Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC, Carboxymethyl, Cellulose Sodium, Sodium salt of Caboxy Methyl Cellulose) ndi mtundu wa cellulose womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano.
Mwachidule, CMC-Na ndi chinthu chochokera ku cellulose chokhala ndi glucose polymerization degree ya 100-2000, komanso molekyulu ya 242.16. Ufa woyera wa ulusi kapena granular. Wopanda fungo, wopanda kukoma, wopanda kukoma, wosasinthasintha, wosasungunuka mu organic solvents.
Katundu woyambira
1. Kapangidwe ka maselo a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
Inapangidwa koyamba ndi Germany mu 1918, ndipo inapatsidwa patent mu 1921 ndipo inayamba kuonekera padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kupanga malonda kwachitika ku Europe. Panthawiyo, inali chinthu chosaphikidwa chokha, chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati colloid ndi binder. Kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1941, kafukufuku wa sodium carboxymethyl cellulose wogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale anali wotanganidwa kwambiri, ndipo ma patent angapo olimbikitsa adapangidwa. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Germany idagwiritsa ntchito sodium carboxymethylcellulose mu zotsukira zopangidwa. Hercules adapanga sodium carboxymethylcellulose koyamba ku United States mu 1943, ndipo adapanga sodium carboxymethylcellulose yokonzedwa bwino mu 1946, yomwe idadziwika kuti ndi chakudya chowonjezera chotetezeka. Dziko langa linayamba kuigwiritsa ntchito m'ma 1970, ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma 1990. Ndi cellulose yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano.
Fomula yomanga: C6H7O2 (OH) 2OCH2COONa Fomula ya molekyulu: C8H11O7Na
Chogulitsachi ndi mchere wa sodium wa cellulose carboxymethyl ether, ulusi wa anionic
2. Maonekedwe a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Chogulitsachi ndi mchere wa sodium wa cellulose carboxymethyl ether, anionic cellulose ether, ufa woyera kapena wa mkaka woyera wa fibrous kapena granule, kuchuluka kwa 0.5-0.7 g/cm3, pafupifupi wopanda fungo, wopanda kukoma, wosakanikirana. N'zosavuta kufalitsa m'madzi kuti apange yankho lowonekera bwino la colloidal, ndipo silisungunuka mu zosungunulira zachilengedwe monga ethanol [1]. pH ya yankho lamadzi la 1% ndi 6.5-8.5, pamene pH>10 kapena <5, kukhuthala kwa mucilage kumachepa kwambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ndi abwino kwambiri pamene pH=7. Pokhazikika kutentha, kukhuthala kumakwera mofulumira pansi pa 20°C, ndipo kumasintha pang'onopang'ono pa 45°C. Kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali pamwamba pa 80°C kumatha kuwononga colloid ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kukhuthala ndi magwiridwe antchito. Imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, ndipo yankholo ndi lowonekera; Ndi yokhazikika kwambiri mu yankho la alkaline, koma imasungunuka mosavuta ikakumana ndi asidi, ndipo imatuluka pamene pH ili 2-3, ndipo imachitanso ndi mchere wachitsulo wa polyvalent.
Cholinga chachikulu
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhuthala mumakampani opanga chakudya, ngati chonyamulira mankhwala mumakampani opanga mankhwala, komanso ngati chomangira komanso choletsa kufalikira kwa zinthu m'makampani opanga mankhwala a tsiku ndi tsiku. Mumakampani opanga makina osindikizira ndi utoto, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choteteza zinthu zopanga kukula ndi zopaka utoto. Mumakampani opanga mafuta, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gawo la madzi obwezeretsa mafuta. [2]
Kusagwirizana
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose sigwirizana ndi njira zolimba za asidi, mchere wosungunuka wachitsulo, ndi zitsulo zina monga aluminiyamu, mercury, ndi zinc. Pamene pH ili yochepera 2, ndipo ikasakanizidwa ndi 95% ethanol, mvula imagwa.
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose imatha kupanga ma co-agglomerates ndi gelatin ndi pectin, ndipo imathanso kupanga ma complexes okhala ndi collagen, zomwe zingayambitse mapuloteni ena omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino.
luso lamanja
CMC nthawi zambiri ndi mankhwala a anionic polymer omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito cellulose yachilengedwe ndi caustic alkali ndi monochloroacetic acid, yokhala ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 6400 (± 1 000). Zopangidwa zazikulu ndi sodium chloride ndi sodium glycolate. CMC ndi ya kusintha kwa maselo achilengedwe. Bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization la United Nations (FAO) ndi World Health Organization (WHO) mwalamulo latcha "modified cellulose".
