anō, ka taea e tātou te whiriwhiri i ngā paninga tāpiri he ātete-pakeke, he ātete-mahana teitei, he ātete-ira kaha hoki ki te whakakī, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te whakawhiti-parahanga.
10
Te koretake o te paninga whānui
take:
Nā te nui o te moata sima ka puhoi te maroke, ka pakaru, ka pokaia hoki; ka whakamahia te bentonite MT-217 i roto i te peita kōhatu tūturu, ā, he maeneene te hanganga, he ngāwari hoki te waru.
Otinga:
Whakahaerehia he maimoatanga wehewehe toharite, ā, kia ōrite te taurite o te moata i te wā e pania ana te whare turanga.
11
Te mā i te wā e pā ana ki te wai, te ātete wai ngoikore
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Ka huri te tae o ētahi peita kōhatu tūturu ki te mā i muri i te horoinga me te whakamakuku i te ua, ā, ka hoki anō ki tōna āhua taketake i muri i te pai o te rangi. He tohu tika tēnei o te ngoikore o te ātete wai o ngā peita kōhatu tūturu.
1. He iti te kounga o te emulsion
Hei whakanui ake i te pumau o te emulsion, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia he nui rawa ngā surfactants ki ngā emulsion iti-kounga, ka tino whakaiti i te ātete wai o te emulsion tonu.
2. He iti rawa te nui o te hinu whakahinuhinu
He nui te utu mō te emulsion kounga teitei. Hei penapena utu, he iti noa te emulsion e tāpirihia ana e te kaihanga, kia mahorahora ai te kiriata peita o te peita kōhatu tūturu, kia kore ai e matotoru i muri i te maroke, kia nui ai te tere mimiti wai o te kiriata peita, ā, kia iti ai te kaha piri. I te wā ua, ka uru te wai ua ki roto i te kiriata peita, ka huri te peita kōhatu tūturu hei mā.
3. He nui rawa te whakamātotoru
Ina hangaia e ngā kaihanga he peita kōhatu tūturu, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia e rātou he nui o te carboxymethyl cellulose, te hydroxyethyl cellulose, me ētahi atu hei whakamātotoru. He wairewa-wai ēnei matū, he hydrophilic rānei, ā, ka noho tonu ki roto i te paninga i muri i te hanganga o te paninga hei kiriata. Ka tino whakaiti i te ātete wai o te paninga.
Otinga:
1. Kōwhiria he hinu kounga teitei
Me whiriwhiri e ngā kaihanga ngā pūmua kiriaku ngota-teitei he ātete pai ki te wai hei matū hanga kiriata hei whakapai ake i te ātete wai o te peita kōhatu tūturu mai i te pūtake.
2. Whakanuia te ōwehenga o te emulsion
Me whakanui ake e te kaihanga te ōwehenga o te wai whakapūkara, me te mahi i ngā whakamātautau whakatairite maha mō te nui o te wai whakapūkara kōhatu tūturu i tāpirihia kia whiwhi ai i tētahi kiriata peita matotoru, katoa hoki i muri i te paninga o te peita kōhatu tūturu hei ārai i te urunga mai o te wai ua.
3. Whakatikatikahia te ōwehenga o ngā matū wai-whakaaro
Hei whakarite i te pumau me te ngāwari o te mahi o te hua, me tāpiri he matū wai-aroha pēnei i te cellulose. Ko te mea nui ko te kimi i tētahi taurite tika, e hiahia ana kia akohia e ngā kaihanga ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū wai-aroha pēnei i te cellulose mā te maha o ngā whakamātautau anō. He ōwehenga whaitake. Ehara i te mea ka whakarite noa i te pānga o te hua, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te pānga ki te ātete wai.
12
He para nui te tauhiuhi
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Ka ngaro te onepu i ētahi peita kōhatu tūturu, ka tauhiuhi rānei i te wā e rehuhia ana. I ngā wā tino kino, ka moumou pea te 1/3 o te peita.
