Te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hei whakamātotoru kai

Te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose (e mōhiotia ana ko: te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose, te carboxymethyl cellulose,CMCKo te Carboxymethyl, Cellulose (te tote konutai o te Caboxy Methyl Cellulose) te momo cellulose e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ko te nui rawa atu hoki e whakamahia ana i te ao i ēnei rā.

Ko te CMC-Na, arā, he mea hanga mai i te cellulose me te nekehanga polymerization glucose o te 100-2000, ā, ko te papatipu ngota whanaunga o te 242.16. He paura muka, he paura kirikiri rānei mā. Kāore he kakara, kāore he reka, kāore he reka, he waikura, kāore e wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa waro.

Ngā āhuatanga taketake

1. Hanganga ngota o te konutai carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

I hangaia tuatahitia e Tiamana i te tau 1918, ā, i patenthia i te tau 1921, ā, i puta ki te ao. Mai i taua wā, kua tutuki te hanga arumoni i Ūropi. I taua wā, he hua mata noa iho, i whakamahia hei colloid me te here. Mai i te tau 1936 ki te tau 1941, i tino kaha te rangahau tono ahumahi o te sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, he maha ngā patent whakahihiri i hangaia. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i whakamahia e Tiamana te sodium carboxymethylcellulose i roto i ngā hopi horoi. I hangaia e Hercules te sodium carboxymethylcellulose mō te wā tuatahi i te United States i te tau 1943, ā, i hangaia te sodium carboxymethylcellulose kua parakore i te tau 1946, i mohiotia hei tāpiringa kai haumaru. I tīmata taku whenua ki te tango i tēnei i ngā tau 1970, ā, i whakamahia whānuitia i ngā tau 1990. Koinei te mea tino whakamahia whānuitia me te nui rawa o te cellulose i te ao i ēnei rā.

Tātai hanganga: C6H7O2 (OH) 2OCH2COONa Tātai ngota: C8H11O7Na

Ko tēnei hua te tote konutai o te cellulose carboxymethyl ether, he muka anionic.

2. Te āhua o te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

Ko tēnei hua he tote konutai o te cellulose carboxymethyl ether, he cellulose ether anionic, he paura muka mā, he kirikiri rānei, he mātotoru 0.5-0.7 g/cm3 te matotoru, tata kore kakara, kore reka, he hygroscopic. He ngāwari ki te horapa ki roto i te wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga colloidal mārama, ā, kāore e wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa waro pērā i te etanoru [1]. Ko te pH o te 1% otinga wai he 6.5-8.5, ina te pH >10, <5 rānei, ka tino heke te matotoru o te mucilage, ā, ko te mahi pai rawa atu ina te pH=7. He pumau ki te wera, ka tere te piki o te matotoru i raro i te 20°C, ā, ka āta huri i te 45°C. Mā te wera roa i runga ake i te 80°C ka taea te whakakore i te āhua o te colloid me te whakaiti i te matotoru me te mahi. He ngāwari ki te wairewa i roto i te wai, ā, he mārama te otinga; He tino pumau i roto i te otinga kawakore, engari ka ngāwari te waikura ina tūtaki ki te waikawa, ā, ka puta he waikura ina eke te uara pH ki te 2-3, ā, ka tauhohe anō hoki ki ngā tote konganuku maha-valent.

Ko te kaupapa matua

E whakamahia ana hei whakamātotoru i roto i te umanga kai, hei kawe rongoā i roto i te umanga rongoā, hei here me te ārai i te whakatakotoranga anō i roto i te umanga matū o ia rā. I roto i te umanga tā me te tae, e whakamahia ana hei colloid tiaki mō ngā kaihoko rahi me ngā whakapiri tā. I roto i te umanga petrochemical, ka taea te whakamahi hei wāhanga o te wai pakaru whakaora hinu. [2]

Te kore hototahi

Kāore te konutai carboxymethylcellulose e hototahi ki ngā wairewa waikawa kaha, ngā tote rino wairewa, me ētahi atu konganuku pēnei i te konumohe, te mercury, me te konutea. Ina iti iho te pH i te 2, ā, ina konatunatua ki te 95% etanoru, ka puta he ua.

