Mtondo wouma ndi matope osakaniza ouma a polima kapena matope ouma opangidwa kale. Ndi mtundu wa simenti ndi gypsum ngati maziko akuluakulu. Malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zomangira, zinthu zomangira ufa wouma ndi zowonjezera zimawonjezedwa muyeso winawake. Ndi zinthu zomangira matope zomwe zimatha kusakanizidwa mofanana, kunyamulidwa kupita kumalo omangira m'matumba kapena mochuluka, ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji mutawonjezera madzi.
Zinthu zodziwika bwino za matope ouma zimaphatikizapo zomatira za matailosi a ufa wouma, zokutira pakhoma za ufa wouma, matope ouma a pakhoma, konkire ya ufa wouma, ndi zina zotero.
Dothi louma nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi zinthu zitatu: chomangira, chophatikiza, ndi zowonjezera za dothi.
Kapangidwe ka matope ouma a ufa wouma:
1. Zipangizo zomangira matope
(1) Guluu wosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe:
Zomatira zosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo simenti ya Portland wamba, simenti ya alumina yambiri, simenti yapadera, gypsum, anhydrite, ndi zina zotero.
(2) Zomatira zachilengedwe:
Guluu wachilengedwe makamaka umatanthauza ufa wa latex wotha kusungunukanso, womwe ndi polima wonga ufa wopangidwa ndi kuumitsa bwino (ndi kusankha zowonjezera zoyenera) za emulsion ya polima. Ufa wa polima wouma ndi madzi zimakhala emulsion. Ukhoza kusungunukanso madzi, kotero kuti tinthu ta polima timapanga kapangidwe ka thupi la polima mu matope a simenti, zomwe zimafanana ndi njira yopangira emulsion ya polima, ndipo zimagwira ntchito yosintha matope a simenti.
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kosiyana, kusintha kwa matope ouma ndi ufa wa polima wosungunukanso kumatha kukulitsa mphamvu yolumikizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha, kusinthasintha, mphamvu yopindika komanso kukana kuwonongeka kwa matope, kulimba, kugwirizana ndi kuchulukana komanso mphamvu yosungira madzi ndi kapangidwe kake.
Ufa wa latex wosungunukanso wa matope osakaniza ouma umaphatikizapo mitundu iyi: ① styrene-butadiene copolymer; ② styrene-acrylic acid copolymer; ③ vinyl acetate copolymer; ④ polyacrylate homopolymer; ⑤ Styrene Acetate Copolymer; ⑥ Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Copolymer.
2. Zophatikizana:
Aggregate imagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu ndi fine aggregate. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi konkriti. Imagwira ntchito ngati mafupa ndipo imachepetsa kusintha kwa voliyumu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa ndi kutupa kwa zinthu zomangira simenti panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kuuma, ndipo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chodzaza chotsika mtengo cha zinthu zomangira simenti. Pali zinthu zachilengedwe zomangira ndi zinthu zopangira, zomangira monga miyala, miyala, pumice, mchenga wachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero; zomangira monga cinder, slag, ceramsite, expanded perlite, ndi zina zotero.
3. Zowonjezera za m'matope
(1) Cellulose ether:
Mu matope ouma, kuchuluka kwa ether ya cellulose kumakhala kochepa kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 0.02%-0.7%), koma kumatha kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a matope onyowa, ndipo ndi chowonjezera chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a matope omangira.
Mu matope ouma, chifukwa ma ionic cellulose sakhazikika pakakhala ma calcium ions, sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu zinthu zouma zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito simenti, laimu wosweka, ndi zina zotero ngati zinthu zomangira simenti. Hydroxyethyl cellulose imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zinthu zina zouma, koma gawo lake ndi laling'ono kwambiri.
Ma ether a cellulose omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu matope ouma ndi hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) ndi hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ether (HPMC), yotchedwa MC.
Makhalidwe a MC: Kumata ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimakhudzana; kusunga madzi, kupewa kusungunuka kwa madzi mwachangu, kotero kuti makulidwe a matope achepe kwambiri.
(2) ulusi woletsa ming'alu
Si chinthu chomwe anthu amakono anayambitsa kusakaniza ulusi ndi matope ngati zinthu zolimbitsa ming'alu. Kale, makolo athu ankagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wachilengedwe ngati zinthu zolimbitsa zinthu zina zosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kusakaniza ulusi wa zomera ndi matope a laimu kuti amange Makachisi ndi maholo, kugwiritsa ntchito silika wa hemp ndi matope kuti apange ziboliboli za Buddha, kugwiritsa ntchito udzu wa tirigu ndi matope achikasu kuti amange nyumba, kugwiritsa ntchito ubweya wa anthu ndi nyama kuti akonze malo ophikira moto, kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa zamkati, laimu, ndi gypsum kuti apente makoma ndikupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana za gypsum, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera ulusi mu zinthu zoyambira simenti kuti apange zinthu zopangidwa ndi simenti zolimbitsa ulusi ndi nkhani ya zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi simenti, zigawo zake kapena nyumba mosakayikira zidzapanga ming'alu yambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwake panthawi yolimbitsa simenti, ndipo zidzakula ndi kusintha kwa kuchepa kwa kuumitsa, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi katundu wakunja. Ulusi ukagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu zakunja, umakhala ndi gawo loletsa ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa ming'alu yaying'ono. Ulusiwo umadutsana ndipo umakhala wosiyana, umadya ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika, umaletsa kukula kwa ming'alu, ndipo umakhala ndi gawo loletsa ming'alu.