Zizindikiro zazikulu zoyezera ubwino wa CMC ndi digiri ya kusintha (DS) ndi chiyero. Kawirikawiri, makhalidwe a CMC ndi osiyana ngati DS ndi yosiyana; mlingo wa kusintha ukakhala wapamwamba, kusungunuka kumakhala kolimba, komanso kuwonekera bwino komanso kukhazikika kwa yankho. Malinga ndi malipoti, kuwonekera bwino kwa CMC kumakhala bwino pamene mlingo wa kusintha uli 0.7-1.2, ndipo kukhuthala kwa yankho lake lamadzi kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pamene pH ndi 6-9. Pofuna kutsimikizira ubwino wake, kuwonjezera pa kusankha wothandizira etherification, zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza mlingo wa kusintha ndi chiyero ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa, monga ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa alkali ndi wothandizira etherification, nthawi ya etherification, kuchuluka kwa madzi m'dongosolo, kutentha, pH, kuchuluka kwa yankho ndi mchere ndi zina zotero.
zokhazikika
Pofuna kuthetsa kusowa kwa zipangizo zopangira (thonje loyengedwa bwino lopangidwa ndi thonje), m'zaka zaposachedwapa, mayunitsi ena ofufuza asayansi m'dziko langa agwirizana ndi makampani kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino udzu wa mpunga, thonje lophwanyika (thonje lotayidwa), ndi nyemba zouma kuti apange CMC bwino. Mtengo wopangira umachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimatsegula gwero latsopano la zipangizo zopangira mafakitale a CMC ndikuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Kumbali imodzi, mtengo wopangira umachepetsedwa, ndipo kumbali ina, CMC ikupita patsogolo kwambiri. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha CMC makamaka chimayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwa ukadaulo wopanga womwe ulipo komanso kupanga njira zatsopano zopangira, komanso zinthu zatsopano za CMC zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, monga njira ya "solvent-slurry" [3] yomwe yapangidwa bwino kunja ndipo yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mtundu watsopano wa CMC wosinthidwa wokhala ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu umapangidwa. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kusintha ndi kugawa kofanana kwa zinthu zosinthira, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana opanga mafakitale komanso malo ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zapamwamba za njira. Padziko lonse lapansi, mtundu watsopano wa CMC wosinthidwawu umatchedwanso "polyanionic cellulose (PAC, Poly anionic cellulose)".
chitetezo
Chitetezo chapamwamba, ADI sifunikira malamulo, ndipo miyezo ya dziko yapangidwa [4].
ntchito
Chogulitsachi chili ndi ntchito zomangirira, kukhuthala, kulimbitsa, kusakaniza, kusunga madzi ndi kuyimitsa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito CMC mu chakudya
FAO ndi WHO avomereza kugwiritsa ntchito CMC yoyera mu chakudya. Inavomerezedwa pambuyo pa kafukufuku wokhwima kwambiri wa zamoyo ndi poizoni ndi mayeso. Kudya kotetezeka (ADI) kwa muyezo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 25mg/(kg·d), ndiko kuti pafupifupi 1.5 g/d pa munthu aliyense. Zanenedwa kuti anthu ena sanachitepo kanthu kalikonse ka poizoni pamene kudya kunafika pa 10 kg. CMC sikuti ndi chinthu chokhazikika komanso chokhuthala cha emulsification mu zakudya zokha, komanso chimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kuzizira ndi kusungunuka, ndipo chimatha kusintha kukoma kwa mankhwalawa ndikuwonjezera nthawi yosungira. Kuchuluka komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mkaka wa soya, ayisikilimu, ayisikilimu, jelly, zakumwa, ndi zitini ndi pafupifupi 1% mpaka 1.5%. CMC ingathenso kupanga kufalikira kokhazikika kwa emulsified ndi viniga, soya msuzi, mafuta a masamba, madzi a zipatso, gravy, madzi a masamba, ndi zina zotero, ndipo mlingo wake ndi 0.2% mpaka 0.5%. Makamaka, ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yopangira emulsification ya mafuta a nyama ndi masamba, mapuloteni ndi madzi amadzimadzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ipange emulsion yofanana ndi magwiridwe antchito okhazikika. Chifukwa cha chitetezo chake komanso kudalirika kwake, mlingo wake suli wochepa ndi muyezo wadziko lonse wa ukhondo wa chakudya wa ADI. CMC yakhala ikupangidwa mosalekeza m'munda wa chakudya, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito sodium carboxymethylcellulose popanga vinyo wachitikanso.