1. Te whakarōpūtanga hē o te kirikiri
Kāore e taea e ngā matūriki kōhatu kuru tūturu te whakamahi i ngā matūriki o te rahi ōrite, me whakaranu me te taurite ki ngā matūriki o ngā rahi rerekē.
2. Te mahi hanga hē
Tērā pea he nui rawa te whānui o te pū rehu, kāore i te tika te whiriwhiri i te pēhanga o te pū rehu, ā, tera pea ētahi atu āhuatanga e pā ai te tauhiuhi.
3. Te āhua o te paninga kāore i te tika
Mā te whakarerekētanga hē o te matotoru o te peita ka maturuturu, ka tauhiuhi rānei te onepu i te rehu, he moumou rawa tēnei.
Otinga:
1. Whakatikatikahia te whakarōpūtanga o te kirikiri
Mā te tirotiro i te papa hangahanga, i kitea ko te whakamahinga nui o te kōhatu kuru tūturu he iti te rahi o te matūriki ka whakaiti i te kakano o te mata o te kiriata peita; ko te whakamahinga nui o te kōhatu kuru he nui te rahi o te matūriki ka ngawari te pupuhi me te ngaronga o te onepu. kia tutuki ai te ōritetanga.
2. Whakatikatika i ngā mahi hanga
Mena ko te pū, me whakarerekē e koe te rahi me te pēhanga o te pū.
3. Whakatikatikahia te matotoru o te peita
Mena ko te matotoru o te peita te take, me whakatikatika te matotoru.
13
peita kohatu tūturu
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
1. Te awe o te pH o te paparanga turanga, ki te nui ake te pH i te 9, ka arahi ki te āhuatanga o te pua.
2. I te wā o te hanganga, ka ngāwari te pua o te whare i te matotoru kāore i te ōrite. Hei tāpiri, mā te iti rawa o te peita kohatu tūturu e rehu, me te angiangi rawa o te kiriata peita ka puta ai te pua.
3. I roto i te tukanga whakaputa peita kohatu tūturu, he nui rawa te ōwehenga o te cellulose, koinei te tino take o te pua.
Otinga:
1. Kia tino whakahaere i te pH o te paparanga turanga, ā, whakamahia he paninga hiri ātete-kawakore mō te maimoatanga hiri-muri hei ārai i te maturuturunga iho o ngā matū kawakore.
2. Whakatinanahia te nui o te hanga noa, kaua e tapahi i ngā kokonga, ko te nui o te paninga ariā noa o te peita kohatu tūturu he 3.0-4.5kg/mita tapawha.
3. Whakahaerehia te nui o te cellulose hei whakamātotoru i roto i te ōwehenga e tika ana.
14
Te kōwhai o te peita kōhatu tūturu
Ko te kōwhaitanga o te peita kōhatu tūturu ko te hurihanga o te tae ki te kōwhai, ka pā ki te āhua.
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā wairewa kiriaku ngoikore hei here. Ka pirau ngā wairewa ina pāngia e ngā hihi ultraviolet o te rā, ka puta he matū tae, ā, ka mutu ka kōwhai.
Otinga:
Me whiriwhiri e ngā kaihanga ngā wai whakapūkara kounga teitei hei here hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua.
15
He ngohengohe rawa te kiriata peita
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
He tino mārō te kiriata peita kōhatu tūturu, ā, kāore e taea te kume ki ngā maikuku. Ko te nuinga o te wā, he tino ngohengohe te kiriata peita nā te koretake o te whiriwhiri i te wai whakapūkara, te iti rānei o te ihirangi, ā, ka kore e tino piri te paninga ina hangaia te kiriata peita.
Otinga:
I te wā e hanga ana i te peita kōhatu tūturu, kaua ngā kaihanga e whiriwhiri i te emulsion ōrite ki te peita rapa, engari me whiriwhiri i tētahi otinga hiato he nui ake te piripono me te iti ake te pāmahana hanga kiriata.