Kuwonjezera ulusi kungapangitse kuti matope osakaniza ndi udzu akhale ndi khalidwe lapamwamba, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, mphamvu zambiri, kukana ming'alu, kusalowa madzi, kukana kuphulika, kukana kugunda, kukana kuzizira ndi kusungunuka, kukana kuwonongeka, kukana kukalamba ndi ntchito zina.
(3) Chochepetsera madzi
Chochepetsa madzi ndi chosakanizira cha konkriti chomwe chingachepetse kuchuluka kwa madzi osakaniza pomwe simenti ikupitirizabe kugwa. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi anionic surfactants, monga lignosulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde polymer, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo powonjezeredwa ku chisakanizo cha konkriti, imatha kufalitsa tinthu ta simenti, kukonza magwiridwe ake, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a yuniti, kusintha kusinthasintha kwa chisakanizo cha konkriti; kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito simenti ya yuniti ndikusunga simenti.
Malinga ndi mphamvu yochepetsera ndi kulimbitsa madzi ya chinthu chochepetsera madzi, chimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chochepetsera madzi wamba (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti pulasitiki, kuchuluka kwa madzi ochepetsa sikochepera 8%, choyimiridwa ndi lignosulfonate), chochepetsera madzi chogwira ntchito bwino (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti superplasticizer), chochepetsera madzi chochepera 14%, kuphatikiza naphthalene, melamine, sulfamate, aliphatic, ndi zina zotero) ndi chochepetsera madzi chogwira ntchito bwino (kuchuluka kwa madzi ochepetsa sikochepera 25%, polycarboxylic acid. Chimayimiridwa ndi superplasticizer), ndipo chimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa mphamvu yoyambirira, mtundu wokhazikika ndi mtundu wochedwa.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magulu awa: ma superplasticizers okhala ndi lignosulfonate, ma superplasticizers okhala ndi naphthalene, ma superplasticizers okhala ndi melamine, ma superplasticizers okhala ndi sulfamate, ndi ma superplasticizers okhala ndi mafuta acid. Zothandizira madzi, ma superplasticizers okhala ndi polycarboxylate.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chochepetsera madzi mu matope ouma kuli ndi zinthu izi: kudzikweza simenti, kudzikweza gypsum, matope opaka pulasitala, matope osalowa madzi, putty, ndi zina zotero.
Kusankha chochepetsera madzi kuyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana komanso makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a matope.
(4) Starch ether
Starch ether imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu matope omangira, zomwe zingakhudze kukhazikika kwa matope pogwiritsa ntchito gypsum, simenti ndi laimu, komanso kusintha kapangidwe ndi kukana kwa matope. Starch ether nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ma cellulose ether osasinthidwa komanso osinthidwa. Ndi yoyenera machitidwe onse a neutral komanso alkaline, ndipo imagwirizana ndi zowonjezera zambiri mu gypsum ndi simenti (monga ma surfactants, MC, starch ndi polyvinyl acetate ndi ma polima ena osungunuka m'madzi).
Makhalidwe a starch ether makamaka amakhala mu: kukweza kukana kwa sag; kukonza kapangidwe; kukonza kuchuluka kwa matope, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa: matope opangidwa ndi manja kapena opopera ndi makina pogwiritsa ntchito simenti ndi gypsum, caulk ndi guluu; guluu wa matailosi; matope omangira.
Zindikirani: Mlingo wamba wa starch ether mu matope ndi 0.01-0.1%.
(5) Zowonjezera zina:
Chothandizira mpweya chimayambitsa ma thovu ang'onoang'ono ambiri omwe amagawidwa mofanana panthawi yosakaniza matope, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa matope osakaniza madzi, motero zimapangitsa kuti madziwo afalikire bwino ndikuchepetsa kutuluka kwa magazi ndi kulekanitsa kwa matope ndi konkriti. Zowonjezera, makamaka mafuta Sodium sulfonate ndi sodium sulfate, mlingo wake ndi 0.005-0.02%.
Zotsalira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu gypsum mortars ndi gypsum-based joint fillers. Makamaka ndi mchere wa asidi wa zipatso, nthawi zambiri umawonjezeredwa mu kuchuluka kwa 0.05%-0.25%.
Mankhwala oletsa madzi (mankhwala oletsa madzi) amaletsa madzi kulowa mu matope, pomwe matope amakhala otseguka kuti nthunzi ya madzi ifalikire. Ufa wothira madzi wothira madzi ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Defoamer, yothandiza kutulutsa thovu la mpweya lomwe limapangidwa ndikupangidwa panthawi yosakaniza ndi kupanga matope, kulimbitsa mphamvu yopondereza, kukonza mawonekedwe a pamwamba, ndi mlingo wa 0.02-0.5%.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-09-2023