1. Akamaro k'ingenzi ka eteri ya selulose
Muri mortilage ivanze neza, cellulose ether ni inyongeramusaruro nyamukuru yongerwamo ku gipimo gito cyane ariko ishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya mortilage itose kandi ikagira ingaruka ku mikorere y’uruvange.
2. Ubwoko bwa eteri za selulose
Umusaruro wa eteri ya selulosi ukorwa ahanini mu migozi karemano binyuze mu gushonga kwa alkali, guteranya (etherification), gukaraba, kumisha, gusya n'izindi nzira.
Dukurikije ibikoresho by'ibanze, insinga karemano zishobora kugabanywamo: insinga z'ipamba, insinga z'isederi, insinga za beech, nibindi. Ingano zabyo za polymerization ziratandukanye, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwa nyuma bw'ibicuruzwa byabo. Muri iki gihe, inganda zikomeye zikora cellulose zikoresha insinga z'ipamba (ibikomoka kuri nitrocellulose) nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze.
Eteri za selulosi zishobora kugabanywamo ioni na nonioni. Ubwoko bwa ioni burimo umunyu wa carboxymethyl cellulose, naho ubwoko butari ioni burimo methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyethyl (propyl) cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, nibindi.
Kugeza ubu, eteri za selulosi zikoreshwa muri mortilage zivanze neza ni methyl cellulose ether (MC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (MHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose ether (MHPG), hydroxypropyl Methyl cellulose ether (HPMC). Muri mortilage zivanze neza, kubera ko cellulose ionic (umunyu wa carboxymethyl cellulose) idahindagurika iyo hari iyoni za calcium, ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane mu bintu bivanze neza bikoresha sima, lime ya slaked, nibindi nk'ibikoresho byo gusima. Hari ahantu hamwe mu Bushinwa, umunyu wa carboxymethyl cellulose ukoreshwa nk'umuti wongera imbaraga ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byo mu nzu bitunganywa na sitashi yahinduwe nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gusima na Shuangfei ifu nk'umunyu. Iki gicuruzwa gikunze kurwara mildew kandi ntikirwanya amazi, none ubu kirimo gukurwaho. Hydroxyethyl cellulose nayo ikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bivanze neza, ariko ifite isoko rito cyane.
3. Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere ya eteri ya selulose
(1) Gushonga
Selulosi ni polymer ya polyhydroxy idashobora gushonga cyangwa ngo ishonge. Nyuma yo gushonga, selulosi ishongeshwa mu mazi, igashonga alkali na organic solvent, kandi ifite thermoplasticity. Gushonga biterwa ahanini n'ibintu bine: icya mbere, gushonga gutandukana bitewe n'ubushyuhe, uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka, niko gushonga kuba kunini. Icya kabiri, imiterere y'amatsinda yatangijwe mu nzira yo gushonga, uko itsinda rinini ritangizwa, niko gushonga kuba kugabanuka; uko itsinda ritangizwa cyane, niko eteri ya selulosi ishongeshwa mu mazi byoroshye. Icya gatatu, urwego rwo gusimburana n'ikwirakwizwa ry'amatsinda ya eteri muri macromolecules. Eteri nyinshi za selulosi zishobora gushonga mu mazi gusa munsi y'urwego runaka rwo gusimburana. Icya kane, urwego rwo gushonga rwa selulosi eteri, uko urwego rwo gushonga ruri hejuru, niko gushonga kuba guke; uko urwego rwo gushonga kuba ruke, niko urwego rwo gusimburana rushobora gushonga mu mazi rurushaho kuba runini.
(2) Kubika amazi
Kubika amazi ni ingenzi cyane kuri eteri ya selulosi, kandi ni imikorere ikorwa n’inganda nyinshi z’ifu yumye zo mu ngo, cyane cyane izo mu turere two mu majyepfo dufite ubushyuhe bwinshi, zibandaho. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kubikwa kw’amazi ya mortiweri birimo ingano ya eteri ya selulosi, ubushyuhe, ubugari bw’uduce duto n’ubushyuhe bw’aho ikoreshwa. Uko eteri ya selulosi yongerwamo ingano nyinshi, ni ko ingaruka nziza zo kubikwa kw’amazi ziba nziza; uko ubushyuhe bwinshi burushaho kuba bwiza, ni ko ingaruka nziza zo kubikwa kw’amazi ziba nziza; uko uduce duto tuba twinshi, ni ko ingaruka nziza zo kubikwa kw’amazi ziba nziza.
(3) Ubucucike
Ubushyuhe ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bicuruzwa bya eteri ya selulosi. Muri iki gihe, abakora eteri ya selulosi batandukanye bakoresha uburyo butandukanye n'ibikoresho bitandukanye kugira ngo bapime ubushyuhe. Ku gicuruzwa kimwe, ibisubizo bya viscosity bipimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye biratandukanye cyane, ndetse bimwe bifite itandukaniro rya kabiri. Kubwibyo, iyo ugereranije ubushyuhe, bigomba gukorwa hagati y'uburyo bumwe bwo gupima, harimo ubushyuhe, rotor, nibindi.