Ka taea e te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose te hanga i ngā mea honohono-tahi me te gelatin me te pectin, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga i ngā matatini me te collagen, ka taea ai te whakaputa i ētahi pūmua kua utua pai.

mahi toi

Ko te CMC he matū pūmua anionic i hangaia mā te tauhohe i te cellulose tūturu ki te alkali caustic me te waikawa monochloroacetic, me te taumaha ngota o te 6400 (±1 000). Ko ngā hua taha matua ko te konutai pūhaumāota me te konutai glycolate. Nō roto te CMC i te whakarerekētanga cellulose tūturu. Kua tapaina mana e te Whakahaere Kai me te Ahuwhenua o te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua (FAO) me te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO) ko te "cellulose whakarerekētia".

Ko ngā tohu matua hei ine i te kounga o te CMC ko te taumata o te whakakapinga (DS) me te parakore. I te nuinga o te wā, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te CMC mēnā he rerekē te DS; ki te teitei ake te taumata o te whakakapinga, ka kaha ake te wairewa, ā, ka pai ake te mārama me te pumau o te otinga. E ai ki ngā pūrongo, he pai ake te mārama o te CMC ina ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 0.7-1.2, ā, ko te matotoru o tōna otinga wai te mea nui rawa atu ina ko te uara pH he 6-9. Hei whakarite i tōna kounga, hei tāpiri atu ki te whiriwhiri i te kaihoko etherification, me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ētahi āhuatanga e pā ana ki te taumata o te whakakapinga me te parakore, pērā i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te nui o te kawakore me te kaihoko etherification, te wā etherification, te nui o te wai i roto i te pūnaha, te pāmahana, te uara pH, te kukū o te otinga me te tote me ētahi atu.

āhua o nāianei

Hei whakaoti i te korenga o ngā rauemi mata (te miro kua parakorehia mai i ngā miro kua whakakīia), i ngā tau tata nei, kua mahi tahi ētahi wāhanga rangahau pūtaiao o tōku whenua me ngā umanga ki te whakamahi whānui i te kakau raihi, te miro kua hurihia (te miro para), me ngā paru pīni hei whakaputa angitu i te CMC. Kua tino whakaitihia te utu whakaputa, ka whakatuwherahia he puna rauemi mata hou mō te whakaputa ahumahi CMC, ā, ka tutuki te whakamahinga whānui o ngā rauemi. I tētahi taha, kua whakaitihia te utu whakaputa, ā, i tētahi atu taha, kei te whanake te CMC ki te tika ake. Ko te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te CMC e aro nui ana ki te whakarerekētanga o te hangarau whakaputa o nāianei me te auahatanga o te tukanga hanga, me ngā hua CMC hou me ngā āhuatanga ahurei, pērā i te tukanga "tikanga whakarewa-para" [3] kua angitu te whakawhanake i tāwāhi, ā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga. Ka hangaia he momo CMC whakarerekē hou me te pumau teitei. Nā te nui ake o te whakakapinga me te tohatoha ōrite o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mara whakaputa ahumahi me ngā taiao whakamahinga uaua hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tukanga teitei ake. I te ao whānui, ka kiia hoki tēnei momo hou o te CMC kua whakarerekētia ko te "polyanionic cellulose (PAC, Poly anionic cellulose)".

haumaru

He teitei te haumarutanga, kāore e hiahiatia he ture mō te ADI, ā, kua whakatakotoria ngā paerewa ā-motu [4].

tono

Kei tēnei hua ngā mahi hei here, hei whakamātotoru, hei whakapakari, hei whakaemulsifying, hei pupuri wai me te whakatārewatanga.