16
He rerekētanga tae
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Kāore te puranga peita kotahi e whakamahia ana ki te pakitara kotahi, ā, he rerekētanga tae kei waenganui i ngā puranga peita e rua. Ko te tae o te paninga peita kōhatu tūturu ka whakatauhia katoatia e te tae o te onepu me te kōhatu. Nā te hanganga whenua, ka rerekē tonu te tae o ia puranga onepu tae. Nō reira, i te wā e whakaurua ana ngā rauemi, he pai ake te whakamahi i te onepu tae i tukatukahia e te puranga keri kotahi. Hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga tae. Ina rongoatia te peita, ka puta he tae paparanga, he tae mānu rānei ki te mata, ā, kāore i tino whakaohokia i mua i te rehu.
Otinga:
Me whakamahi te puranga peita kotahi mō te pakitara kotahi ki te tawhiti e taea ana; me whakanoho te peita ki roto i ngā puranga i te wā e rongoa ana; me whakaohokia katoa i mua i te rehu i mua i te whakamahinga; i te wā e whāngai ana i ngā rauemi, he pai ake te whakamahi i te puranga onepu tae kotahi i tukatukahia e te keri kohatu, ā, me kawemai te puranga katoa i te wā kotahi.
17
He paninga kore taurite me te kakau witi e kitea ana
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Kāore e whakamahia te puranga peita kotahi; he paparanga te peita, he mānu rānei te paparanga mata i te wā e rongoa ana, ā, kāore te peita i tino whakaohokia i mua i te rehu, ā, he rerekē te matotoru o te peita; kāore i te pumau te pēhanga hau i te wā e rehu ana; ka rerekē te whānui o te pū rehu nā te kakahu, nā te hapa tāutanga rānei i te wā e rehu ana; kāore i te tika te ōwehenga whakaranu, kāore i te ōrite te whakaranu o ngā rauemi; kāore i te ōrite te matotoru o te paninga; kāore ngā kōhao hanga i te wā tika, i te mea rānei ka kitea te kakau witi i muri i te whakakī; ka kitea mārama te mahere ki te hanga kakau witi hei hanga kakau witi o runga.
Otinga:
Me whakarite he kaimahi motuhake, he kaihanga rānei hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana pēnei i te ōwehenga me te ōritetanga o te ranunga; me ārai, me whakatika i ngā kōhao hangahanga, i ngā whakatuwheratanga tūāpapa rānei i mua; me whakamahi i te puranga peita kotahi i te nuinga o te wā; me rongoa te peita i roto i ngā puranga, ā, me whakaohokia katoa i mua i te rehu. Whakamahia kia ōrite; tirohia te pū o te pū rehu i te wā e rehu ana, me whakatika te pēhanga o te pū; i te wā e hanga ana, me maka te kakau witi ki te hononga whatunga iti, ki te wāhi rānei e kore e kitea te paipa. Me whakarite te matotoru o te paninga, kia kore ai e taupatupatu ngā paninga kia rerekē ai ngā atarangi.
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Te paninga e pupuhi ana, e pupuhi ana, e ngatata ana
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
He nui rawa te makuku o te paparanga turanga i te wā e hangaia ana te paninga; kāore i te kaha te moata sima me te paparanga turanga raima nā te kore e ranea te pakeke, he iti rawa te pāmahana whakamaroke, he iti rawa te kaha hoahoa o te paparanga turanga moata whakaranu, he hē rānei te ōwehenga whakaranu i te wā e hangaia ana; kāore he paninga o raro kua kati; ka pania te paninga o runga i mua i te maroke rawa o te mata paninga matua; kua pakaru te paparanga turanga, kāore i wehea te paninga o raro e ai ki te hiahia, he nui rawa rānei ngā poraka kua wehea; he nui rawa te horahanga moata sima, ā, he rerekē te whakahekenga maroke, ka puta he kōhao me ngā kapiti, ka kōhao te paparanga o raro, ka pakaru noa te paparanga o te mata; kāore te moata sima e pania ki ngā paparanga hei whakarite i te kounga o te paninga o te paparanga turanga; he nui rawa te rehu i te wā kotahi, he matotoru rawa te paninga, me te koretake o te waimeha; he hapa i roto i te mahi o te paninga tonu, me ētahi atu. He ngāwari te pakaru o te paninga; he nui te rerekētanga o te pāmahana o te rangi, ka rerekē te tere maroke o ngā paparanga o roto me waho, ā, ka puta he kapiti ina maroke te mata, ā, kāore te paparanga o roto i te maroke.
