1 Intangiriro
Ubushinwa bumaze imyaka irenga 20 buteza imbere imashini zivanze ziteguye kuvanga. Cyane cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha, inzego za leta zibishinzwe zashyize imbere iterambere rya imashini zivanze ziteguye kuvanga kandi zitanga politiki zishishikariza. Kuri ubu, hari intara n'uturere birenga 10 mu gihugu byakoresheje imashini zivanze ziteguye kuvanga. Ku kigero cya 60%, hari ibigo birenga 800 by’imashini zivanze zirenze urugero rw’imashini zisanzwe, bifite ubushobozi bwo gushushanya toni miliyoni 274 ku mwaka. Mu 2021, umusaruro w’imashini zisanzwe zivanze ugera kuri toni miliyoni 62.02 ku mwaka.
Mu gihe cyo kubaka, sima ikunze gutakaza amazi menshi kandi ntigire umwanya n'amazi bihagije byo kuvura, bigatuma sima idakomera neza kandi icikagurika nyuma yo gukomera. Cellulose ether ni imvange isanzwe ya polymer muri sima yumye. Ifite inshingano zo kubika amazi, gukurura, kugabanya no gushyira umwuka mu kirere, kandi ishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya sima.
Kugira ngo sima ihuze n'ibisabwa mu gutwara no gukemura ibibazo byo kwangirika no kudakomera neza, ni ingenzi cyane kongeramo eteri ya selulose muri sima. Iyi nkuru igaragaza muri make imiterere ya eteri ya selulose n'ingaruka zayo ku mikorere y'ibikoresho bishingiye kuri sima, yizeye ko izafasha gukemura ibibazo bijyanye na tekiniki bya sima ivanze neza.
2 Intangiriro kuri eteri ya selulose
Eteri ya Cellulose (Eteri ya Cellulose) ikorwa muri selulose binyuze mu buryo bwo gukwirakwiza eteri imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu buryo bwo gusya no gusya byumye.
2.1 Gushyira mu byiciro eteri za selulose
Dukurikije imiterere y’ibinyabutabire bya ether, ether za cellulose zishobora kugabanywamo ether za anionic, cationic na nonionic. Ether za cellulose za Ionic zirimo cyane cyane carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC); ether za cellulose zitari ionic zirimo cyane cyane methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) na hydroxyethyl fibre Ether (HC) n'ibindi. Ether zitari ionic zigabanywamo ether zishonga mu mazi na ether zishonga mu mavuta. Ether zitari ionic zishonga mu mazi zikoreshwa cyane mu bintu bya morti. Iyo hari iyoni za calcium, ether za cellulose za ionic ntizihindagurika, bityo ntizikunze gukoreshwa mu bintu bya morti byumye bikoresha sima, lime, nibindi nk'ibikoresho byo gusima. Ether za cellulose zitari ionic zishonga mu mazi zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi kubera ko zihamye kandi zigafata amazi.
Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwatoranijwe mu buryo bwo gupima ubushyuhe, ibikoresho bya eteri ya selulose birimo selulose ya methyl, selulose ya hydroxyethyl, selulose ya hydroxyethyl methyl, selulose ya cyanoethyl, selulose ya carboxymethyl, selulose ya ethyl, selulose ya benzyl, selulose ya carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl, selulose ya hydroxypropyl methyl, selulose ya benzyl cyanoethyl na selulose ya phenyl.
Eteri za selulosi zikoreshwa muri mortier ubusanzwe zirimo methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ether (HEMC) na hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEMC). Muri zo, HPMC na HEMC nizo zikoreshwa cyane.
2.2 Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire bya eteri ya selulose
Buri eteri ya selulosi ifite imiterere y'ibanze ya selulosi-anhydroglucose. Mu gihe cyo gukora eteri ya selulosi, fibre ya selulosi ibanza gushyushywa mu gisubizo cya alkaline hanyuma igaterwa umuti uvura. Umusaruro wa fibre urasukurwa hanyuma ugasya kugira ngo ukore ifu imwe ifite ubugari runaka.
Mu gukora MC, methyl chloride ni yo yonyine ikoreshwa nk'ikintu gitanga ubushyuhe; uretse methyl chloride, propylene oxide nayo ikoreshwa mu kubona ibintu bisimbura hydroxypropyl mu gukora HPMC. Ether zitandukanye za cellulose zifite igipimo gitandukanye cya methyl na hydroxypropyl, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku buryo organic ihura nabwo n'ubushyuhe bwa gel y'umuti wa cellulose ether.
2.3 Ibiranga ishonga rya eteri ya selulose
Imiterere y’ishonga rya cellulose ether igira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo sima ikora neza. Cellulose ether ishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza uburyo sima ifatana n’amazi, ariko ibi biterwa n’uko cellulose ether ishonga neza mu mazi. Ibintu by’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ishonga rya cellulose ether ni igihe cyo gushonga, umuvuduko wo gukurura no kumera neza kw’ifu.
2.4 Uruhare rwo gucukura mu gishishwa cya sima
Nk'inyongera y'ingenzi ya sima, Destroy igira ingaruka zayo muri ibi bikurikira.
(1) Kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukora bwa mortilage no kongera ubukana bwa mortilage.
Gushyiramo umuriro bishobora kubuza kontineri gutandukana no kubona pulasitiki imwe kandi ingana. Urugero, utuzu dukoresha HEMC, HPMC, nibindi, tworohereza kontineri yoroshye gusiga no gusigwa. , Igipimo cyo gukata, ubushyuhe, ingano y'umunyu ushongeshejwe n'ingano y'umunyu ushongeshejwe.
(2) Ifite ingaruka zo kwinjira mu mwuka.
Bitewe n'imyanda, kwinjiza amatsinda mu tunyangingo bigabanya ingufu zo hejuru z'utunyangingo, kandi biroroshye kwinjiza utunyangingo duhamye, dusa kandi duto mu tunyangingo tuvanze n'ubuso bwo gukurura mu gihe cyo gukora. "Ubuhanga bw'umupira" butuma imikorere y'imvange y'uruvange irushaho kuba myiza, bugabanya ubushuhe bw'uruvange kandi bugagabanya ubushyuhe bw'uruvange. Ibizamini byagaragaje ko iyo ingano ya HEMC na HPMC ivanze ari 0.5%, ingano ya gazi mu tunyangingo iba ari nini cyane, hafi 55%; iyo ingano ya gazi ivanze irenze 0.5%, ingano ya gazi igenda ihinduka icyerekezo cy'ingano ya gazi uko ingano yiyongera.
(3) Bigumane uko byakabaye.
Igishashara gishobora gushonga, gusiga amavuta no kuvanga mu gishishwa, no koroshya uburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya igishishwa n'ifu yo gusigwa. Ntibikenewe ko bitoswa mbere y'igihe. Nyuma yo kubaka, ibikoresho bitera sima bishobora no kugira igihe kirekire cyo kunywa amazi ku nkombe kugira ngo birusheho gufatana neza hagati y'igishishwa n'ubutaka.
Ingaruka zo guhindura eteri ya selulosi ku bikoresho bishya bishingiye kuri sima zirimo cyane cyane gukomera, kubika amazi, gushyira umwuka mu kirere no kugabanuka. Kubera ikoreshwa rya eteri za selulosi mu bikoresho bishingiye kuri sima, imikoranire hagati ya eteri za selulosi n'urusenda rwa sima igenda ihinduka ahantu hakunze kugaragara mu bushakashatsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2021