Te whakamahinga o te CMC i roto i te kai

Kua whakaaetia e te FAO me te WHO te whakamahinga o te CMC parakore ki te kai. I whakaaetia i muri i te rangahau me ngā whakamātautau koiora me te paitini tino pakari. Ko te kai haumaru (ADI) o te paerewa o te ao ko te 25mg/(kg·d), arā, tata ki te 1.5 g/d mō ia tangata. Kua pūrongohia kāore ētahi tāngata i pāngia e te tauhohenga paitini i te taenga o te kai ki te 10 kg. Ehara i te mea he pai te CMC hei whakaū me te whakamātotoru i roto i ngā tono kai, engari he tino pai hoki te pumau o te tio me te rewa, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te reka o te hua me te whakaroa i te wā rokiroki. Ko te nui e whakamahia ana i roto i te miraka pīni, te aihikirīmi, te aihikirīmi, te tiēre, ngā inu, me ngā kēne tata ki te 1% ki te 1.5%. Ka taea hoki e te CMC te hanga i tētahi marara emulsified pumau me te winika, te ranu pīni, te hinu huawhenua, te wai hua, te ranu, te wai huawhenua, me ētahi atu, ā, ko te inenga he 0.2% ki te 0.5%. Ina koa, he tino pai te mahi emulsifying mō ngā hinu kararehe me ngā hinu huawhenua, ngā pūmua me ngā otinga wai, e āhei ai ki te hanga i tētahi emulsion ōrite me te mahi pumau. Nā tōna haumaru me tōna pono, kāore tōna horopeta e herea ana e te paerewa ā-motu mō te akuaku kai ADI. Kua whanake tonu te CMC i roto i te ao kai, ā, kua mahia hoki ngā rangahau mō te whakamahinga o te konutai carboxymethylcellulose i roto i te hanga waina.

Te whakamahinga o te CMC i roto i te rongoā

I roto i te umanga rongoā, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaū i te emulsion mō ngā werohanga, hei here, hei hanga kiriata hoki mō ngā papa. Kua whakamātauhia e ētahi tāngata he haumaru, he pono hoki te kawe rongoā ārai matepukupuku CMC mā roto i ngā whakamātautau taketake me ngā whakamātautau kararehe. Mā te whakamahi i te CMC hei rauemi membrane, ka taea te whakamahi i te momo horopeta whakarerekētia o te paura rongoā Hainamana tuku iho Yangyin Shengji, Yangyin Shengji Membrane, mō ngā patunga pokanga dermabrasion me ngā patunga whara. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau tauira kararehe ka ārai te kiriata i te mate patunga, ā, kāore he rerekētanga nui mai i ngā takai gauze. Mō te whakahaere i te wai o te kiko patunga me te whakaora tere i te patunga, he pai ake tēnei kiriata i ngā takai gauze, ā, he pānga ki te whakaiti i te pupuhi i muri i te pokanga me te riri o te patunga. Ko te whakarite kiriata i hangaia mai i te waipiro polyvinyl: te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose: te polycarboxyethylene i te ōwehenga o te 3:6:1 te whakahaunga pai rawa atu, ā, kua piki ake te tere piri me te tukunga. Kua tino pai ake te piri o te whakaritenga, te wā noho o te whakaritenga ki roto i te kōhao waha me te whai huatanga o te rongoā i roto i te whakaritenga. He rongoā whakangote kaha te Bupivacaine, engari i ētahi wā ka puta he pānga kino ki te ngākau ina paitinihia. Nō reira, ahakoa te whakamahinga whānui o te bupivacaine i roto i te rongoā, kua aro nui tonu te rangahau mō te ārai me te rongoā i ōna tauhohenga paitini. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau rongoā ka taea e te CIVIC hei matū tuku-roa i hangaia ki te otinga bupivacaine te whakaiti nui i ngā pānga taha o te rongoā. I roto i te pokanga PRK, ko te whakamahinga o te tetracaine iti-kukū me ngā rongoā anti-inflammatory kore-steroidal i honoa ki te CMC ka taea te whakaora nui i te mamae i muri i te pokanga. Ko te ārai i ngā piri o te peritoneal i muri i te pokanga me te whakaiti i te aukati o te puku tetahi o ngā take tino āwangawanga i roto i te pokanga haumanu. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he pai ake te CMC i te sodium hyaluronate ki te whakaiti i te nui o ngā piri o te peritoneal i muri i te pokanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei tikanga whai hua hei ārai i te puta o ngā piri o te peritoneal. Ka whakamahia te CMC i roto i te werohanga o ngā rongoā anti-mate pukupuku ki te catheter ate hei rongoā i te mate pukupuku ate, ka taea te whakaroa i te wā noho o ngā rongoā anti-mate pukupuku i roto i ngā pukupuku, te whakarei ake i te mana anti-mate pukupuku, me te whakapai ake i te pānga rongoā. I roto i te rongoā kararehe, he whānuitia hoki ngā whakamahinga o te CMC. Kua pūrongohia [5] he pānga nui te whakaurunga o te 1% CMC ki roto i te puku o ngā hipi uha ki te ārai i te dystocia me te piri o te puku i muri i te pokanga ara whakaputa uri i roto i ngā kararehe.

