1 Chiyambi
China yakhala ikulimbikitsa makina osakaniza okonzedwa kale kwa zaka zoposa 20. Makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, madipatimenti aboma oyenerera a dziko lonse aika patsogolo kwambiri chitukuko cha makina osakaniza okonzedwa kale ndipo apereka mfundo zolimbikitsa. Pakadali pano, pali zigawo ndi maboma opitilira 10 mdziko muno omwe agwiritsa ntchito makina osakaniza okonzedwa kale. Oposa 60%, pali makampani osakaniza okonzedwa kale oposa 800 opitilira muyeso wamba, okhala ndi mphamvu yopangira matani 274 miliyoni pachaka. Mu 2021, kupanga makina osakaniza okonzedwa kale pachaka kunali matani 62.02 miliyoni.
Pa nthawi yomanga, matope nthawi zambiri amataya madzi ambiri ndipo samakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira komanso madzi okwanira kuti asungunuke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phala la simenti lisaume bwino komanso lisamasweke bwino. Cellulose ether ndi chinthu chofala chomwe chimasakanikirana ndi polima mumatope osakanikirana ndi madzi. Chimagwira ntchito yosunga madzi, kukhuthala, kuchedwetsa komanso kulowetsa mpweya, ndipo chimatha kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a matopewo.
Pofuna kuti matope akwaniritse zofunikira zoyendera ndikuthetsa mavuto a ming'alu ndi mphamvu yochepa yolumikizirana, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonjezera ether ya cellulose ku matope. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule makhalidwe a ether ya cellulose ndi momwe imakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zopangidwa ndi simenti, ndikuyembekeza kuthandiza kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi matope osakanikirana kale.
2 Chiyambi cha ether ya cellulose
Cellulose Ether (Cellulose Ether) imapangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose kudzera mu etherification reaction ya etherification imodzi kapena zingapo komanso dry grinding.
2.1 Kugawa kwa ma ether a cellulose
Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zinthu zina zosinthira ether, ma ether a cellulose amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a anionic, cationic ndi nonionic. Ma ether a Ionic cellulose makamaka amakhala ndi carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC); ma ether a non-ionic cellulose makamaka amakhala ndi methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) ndi hydroxyethyl fiber Ether (HC) ndi zina zotero. Ma ether a non-ionic amagawidwa m'magulu a ma ether osungunuka m'madzi ndi ma ether osungunuka m'mafuta. Ma ether osungunuka m'madzi a non-ionic amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zinthu za matope. Pakakhala ma calcium ions, ma ether a ionic cellulose ndi osakhazikika, kotero sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu zinthu za matope osakanikirana ndi madzi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito simenti, laimu wosweka, ndi zina zotero ngati zinthu zomangira simenti. Ma ether a cellulose osungunuka m'madzi a non-ionic amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga zida zomangira chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwawo komanso mphamvu yawo yosungira madzi.
Malinga ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera zomwe zasankhidwa mu njira yoyeretsera, zinthu zoyeretsera ether za cellulose zikuphatikizapo methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, Ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, benzyl cyanoethyl cellulose ndi phenyl cellulose.
Ma cellulose ether omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mortar nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ether (HEMC) ndi hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEMC). Pakati pawo, HPMC ndi HEMC ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
2.2 Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a ether ya cellulose
Etha iliyonse ya cellulose imakhala ndi kapangidwe koyambira ka cellulose-anhydroglucose. Popanga etha ya cellulose, ulusi wa cellulose umatenthedwa kaye mu yankho la alkaline kenako umachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera. Chogulitsa cha fibrous reaction chimayeretsedwa ndikuphwanyidwa kuti chipange ufa wofanana wokhala ndi kupyapyala kwina.
Pakupanga MC, methyl chloride yokha ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kutenthetsa; kuwonjezera pa methyl chloride, propylene oxide imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupeza zolowa m'malo mwa hydroxypropyl popanga HPMC. Ma ether osiyanasiyana a cellulose ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya methyl ndi hydroxypropyl substitution rates, zomwe zimakhudza organic compatibility ndi kutentha kwa gel ya cellulose ether solution.
2.3 Makhalidwe a kusungunuka kwa ether ya cellulose
Makhalidwe a kusungunuka kwa cellulose ether amakhudza kwambiri kugwira ntchito kwa simenti. Cellulose ether ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza mgwirizano ndi kusunga madzi kwa simenti, koma izi zimadalira kuti cellulose ether isungunuke kwathunthu m'madzi. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka kwa cellulose ether ndi nthawi yosungunuka, liwiro loyambitsa komanso kusalala kwa ufa.
2.4 Udindo wa kumizidwa mu simenti
Monga chowonjezera chofunikira cha simenti, Destroy ili ndi zotsatira zake m'mbali zotsatirazi.
(1) Kuwongolera kugwira ntchito kwa matope ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa matope.
Kuyika moto woyaka kungalepheretse kuti matopewo asamalekanitsidwe ndikupeza pulasitiki yofanana komanso yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mahema omwe ali ndi HEMC, HPMC, ndi zina zotero, ndi abwino kugwiritsa ntchito matope opyapyala komanso opaka pulasitala. , Kuchuluka kwa kumeta, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa kusweka ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere wosungunuka.
(2) Lili ndi mphamvu yolowetsa mpweya.
Chifukwa cha zinyalala, kulowetsedwa kwa magulu mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo n'zosavuta kulowetsa tinthu tokhazikika, tofanana komanso tating'onoting'ono mu matope osakanikirana ndi pamwamba posakaniza panthawiyi. "Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mpira" kumawongolera magwiridwe antchito a matope, kumachepetsa chinyezi cha matope ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwa matope. Mayeso awonetsa kuti pamene kuchuluka kwa HEMC ndi HPMC zosakaniza ndi 0.5%, kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu matope kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, pafupifupi 55%; pamene kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza kuli koposa 0.5%, kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu matope kumakula pang'onopang'ono kukhala chizolowezi cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya pamene kuchuluka kukuwonjezeka.
(3) Sungani zosasintha.
Sera imatha kusungunuka, kudzola mafuta ndikusakaniza mu matope, ndikupangitsa kuti matope ndi ufa wopaka pulasitiki zisamasuke. Siziyenera kunyowetsedwa pasadakhale. Pambuyo pomanga, zinthu zomangira simenti zimatha kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali yonyowa nthawi zonse m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti zikhale zolimba pakati pa matope ndi substrate.
Zotsatira za kusintha kwa ether ya cellulose pa zinthu zatsopano zopangidwa ndi simenti makamaka zimaphatikizapo kukhuthala, kusunga madzi, kulowetsa mpweya komanso kuchedwa. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa ether ya cellulose mu zinthu zopangidwa ndi simenti, kuyanjana pakati pa ether ya cellulose ndi slurry ya simenti pang'onopang'ono kukukhala malo ofufuzira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-16-2021