Kugwiritsa ntchito CMC mu mankhwala
Mu makampani opanga mankhwala, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati emulsion stabilizer ya jakisoni, chomangira komanso chopangira filimu ya mapiritsi. Anthu ena atsimikizira kuti CMC ndi mankhwala otetezeka komanso odalirika oletsa khansa kudzera mu zoyeserera zoyambira ndi za nyama. Pogwiritsa ntchito CMC ngati zinthu zomangira nembanemba, njira yosinthira ya mankhwala achikhalidwe aku China Yangyin Shengji Powder, Yangyin Shengji Membrane, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mabala ochitidwa opaleshoni ya dermabrasion ndi mabala ovulala. Kafukufuku wa ziweto awonetsa kuti filimuyi imaletsa matenda a mabala ndipo ilibe kusiyana kwakukulu ndi ma dressing a gauze. Ponena za kuwongolera kutulutsa kwa madzi m'mabala ndi kuchira mwachangu kwa mabala, filimuyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa ma dressing a gauze, ndipo imachepetsa kutupa ndi kuyabwa kwa mabala pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Kukonzekera kwa filimuyi kopangidwa ndi polyvinyl alcohol: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: polycarboxyethylene pa chiŵerengero cha 3:6:1 ndiye mankhwala abwino kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kumamatira ndi kumasulidwa kumawonjezeka. Kumamatira kwa mankhwala, nthawi yokhalamo kwa mankhwala mkamwa ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mankhwala mu kukonzekera zonsezi kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Bupivacaine ndi mankhwala amphamvu oletsa ululu am'deralo, koma nthawi zina amatha kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa za mtima akapatsidwa poizoni. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale bupivacaine imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchipatala, kafukufuku wokhudza kupewa ndi kuchiza zotsatira zake zoopsa wakhala akusamalidwa kwambiri. Kafukufuku wamankhwala wasonyeza kuti CIVIC ngati chinthu chotulutsidwa nthawi zonse chopangidwa ndi yankho la bupivacaine chingachepetse kwambiri zotsatirapo zoyipa za mankhwalawa. Mu opaleshoni ya PRK, kugwiritsa ntchito tetracaine yotsika kwambiri komanso mankhwala oletsa kutupa omwe si a steroidal pamodzi ndi CMC kungachepetse kwambiri ululu pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Kupewa kumamatira m'mimba pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndi kuchepetsa kutsekeka kwa matumbo ndi chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri pa opaleshoni yachipatala. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti CMC ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa sodium hyaluronate pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa kumamatira m'mimba pambuyo pa opaleshoni, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothandiza yopewera kupezeka kwa kumamatira m'mimba. CMC imagwiritsidwa ntchito poika mankhwala oletsa khansa m'mitsempha ya chiwindi pochiza khansa ya chiwindi, zomwe zimatha kutalikitsa nthawi yokhala ya mankhwala oletsa khansa m'matenda, kuwonjezera mphamvu yoletsa chotupa, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yochizira. Mu mankhwala a ziweto, CMC imagwiranso ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zanenedwa kuti [5] kuyika 1% ya yankho la CMC m'mimba mwa nkhosa zamphongo kumakhudza kwambiri kupewa dystocia ndi ma adhesions m'mimba pambuyo pa opaleshoni yoberekera mwa ziweto.
CMC mu ntchito zina zamafakitale
Mu sopo wothira, CMC ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati choletsa kuwononga nthaka, makamaka nsalu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wa hydrophobic, zomwe zimakhala bwino kwambiri kuposa ulusi wa carboxymethyl.
CMC ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuteteza zitsime zamafuta ngati choletsa matope komanso chosungira madzi pobowola mafuta. Mlingo wa chitsime chilichonse chamafuta ndi 2.3t pa zitsime zosaya kwambiri ndi 5.6t pa zitsime zozama;
Mu makampani opanga nsalu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyezera kukula, chokhuthala chosindikizira ndi utoto wa phala, kusindikiza nsalu ndi kumaliza kuuma. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyezera kukula, imatha kusintha kusungunuka ndi kukhuthala, ndipo imakhala yosavuta kudulidwa; ngati choyezera kuuma, mlingo wake ndi woposa 95%; ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyezera kukula, mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa filimu yayikulu zimawonjezeka kwambiri; ndi silika fibroin wobwezeretsedwanso. Kachidutswa kophatikizana kopangidwa ndi carboxymethyl cellulose kamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matrix yoletsa kuyenda kwa glucose oxidase, ndipo glucose oxidase ndi ferrocene carboxylate zimalepheretsedwa kuyenda, ndipo glucose biosensor yopangidwa imakhala ndi kukhudzika kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pamene silica gel homogenate yakonzedwa ndi yankho la CMC yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi 1% (w/v), magwiridwe antchito a chromatographic a mbale yopyapyala yokonzedwa ndi yabwino kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mbale yopyapyala yokutidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino imakhala ndi mphamvu yoyenera ya zigawo, yoyenera njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. CMC imamatira ku ulusi wambiri ndipo imatha kukonza mgwirizano pakati pa ulusi. Kukhazikika kwa kukhuthala kwake kungatsimikizire kufanana kwa kukula, motero kumawonjezera luso loluka. Ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chomaliza cha nsalu, makamaka pomaliza makwinya nthawi zonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsalu zisinthe nthawi zonse.