CMC i roto i ētahi atu tono ahumahi

I roto i ngā hopi horoi, ka taea te whakamahi i te CMC hei ārai i te whakatakotoranga o te oneone, inā koa mō ngā papanga muka hangai hydrophobic, he pai ake tēnei i te muka carboxymethyl.

Ka taea te whakamahi i te CMC hei tiaki i ngā puna hinu hei whakau paru me te pupuri wai i roto i te keri hinu. Ko te horopeta mō ia puna hinu he 2.3t mō ngā puna pāpaku me te 5.6t mō ngā puna hohonu;

I roto i te umanga kakahu, ka whakamahia hei kaitātai rahi, hei whakamātotoru mō te tā me te tae i te whakapiri, te tā kakahu me te whakaoti whakapakeke. Ina whakamahia hei kaitātai rahi, ka taea te whakapai ake i te wairewa me te matotoru, ā, he ngāwari ki te tango; hei kaitātai whakapakeke, ko tōna horopeta he neke atu i te 95%; ina whakamahia hei kaitātai rahi, ka tino pai ake te kaha me te ngāwari o te kiriata rahi; me te hiraka fiber hou. Ko te kiriuhi whakakotahi i hangaia mai i te carboxymethyl cellulose ka whakamahia hei matrix mō te aukati i te glucose oxidase, ā, ka aukatia te glucose oxidase me te ferrocene carboxylate, ā, he nui ake te aro me te pumau o te glucose biosensor i hangaia. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ina whakaritea te homogenate silica gel me te otinga CMC me te kukū o te 1% (w/v), ko te mahi chromatographic o te pereti paparanga angiangi kua whakaritea te mea pai rawa atu. I taua wā anō, ko te pereti paparanga angiangi kua pania i raro i ngā tikanga kua arotauhia he kaha paparanga tika, he pai mō ngā tikanga tauira rerekē, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere. He piri te CMC ki te nuinga o ngā muka, ā, ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te hononga i waenga i ngā muka. Mā te pumau o tōna matotoru ka taea te whakarite kia ōrite te rahi, ā, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te raranga. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakaotinga mō ngā kakahu, inā koa mō te whakaotinga ā-pūmau mō te ārai-ngāwari, e hua mai ai ngā huringa roa ki ngā kakahu.

Ka taea te whakamahi i te CMC hei ārai-whakapūpū, hei whakapūpū, hei whakamarara, hei whakaōrite, hei whakapiripiri hoki mō ngā paninga. Ka taea e ia te whakarite kia ōrite te horapa o te matū totoka o te paninga ki roto i te whakarewa, kia kore ai e pakaru te paninga mō te wā roa. He whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga i roto i ngā peita.

