I-Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (eyaziwa nangokuthi: i-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, i-carboxymethyl cellulose,I-CMCI-Carboxymethyl, i-Cellulose Sodium, usawoti we-Caboxy Methyl Cellulose) iyinani elisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni namuhla lezinhlobo ze-cellulose.
I-CMC-Na ngamafuphi, iyi-cellulose derivative enezinga le-glucose polymerization elingu-100-2000, kanye nesisindo sama-molecule esingu-242.16. Impuphu emhlophe ene-fibrous noma i-granular. Ayinaphunga, ayinambitheki, ayinambitheki, ayi-hygroscopic, ayincibiliki ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo.
Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo
1. Isakhiwo sama-molecular se-sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
Yaqala ukukhiqizwa yiJalimane ngo-1918, futhi yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1921 futhi yavela emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano sekutholakale eYurophu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuwumkhiqizo ongahluziwe kuphela, osetshenziswa njenge-colloid kanye ne-binder. Kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1941, ucwaningo lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni lwe-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose lwalusebenza kakhulu, futhi kwasungulwa amalungelo obunikazi amaningana aphefumulelayo. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, iJalimane yasebenzisa i-sodium carboxymethylcellulose ezinhlotsheni zokwenziwa. I-Hercules yenza i-sodium carboxymethylcellulose okokuqala e-United States ngo-1943, futhi yakhiqiza i-sodium carboxymethylcellulose ehlanjululwe ngo-1946, eyaqashelwa njengesithako sokudla esiphephile. Izwe lami laqala ukuyisebenzisa ngawo-1970, futhi yasetshenziswa kabanzi ngawo-1990. Iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi inamanani amakhulu e-cellulose emhlabeni namuhla.
Ifomula yesakhiwo: C6H7O2 (OH) 2OCH2COONa Ifomula yamamolekyuli: C8H11O7Na
Lo mkhiqizo usawoti we-sodium we-cellulose carboxymethyl ether, i-fibre ye-anionic
2. Ukubonakala kwe-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Lo mkhiqizo usawoti we-sodium we-cellulose carboxymethyl ether, i-anionic cellulose ether, impuphu emhlophe noma emhlophe ene-fibrous white fibrous noma i-granule, ubukhulu obungu-0.5-0.7 g/cm3, cishe ayinaphunga, ayinambitheki, ayi-hygroscopic. Kulula ukuhlakazeka emanzini ukuze kwakheke isixazululo se-colloidal esibonakalayo, futhi ayincibiliki ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol [1]. I-pH yesisombululo samanzi esingu-1% ingu-6.5-8.5, lapho i-pH ingaphezulu kuka-10 noma ngaphansi kuka-5, i-viscosity ye-mucilage incipha kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kungcono kakhulu uma i-pH = 7. Izinzile ekushiseni, i-viscosity ikhuphuka ngokushesha ngaphansi kuka-20°C, futhi ishintsha kancane ku-45°C. Ukushisa isikhathi eside ngaphezu kuka-80°C kunganciphisa i-colloid futhi kunciphise kakhulu i-viscosity kanye nokusebenza kwayo. Incibilika kalula emanzini, futhi isixazululo sicacile; Izinzile kakhulu esixazululweni se-alkaline, kodwa i-hydrolyzed kalula uma ihlangana ne-asidi, futhi izoshaya uma inani le-pH lingu-2-3, futhi izosabela nosawoti wensimbi we-polyvalent.
Inhloso eyinhloko
Isetshenziswa njengesithako esijiyile embonini yokudla, njengesithwali semithi embonini yezemithi, kanye nesithako esibophayo nesilwa nokuguqulwa kwesimo embonini yamakhemikhali yansuku zonke. Embonini yokunyathelisa nokudaya, isetshenziswa njenge-colloid evikelayo yama-size agents kanye nama-printing paste. Embonini ye-petrochemical, ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yoketshezi lokubuyisa amafutha. [2]
Ukungavumelani
I-sodium carboxymethylcellulose ayihambisani nezixazululo ze-asidi eqinile, usawoti wensimbi oncibilikayo, kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium, i-mercury, ne-zinc. Uma i-pH ingaphansi kuka-2, futhi uma ixutshwe ne-ethanol engu-95%, kuzokwenzeka imvula.