CMC ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati choletsa kusefukira kwa madzi, chosakaniza, chosungunula madzi, choyezera, komanso chomatira pa zokutira. Ikhoza kugawa bwino zinthu zolimba mu zokutirazo mu solvent, kotero kuti zokutirazo sizimasungunuka kwa nthawi yayitali. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu utoto.
CMC ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati flocculant, imakhala yothandiza kwambiri kuposa sodium gluconate pochotsa ma calcium ions. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cation exchange, mphamvu yake yosinthira imatha kufika 1.6 ml/g.
CMC imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kukula kwa mapepala mumakampani opanga mapepala, zomwe zimatha kusintha kwambiri mphamvu youma ndi yonyowa ya pepala, komanso kukana mafuta, kuyamwa kwa inki komanso kukana madzi.
CMC imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati hydrosol mu zodzoladzola komanso ngati chokhuthala mu mano otsukira mano, ndipo mlingo wake ndi pafupifupi 5%.
CMC ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati flocculant, chelating agent, emulsifier, thickener, water retaining agent, size agent, film-forming material, etc., ndipo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pa zamagetsi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zikopa, mapulasitiki, kusindikiza, ceramics, toothpaste, mankhwala a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi madera ena, ndipo chifukwa cha ntchito yake yabwino komanso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zonse imatsegula madera atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo msika uli wotakata kwambiri.
Kusamalitsa
(1) Kugwirizana kwa mankhwalawa ndi ma ayoni amphamvu a asidi, alkali wamphamvu, ndi zitsulo zolemera (monga aluminiyamu, zinki, mercury, siliva, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero) n'koletsedwa.
(2) Mlingo wovomerezeka wa mankhwalawa ndi 0-25mg/kg·d.
Malangizo
Sakanizani CMC mwachindunji ndi madzi kuti mupange guluu wopaka kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Mukakonza guluu wa CMC, choyamba onjezerani madzi oyera mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chosakaniza, ndipo chipangizo chosakaniza chikayatsidwa, pang'onopang'ono komanso mofanana muthire CMC mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu, mukusakaniza mosalekeza, kuti CMC iphatikizidwe bwino ndi madzi, CMC isungunuke kwathunthu. Mukasungunula CMC, chifukwa chake iyenera kutsukidwa mofanana ndikusunthidwa mosalekeza ndi "kupewa mavuto a kusonkhana, kusonkhana, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa CMC kusungunuka CMC ikakumana ndi madzi", ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa CMC. Nthawi yosakaniza si yofanana ndi nthawi ya CMC kusungunuka kwathunthu. Ndi mfundo ziwiri. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yosakaniza ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa nthawi ya CMC kusungunuka kwathunthu. Nthawi yomwe imafunika pa ziwirizi imadalira mkhalidwe weniweni.
Maziko odziwira nthawi yosakaniza ndi awa: pameneCMCNgati madziwo amwazikana mofanana m'madzi ndipo palibe zibowo zazikulu zoonekeratu, kusakaniza kumatha kuyimitsidwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti CMC ndi madzi zilowerere ndikulumikizana wina ndi mnzake ngati zili zoyima.
Maziko odziwira nthawi yofunikira kuti CMC isungunuke kwathunthu ndi awa:
(1) CMC ndi madzi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwathunthu, ndipo palibe kulekanitsidwa kwa madzi olimba pakati pa ziwirizi;
(2) Phala losakaniza lili mu mkhalidwe wofanana, ndipo pamwamba pake ndi pathyathyathya komanso posalala;
(3) Mtundu wa phala losakaniza uli pafupi ndi wopanda mtundu komanso wowonekera, ndipo mulibe zinthu zopyapyala mu phala. Kuyambira nthawi imene CMC imayikidwa mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu ndikusakaniza ndi madzi mpaka nthawi imene CMC imasungunuka kwathunthu, nthawi yofunikira ndi pakati pa maola 10 ndi 20.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-26-2024