Ina whakamahia te CMC hei whakapūkara, he nui ake tōna whai huatanga i te konutai glukonate ki te tango i ngā iona konupūmā. Ina whakamahia hei whakawhiti kationi, ka taea e tōna kaha whakawhiti te eke ki te 1.6 ml/g.

Ka whakamahia te CMC hei taputapu whakatau rahi pepa i roto i te umanga pepa, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha maroke me te kaha mākū o te pepa, tae atu ki te ātete ki te hinu, te mimiti waituhi me te ātete ki te wai.

E whakamahia ana te CMC hei hydrosol i roto i ngā mea whakapaipai, hei whakamātotoru hoki i roto i te paraihe niho, ā, ko tōna inenga he 5%.

Ka taea te whakamahi i te CMC hei flocculant, hei chelating agent, hei emulsifier, hei thickener, hei pupuri wai, hei rahi, hei hanga kiriata, me ētahi atu, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i ngā mahi hikohiko, patupatu pepeke, hiako, kirihou, tānga, uku, paraihe niho, matū o ia rā me ētahi atu mara, ā, nā te mea he pai rawa te mahi me te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga, kei te whakatuwhera tonu i ngā mara tono hou, ā, he whānui rawa te tirohanga mākete.

Ngā Whakatūpato

(1) Kāore e whakaaetia te hototahitanga o tēnei hua ki ngā waikawa kaha, ki te kawakore kaha, me ngā katote konganuku taumaha (pērā i te konumohe, te konutea, te mercury, te hiriwa, te rino, me ētahi atu).

(2) Ko te nui e whakaaetia ana mō tēnei hua ko te 0-25mg/kg·d.

Ngā Tohutohu

Whakaranua tika te CMC ki te wai hei hanga i tētahi kāpia pēpi hei whakamahi ā muri ake nei. I te whirihoranga o te kāpia CMC, tāpirihia he nui o te wai ma ki roto i te tāke puranga mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu whakaoho, ā, ina tahuri te taputapu whakaoho, tauhiuhia āta, kia ōrite te CMC ki roto i te tāke puranga, me te whakaoho tonu, kia tino uru te CMC ki te wai, ka taea te memeha katoa te CMC. I te whakarewanga o te CMC, ko te take me tauhiuhia kia ōrite, me te whakaoho tonu, he "ārai i ngā raruraru o te kohikohinga, te kohikohinga, me te whakaiti i te nui o te CMC kua memeha ina tūtaki te CMC ki te wai", me te whakanui ake i te tere memeha o te CMC. Kāore te wā whakaoho i rite ki te wā memeha katoa o te CMC. E rua ngā ariā. I te nuinga o te wā, he poto ake te wā whakaoho i te wā memeha katoa o te CMC. Ko te wā e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mea e rua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhuatanga motuhake.

Ko te pūtake mō te whakatau i te wā whakaoho ko: te wāCMChe ōrite te marara ki roto i te wai, ā, kāore he puranga nunui e kitea ana, ka taea te whakamutu i te whakaoho, kia uru ai te CMC me te wai, kia hanumi ai tetahi ki tetahi i runga i te tū tonu.

Ko te pūtake mō te whakatau i te wā e hiahiatia ana kia memeha rawatia te CMC koia tēnei:

(1) Kua tino honoa te CMC me te wai, ā, kāore he wehenga totoka-wai i waenganui i a rāua;

(2) He rite te āhua o te whakapiri i konatunatua, ā, he papatahi, he maeneene te mata;

(3) He tata kore tae te tae o te whakapiri kua whakaranua, ā, he mārama, ā, kāore he mea kirikiri i roto i te whakapiri. Mai i te wā e tukuna ai te CMC ki roto i te tāke puranga me te whakaranu ki te wai tae noa ki te wā e memeha katoa ai te CMC, ko te wā e hiahiatia ana kei waenganui i te 10 me te 20 hāora.