I-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ingakha ama-co-agglomerate ne-gelatin ne-pectin, futhi ingakha ama-complexes ane-collagen, okungadala amaprotheni athile ashajwe kahle.
ubuciko
I-CMC ivame ukuba yi-anionic polymer compound elungiselelwe ngokuphendula i-cellulose yemvelo nge-caustic alkali kanye ne-monochloroacetic acid, enesisindo sama-molecule esingu-6400 (±1 000). Imikhiqizo eyinhloko engaphansi kwayo yi-sodium chloride kanye ne-sodium glycolate. I-CMC ingeye-natural cellulose modification. I-Food and Agriculture Organization ye-United Nations (FAO) kanye ne-World Health Organization (WHO) bayibize ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi “i-modified cellulose”.
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zokulinganisa ikhwalithi ye-CMC yizinga lokushintsha (DS) kanye nobumsulwa. Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo ze-CMC ziyahluka uma i-DS ihlukile; uma izinga lokushintsha liphakeme, kulapho ukuncibilika kuqina khona, futhi kulapho ukucaca nokuzinza kwesisombululo kuba ngcono. Ngokusho kwemibiko, ukucaca kwe-CMC kungcono uma izinga lokushintsha lingu-0.7-1.2, kanti i-viscosity yesisombululo sayo samanzi inkulu kakhulu uma inani le-pH lingu-6-9. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yayo, ngaphezu kokukhetha i-etherification agent, ezinye izici ezithinta izinga lokushintsha kanye nobumsulwa kumele nazo zicatshangelwe, njengobudlelwano phakathi kwenani le-alkali kanye ne-etherification agent, isikhathi se-etherification, okuqukethwe kwamanzi ohlelweni, izinga lokushisa, inani le-pH, isixazululo Ukuhlushwa kanye nosawoti njll.
isimo sezwe samanje
Ukuze kuxazululwe ukushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa (ukotini ocwengekile owenziwe ngama-cotton linters), eminyakeni yamuva nje, amanye amayunithi ocwaningo lwesayensi ezweni lakithi abambisene namabhizinisi ukusebenzisa ngokuphelele utshani belayisi, ukotini oqoshiwe (ukotini odoti), kanye ne-bean curd dregs ukukhiqiza i-CMC ngempumelelo. Izindleko zokukhiqiza zincishisiwe kakhulu, okuvula umthombo omusha wezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza kwezimboni ze-CMC futhi kufezekiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinsizakusebenza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindleko zokukhiqiza zincishisiwe, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-CMC ithuthukela ekuqondeni okuphezulu. Ucwaningo nentuthuko ye-CMC lugxile kakhulu ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obukhona kanye nokusungulwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, kanye nemikhiqizo emisha ye-CMC enezakhiwo ezihlukile, njengenqubo "ye-solvent-slurry method" [3] ethuthukiswe ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi. Kukhiqizwa uhlobo olusha lwe-CMC eguquliwe enokuqina okuphezulu. Ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokushintsha kanye nokusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwezinto ezishintshayo, ingasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamasimu okukhiqiza ezimbonini kanye nasezindaweni zokusetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenqubo ephezulu. Emhlabeni jikelele, lolu hlobo olusha lwe-CMC oluguquliwe lubizwa nangokuthi “i-polyanionic cellulose (PAC, i-Poly anionic cellulose)”.
ukuphepha
Ukuphepha okuphezulu, i-ADI ayidingi mithethonqubo, futhi amazinga kazwelonke akhiwe [4].