Otinga:
Me wehewehe te paninga kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga; i roto i te tukanga whakapiri o te paparanga turanga, me whakaranu rawa te ōwehenga o te moata, me mahi te whakapiri paparanga; me mahi te hanganga kia rite ki ngā tikanga me ngā whakaritenga hanganga; me tino whakahaere te kounga o ngā rauemi mata; He maha-paparanga, ngana ki te whakahaere i te tere maroke o ia paparanga, me te tawhiti o te rehu kia paku tawhiti.
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Te tihorenga o te paninga, te pakaru
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
He nui rawa te makuku o te paparanga turanga i te wā e hangaia ana te paninga; kua pāngia e te pānga miihini o waho; he iti rawa te pāmahana hanga, ā, kāore i te pai te hanganga o te kiriata paninga; he uaua te tango i te rīpene i te wā e tangohia ai, he hē rānei te tikanga, ā, ka kino te paninga; kāore he turanga sima i hangaia ki raro o te pakitara o waho; kāore i whakamahia he peita taurite mō te uhi o muri.
Otinga:
Me whakahaere te hanganga kia rite ki ngā tikanga me ngā whakaritenga hanga; me aro nui ki te tiaki i ngā hua kua oti i te wā o te hanganga.
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Te nui o te poke me te rerekētanga o te tae i te wā e hanga ana
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
Ka memeha te tae o te tae paninga, ka rerekē te tae nā te hau, te ua, me te pānga o te rā; mā te raupapa hanga kore tika i waenga i ngā momo mahi hanga ka puta te poke whakawhiti.
Otinga:
Me whiriwhiri ngā peita he tae ārai-iraira, ārai-pakeketanga me te ārai-rā, ā, me tino whakahaere i te tāpiri wai i te wā hanga, kaua hoki e tāpiri noa i te wai ki waenganui kia ōrite ai te tae; hei ārai i te poke o te paparanga mata, paraihia te peita whakaoti i muri i te otinga o te paninga i roto i ngā haora 24. I te wā e paraihia ana te whakaoti, kia tūpato kei rere, kei matotoru rawa rānei, ā, kāore e puta he āhua putiputi. I te wā hanga, me whakarite te hanganga kia rite ki ngā tikanga hanga kia kore ai e pangia e te tohunga ngaio, e kino rānei i te wā hanga.
rua tekau mā tahi
Kapiti koki Yin Yang
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā take matua:
I ētahi wā ka puta ngā kapiti i ngā kokonga o te yin me te yang. Ko ngā kokonga yin me te yang he mata e rua e hono ana. I te wā e whakamaroke ana, ka rua ngā ahunga rerekē o te kume e pā ana ki te kiriata peita i ngā kokonga yin me te yang i te wā kotahi, he mea ngāwari ki te pakaru.
Otinga:
Ki te kitea ngā kokonga yin me te yang o ngā kapiti, whakamahia te pū rehu hei rehu angiangi anō, ka rehu anō i ia hawhe haora kia kapi rā anō ngā kapiti; mō ngā kokonga yin me te yang kua rehuhia, kia tūpato kei rehu matotoru i te wā kotahi i te rehu, ā, whakamahia he tikanga rehu angiangi maha-paparanga. , me tawhiti te pū rehu, me tere te tere o te nekehanga, ā, kāore e taea te rehu poutū ki ngā kokonga yin me te yang. Ka taea anake te marara, arā, te rehu i ngā taha e rua, kia rere te taha o te pua kohu ki roto i ngā kokonga yin me te yang.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-25-2024