Muri rusange, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo kubika amazi ziba nziza. Ariko, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko uburemere bwa cellulose ether burushaho kuba bwinshi, kandi uko igabanuka ry’uburyo ishonga bizagira ingaruka mbi ku mbaraga n’imikorere y’ubwubatsi bwa morti. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo gukomera ku morti, ariko ntabwo bingana neza. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, morti irushaho kuba ikomeye. Mu gihe cyo kubaka, igaragara nk’aho ifata ku gikoresho cyo gukurura no gufatana cyane n’icyatsi. Ariko ntabwo ari byiza kongera imbaraga z’imiterere ya morti itose ubwayo. Mu gihe cyo kubaka, imikorere yo kurwanya gucika ntigaragara. Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, hari eteri za methyl cellulose zahinduwe zifite imikorere myiza mu kunoza imbaraga z’imiterere ya morti itose.
(4) Ubunini bw'uduce duto:
Eteri ya selulosi ikoreshwa mu gusya ivanze neza isabwa kuba ifu, ifite amazi make, kandi ubunini bwayo busaba ko 20% kugeza 60% by'ingano y'uduce tuba munsi ya 63 μm. Ubunini bwayo bugira ingaruka ku gushonga kwa eteri ya selulosi. Eteri za selulosi zivanze neza akenshi ziba mu buryo bwa granules, zoroshye gusya no gushonga mu mazi nta gusya, ariko igipimo cyo gusya kiragenda buhoro cyane, bityo ntizikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gusya ivanze neza (bimwe mu bicuruzwa byo mu rugo birahindagurika, ntabwo byoroshye gusya no gushonga mu mazi, kandi bikunze gukubitwa). Mu gusya ivanze neza, eteri ya selulosi ikwirakwizwa hagati y'ibice, ibintu bito na sima n'ibindi bikoresho byo gusya sima. Ifu nziza gusa niyo ishobora kwirinda gusya eteri ya selulosi iyo ivanze n'amazi. Iyo eteri ya selulosi yongewemo n'amazi kugira ngo isukure gusya, biragoye cyane gusya no gushonga.
(5) Guhindura eteri ya selulose
Guhindura eteri ya selulosi ni uburyo bwo kongera imikorere yayo, kandi ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cyane. Imiterere ya eteri ya selulosi ishobora kunozwa kugira ngo yoroshye ubushuhe bwayo, ishobore gukwirakwira, gufatana, gukomera, gukurura, kubika amazi no gukora filime, ndetse no kutavogerwa n'amavuta.
4. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere ku kubika amazi muri mortier
Kubika amazi muri eteri ya selulose biragabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Mu bikorwa bifatika, seritiro ikunze gushyirwa ku bintu bishyushye ku bushyuhe bwinshi (buri hejuru ya 40°C) mu duce twinshi. Kugabanuka k'ukubika amazi byagize ingaruka zigaragara ku buryo bwo gukora no kudakora neza. Gushingira ku bushyuhe bizakomeza gutuma imiterere ya seritiro igabanuka, kandi ni ingenzi cyane kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe muri iki gihe. Uburyo bwo guteka bwa seritiro bwahinduwe neza, kandi impinduka nyinshi z'ingenzi zakozwe mu guteka mu bihe by'umwaka. Nubwo hongeweho ingano (formula yo mu mpeshyi), ubushobozi bwo gukora no kudakora neza ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo byo gukoresha, bisaba uburyo bwihariye bwo gufata eteri ya selulose, nko kongera urugero rwa eteri, nibindi, kugira ngo ingaruka zo kubika amazi zishobore kugerwaho ku bushyuhe buri hejuru. Igumana ingaruka nziza iyo iri hejuru, ku buryo itanga umusaruro mwiza mu bihe bikomeye.
5. Gushyira mu gikoresho cyavanzwe neza
Muri mortivori ivanze neza, cellulose ether igira uruhare mu kubika amazi, kuyagwingira no kunoza imikorere y’ubwubatsi. Imikorere myiza yo kubika amazi ituma mortivori itazatera gushwanyaguza, kuyasiga ifu no kugabanya imbaraga bitewe n’ibura ry’amazi no kutagira amazi menshi. Ingaruka zo kwiyongera kw’amazi yongera cyane imbaraga z’imiterere ya mortivori itose. Kongeramo cellulose ether bishobora kongera cyane ubukana bw’amazi ya mortivori itose, kandi bikagira ubukana bwiza ku bintu bitandukanye, bityo bikanoza imikorere y’urukuta rwa mortivori itose no kugabanya imyanda. Byongeye kandi, uruhare rwa cellulose ether mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye narwo ruratandukanye. Urugero, mu byuma bifunga amatafari, cellulose ether ishobora kongera igihe cyo gufungura no guhindura igihe; muri mortivori ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mashini, ishobora kongera imbaraga z’imiterere ya mortivori itose; mu kwishyira hamwe, ishobora gukumira gutuza, gutandukanya no gushyira mu byiciro. Kubwibyo, nk'inyongera y'ingenzi, cellulose ether ikoreshwa cyane muri mortivori y'ifu yumye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama 11-2023