isicelo
Lo mkhiqizo unemisebenzi yokubopha, ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukugcina amanzi kanye nokumiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC ekudleni
I-FAO kanye ne-WHO bavumile ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC emsulwa ekudleni. Yavunyelwa ngemuva kocwaningo oluqinile kakhulu lwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-toxicological. Ukudla okuphephile (i-ADI) kwendinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe kungu-25mg/(kg·d), okungukuthi cishe u-1.5 g/d ngomuntu ngamunye. Kubikwe ukuthi abanye abantu abazange babe nokusabela okunobuthi lapho ukudla kufinyelela ku-10 kg. I-CMC ayiyona nje into enhle yokuzinzisa i-emulsification kanye ne-thickener ekusetshenzisweni kokudla, kodwa futhi inokuqina okuhle kokuqandisa nokuncibilika, futhi ingathuthukisa ukunambitheka komkhiqizo futhi yandise isikhathi sokugcina. Inani elisetshenziswa kubisi lwe-soy, i-ayisikhilimu, i-ayisikhilimu, i-jelly, iziphuzo, kanye namathini cishe liyi-1% kuya ku-1.5%. I-CMC ingakha futhi ukuhlakazeka okuqinile kwe-emulsified ngeviniga, isosi ye-soy, uwoyela wemifino, ijusi yezithelo, i-gravy, ijusi yemifino, njll., futhi umthamo uphakathi kuka-0.2% kuya ku-0.5%. Ikakhulukazi, inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-emulsifying kwamafutha ezilwane nawemifino, amaprotheni kanye nezixazululo zamanzi, okwenza ukuthi yakhe i-emulsion efanayo enokusebenza okuzinzile. Ngenxa yokuphepha kwayo nokuthembeka kwayo, umthamo wayo awunqunyelwe yizinga likazwelonke lokuhlanzeka kokudla i-ADI. I-CMC ibilokhu ithuthukiswa njalo emkhakheni wokudla, futhi ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium carboxymethylcellulose ekukhiqizweni kwewayini nalo luye lwenziwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC kwezokwelapha
Embonini yezemithi, ingasetshenziswa njengesiqinisi se-emulsion sokujova, i-binder kanye ne-ejenti yokwenza ifilimu yamaphilisi. Abanye abantu baye bafakazela ukuthi i-CMC iyisithwali semithi yokulwa nomdlavuza esiphephile nesithembekile ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo eziyisisekelo nezezilwane. Ukusebenzisa i-CMC njengento yokwakheka kwe-membrane, uhlobo lomthamo olushintshiwe lwemithi yendabuko yaseShayina i-Yangyin Shengji Powder, i-Yangyin Shengji Membrane, lungasetshenziswa ekulimaleni kokuhlinzwa kwe-dermabrasion kanye namanxeba abuhlungu. Izifundo zemodeli yezilwane zikhombisile ukuthi ifilimu ivimbela ukutheleleka kwamanxeba futhi ayinawo umehluko omkhulu ekugqokeni kwe-gauze. Ngokuphathelene nokulawula ukuphuma koketshezi kwezicubu zamanxeba kanye nokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba ngokushesha, le filimu ingcono kakhulu kunezingubo ze-gauze, futhi inomphumela wokunciphisa ukuvuvukala kanye nokucasuka kwamanxeba ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ukulungiswa kwefilimu okwenziwe nge-polyvinyl alcohol: i-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: i-polycarboxyethylene ngesilinganiso esingu-3:6:1 kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa, futhi izinga lokunamathela kanye nokukhululwa kokubili liyakhuphuka. Ukunamathela kokulungiswa, isikhathi sokuhlala kokulungiswa emlonyeni kanye nokusebenza kahle komuthi ekulungiseleleni konke kuthuthukisiwe kakhulu. I-Bupivacaine iyisidakamizwa esinamandla sokudambisa ubuhlungu sendawo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ingadala imiphumela emibi kakhulu yenhliziyo uma inobuthi. Ngakho-ke, yize i-bupivacaine isetshenziswa kabanzi emtholampilo, ucwaningo lokuvimbela nokwelapha ukusabela kwayo okunobuthi luhlale lunakwa kakhulu. Izifundo zezokwelapha zikhombisile ukuthi i-CIVIC njengento ekhishwa njalo eyenziwe ngesisombululo se-bupivacaine inganciphisa kakhulu imiphumela emibi yomuthi. Ekuhlinzeni kwe-PRK, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tetracaine equkethe ukuhlushwa okuphansi kanye nemithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala engeyona i-steroidal ehlanganiswe ne-CMC kunganciphisa kakhulu ubuhlungu bangemva kokuhlinzwa. Ukuvimbela ukunamathela kwe-peritoneal ngemuva kokuhlinzwa kanye nokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwamathumbu kungenye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzeni kwezokwelapha. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi i-CMC ingcono kakhulu kune-sodium hyaluronate ekunciphiseni izinga lokunamathela kwe-peritoneal ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela ukwenzeka kokunamathela kwe-peritoneal. I-CMC isetshenziswa ekufakweni kwemithi yokulwa nomdlavuza nge-catheter esibindini ekwelapheni umdlavuza wesibindi, okungandisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuhlala kwemithi yokulwa nomdlavuza ezimila, kuthuthukise amandla okulwa nomdlavuza, futhi kuthuthukise umphumela wokwelapha. Emithini yezilwane, i-CMC nayo inokusetshenziswa okubanzi. Kubikwe [5] ukuthi ukufakwa kwesisombululo se-CMC esingu-1% ngaphakathi kwesisu kunomthelela omkhulu ekuvimbeleni i-dystocia kanye nokunamathela kwesisu ngemva kokuhlinzwa kwendlela yokuzala emfuyweni.
I-CMC kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni
Kuma-detergent, i-CMC ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulwa nokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ezindwangu zefayibha zokwenziwa ezingasebenzi kahle emanzini, okuyinto engcono kakhulu kunefayibha ye-carboxymethyl.
I-CMC ingasetshenziswa ukuvikela imithombo yamafutha njengesiqinisi sodaka kanye ne-ejenti yokugcina amanzi ekubholeni uwoyela. Umthamo womthombo ngamunye wamafutha ungama-2.3t emithonjeni engajulile kanye nama-5.6t emithonjeni ejulile;
Embonini yezindwangu, isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulinganisa, isithambisi sokunyathelisa nokudaya i-paste, ukunyathelisa izindwangu kanye nokuqeda ukuqina. Uma isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulinganisa, ingathuthukisa ukuncibilika kanye ne-viscosity, futhi kulula ukuyisusa; njenge-ejenti yokuqinisa, umthamo wayo ungaphezu kwama-95%; uma isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulinganisa, amandla kanye nokuguquguquka kwefilimu yosayizi kuyathuthukiswa kakhulu; nge-fibroin yesilika evuselelwe. I-membrane ehlanganisiwe eyakhiwe yi-carboxymethyl cellulose isetshenziswa njenge-matrix yokuvimba i-glucose oxidase, kanti i-glucose oxidase kanye ne-ferrocene carboxylate ziyavinjelwa, kanti i-glucose biosensor eyenziwe inokuzwela okuphezulu kanye nokuqina. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi lapho i-silica gel homogenate ilungiswa ngesisombululo se-CMC esinokuhlushwa okungaba ngu-1% (w/v), ukusebenza kwe-chromatographic kwepuleti elinongqimba oluncane elilungisiwe kungcono kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ipuleti elinongqimba oluncane elimbozwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilungiselelwe linamandla afanele ongqimba, afanelekela amasu ahlukahlukene okuthatha isampula, kulula ukusebenza. I-CMC inokunamathela kumafayibha amaningi futhi ingathuthukisa ukubopha phakathi kwamafayibha. Ukuqina kwe-viscosity yayo kungaqinisekisa ukufana kosayizi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuluka. Ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ejenti yokuqeda izindwangu, ikakhulukazi ekuqedeni okuhlala njalo okulwa nemibimbi, okuletha izinguquko ezihlala isikhathi eside ezindwangu.
I-CMC ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulwa nokungcola, i-emulsifier, i-dispersant, i-ejenti yokulinganisa, kanye ne-glue yokugqoka. Ingenza okuqukethwe okuqinile kokugqoka kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ku-solvent, ukuze ukugqoka kungahlukani isikhathi eside. Isetshenziswa kabanzi nakumapende.
Uma i-CMC isetshenziswa njenge-flocculant, isebenza kangcono kune-sodium gluconate ekususeni ama-ion e-calcium. Uma isetshenziswa njenge-cation exchange, amandla ayo okushintshanisa angafinyelela ku-1.6 ml/g.
I-CMC isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulinganisa amaphepha embonini yamaphepha, okungathuthukisa kakhulu amandla omile kanye namandla okumanzi ephepha, kanye nokumelana namafutha, ukumuncwa kweyinki kanye nokumelana namanzi.
I-CMC isetshenziswa njenge-hydrosol ezimonyweni kanye ne-thickener ku-toothpaste, futhi umthamo wayo ungama-5%.
I-CMC ingasetshenziswa njenge-flocculant, i-chelating agent, i-emulsifier, i-thickener, i-ejenti yokugcina amanzi, i-ejenti yokulinganisa, izinto zokwakha ifilimu, njll., futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-elekthronikhi, izibulala-zinambuzane, isikhumba, amapulasitiki, ukuphrinta, izinto zobumba, amazinyo okuxubha, amakhemikhali ansuku zonke kanye neminye imikhakha, futhi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa, ivula njalo amasimu amasha okusetshenziswa, futhi amathuba emakethe abanzi kakhulu.
Izinyathelo zokuzivikela
(1) Ukuhambisana kwalo mkhiqizo ne-asidi enamandla, ama-alkali aqinile, nama-ion ensimbi esindayo (njenge-aluminium, i-zinc, i-mercury, isiliva, insimbi, njll.) kuyaphikiswa.
(2) Ukudla okuvunyelwe kwalomkhiqizo kungu-0-25mg/kg·ngosuku.
Imiyalelo
Hlanganisa i-CMC ngqo namanzi ukuze wenze iglue enamathelayo ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva. Uma ulungiselela iglue ye-CMC, qala ngokufaka inani elithile lamanzi ahlanzekile ethangini lokuhlanganisa ngedivayisi yokuhlanganisa, futhi uma idivayisi yokuhlanganisa ivuliwe, fafaza i-CMC kancane kancane futhi ngokulinganayo ethangini lokuhlanganisa, uvuselela njalo, ukuze i-CMC ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele namanzi, i-CMC ikwazi ukuncibilika ngokuphelele. Lapho incibilika i-CMC, isizathu sokuthi kungani kufanele ifafazwe futhi ixutshwe ngokulinganayo njalo "ukuvimbela izinkinga zokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokunciphisa inani le-CMC elixutshwe lapho i-CMC ihlangana namanzi", nokwandisa izinga lokuncibilika kwe-CMC. Isikhathi sokuxuba asifani nesikhathi se-CMC sokuncibilika ngokuphelele. Yimiqondo emibili. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokuxuba sifushane kakhulu kunesikhathi se-CMC sokuncibilika ngokuphelele. Isikhathi esidingekayo salokhu kokubili sincike esimweni esithile.
Isisekelo sokunquma isikhathi sokuxuba yilesi: laphoI-CMCuma ihlakazeke ngokulinganayo emanzini futhi azikho izigaxa ezinkulu ezisobala, ukuxubana kungamiswa, okuvumela i-CMC namanzi ukuthi kungene futhi kuhlangane komunye nomunye esimweni sokuma.
Isisekelo sokunquma isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze i-CMC incibilike ngokuphelele yilena elandelayo:
(1) I-CMC namanzi kuhlanganiswe ngokuphelele, futhi akukho ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile phakathi kwalokhu okubili;
(2) I-paste exubile isesimweni esifanayo, futhi ubuso buyisicaba futhi bubushelelezi;
(3) Umbala we-paste exubile ucishe ungabi nombala futhi usobala, futhi azikho izinto ezi-granular ku-paste. Kusukela ngesikhathi i-CMC ifakwa ethangini lokuxuba futhi ixutshwe namanzi kuze kube yilapho i-CMC incibilika ngokuphelele, isikhathi esidingekayo siphakathi kwamahora ayi-10 nama-20.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-26-2024