Nhazi nke cellulose ethers

Nhazi nkịtị nke abụọcellulose etherse nyere na eserese 1.1 na 1.2. Mkpụrụ vaịn ọ bụla nke β-D-mmiri mmiri nke molekul cellulose

A na-eji otu otu ether dochie otu shuga (otu cellulose na-emegharị) nke ọ bụla na ọnọdụ C(2), C(3) na C(6), ya bụ, ruo atọ.

otu ether. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu hydroxyl, macromolecules cellulose nwere njikọ hydrogen intramolecular na intermolecular, nke siri ike ịgbaze n'ime mmiri.

Ọ na-esikwa ike ịgbaze n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbaze organic niile. Agbanyeghị, mgbe e tinyere cellulose n'ime mmiri, a na-ewebata otu ether n'ime usoro molekul.

N'ụzọ dị otu a, njikọ hydrogen dị n'ime na n'etiti molekul cellulose na-ebibi, a na-emekwa ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na hydrophilicity, ka e wee nwee ike ịgbaze ya nke ọma.

emelitere nke ukwuu. N'ime ha, Foto 1.1 bụ nhazi izugbe nke nkeji anhydroglucose abụọ nke yinye molekul cellulose ether, R1-R6=H

ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-anọchi anya ihe ndị dị ndụ. 1.2 bụ iberibe nke carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose molekul yinye, ogo nnọchi nke carboxymethyl bụ 0.5,4

Ogo nnọchi nke hydroxyethyl bụ 2.0, ogo nnọchi molar bụkwa 3.0.

Maka ihe nnọchi cellulose ọ bụla, enwere ike igosipụta mkpokọta nke etherification ya dị ka ogo nnọchi (DS). Ejiri eriri mee ya

A pụrụ ịhụ site na nhazi nke molekul mbụ na ọkwa nke nnọchi sitere na 0-3. Ya bụ, mgbanaka nke cellulose nke ọ bụla anhydroglucose unit

, ọnụọgụgụ nke otu hydroxyl nke e ji otu etherifying nke ihe na-eme ka etherifying dochie anya ya. N'ihi otu hydroxyalkyl nke cellulose, ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe

A ga-amaliteghachi etherification site na otu hydroxyl ọhụrụ nke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Ya mere, a pụrụ igosipụta ọkwa nke nnọchi nke ụdị cellulose ether a na moles.

ogo nnọchi (MS). Ihe a na-akpọ ogo nnọchi molar na-egosi ọnụọgụ ihe na-eme ka etherifying dị na nkeji anhydroglucose ọ bụla nke cellulose.

Nkezi oke nke ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume.

1 Nhazi izugbe nke otu glucose

Mpịakọta abụọ nke agbụ molekul cellulose ether

1.2.2 Nhazi nke cellulose ethers

Ma cellulose ethers bụ otu ether ma ọ bụ ngwakọta ethers, ihe onwunwe ha dịtụ iche.

Ọ bụrụ na otu hydrophilic dochie otu hydroxyl nke mgbanaka nkeji ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ nwere ike inwe obere mgbanwe n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke obere mgbanwe.

O nwere otu mmiri nwere ike ịgbaze; ọ bụrụ na ejiri otu hydrophobic dochie ya, ngwaahịa a nwere otu ọkwa nnọchi naanị mgbe ọkwa nnọchi ahụ dị oke.

Ngwaahịa etherification cellulose nke na-agbaze mmiri, nke a naghị etinye n'ọnọdụ ya nwere ike ịba ụba naanị n'ime mmiri, ma ọ bụ gbazee na mmiri alkali ndị a na-anaghị etinye n'ime ha.

etiti.

Dịka ụdị ihe ndị na-anọchi anya ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa ether cellulose n'ime ụdị atọ: otu alkyl, dị ka methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose;

Hydroxyalkyls, dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose; ndị ọzọ, dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose, wdg. Ọ bụrụ na ionization ahụ

Nhazi, enwere ike kewaa cellulose ethers n'ime: ionic, dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose; non-ionic, dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose; agwakọtara

ụdị, dịka hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose. Dịka nhazi nke mgbaze si dị, enwere ike kewaa cellulose n'ime: mmiri na-agbaze, dịka carboxymethyl cellulose,

hydroxyethyl cellulose; anaghị agbaze mmiri, dịka methyl cellulose, wdg.

1.2.3 Njirimara na ojiji nke cellulose ethers

Cellulose ether bụ ụdị ngwaahịa mgbe emechara mgbanwe cellulose etherification, cellulose ether nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe dị oke mkpa.

O nwere ezigbo ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri; dịka ihe e ji ebi akwụkwọ, ọ nwere ezigbo mmiri na-agbaze, ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ sie ike, ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ sie ike;

5

Eter nkịtị enweghị isi, ọ naghị egbu egbu, ọ nwekwara ezigbo ndakọrịta bio. N'ime ha, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nwere "glutamate monosodium industrial"

aha otutu.

1.2.3.1 Nhazi ihe nkiri

Ọkwa nke etherification nke cellulose ether nwere nnukwu mmetụta na njirimara nke imepụta ihe nkiri ya dịka ikike imepụta ihe nkiri na ike njikọ.

N'ihi ike igwe ya dị mma na njiko ya dị mma na ọtụtụ resins, enwere ike iji ya na ihe nkiri plastik, ihe nrapado na ihe ndị ọzọ.

nkwadebe ihe.

1.2.3.2 Mgbaze

N'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ otu hydroxyl na mgbanaka nke unit glucose nwere oxygen, cellulose ethers nwere ike ịgbaze mmiri nke ọma.

Dabere na ihe nnọchi cellulose ether na ogo nnọchi, enwere nhọrọ dị iche iche maka ihe mgbaze organic.

1.2.3.3 Ịkpụ

A na-agbaze cellulose ether n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ụdị colloid, ebe ogo polymerization nke cellulose ether na-ekpebi cellulose.

Viscosity nke mmiri ether. N'adịghị ka mmiri Newtonian, viscosity nke mmiri cellulose ether na-agbanwe ka ike shear, na

N'ihi usoro macromolecules a, viscosity nke ngwọta ahụ ga-abawanye ngwa ngwa ka ọdịnaya siri ike nke cellulose ether na-abawanye, mana viscosity nke ngwọta ahụ

Viscosity na-ebelatakwa ngwa ngwa ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu [33].

1.2.3.4 Mmebi

Mmiri cellulose ether nke a gbazere n'ime mmiri ruo oge ụfọdụ ga-eme ka nje bacteria too, si otú a na-emepụta nje bacteria enzyme ma bibie usoro cellulose ether.

Njikọ nke otu glucose nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe dị n'akụkụ, si otú a na-ebelata oke molekul nke macromolecule. Ya mere, cellulose ethers na-eme ka cellulose dị n'ime ahụ.

Nchekwa nke mmiri mmiri chọrọ ka e tinye ụfọdụ ihe nchekwa.

Na mgbakwunye, cellulose ethers nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche dịka ọrụ elu, ọrụ ionic, nkwụsi ike ụfụfụ na ihe mgbakwunye

Ọrụ jel. N'ihi ihe ndị a, a na-eji cellulose ethers eme ihe n'uwe, imepụta akwụkwọ, ihe nhicha sịntetik, ihe ịchọ mma, nri, ọgwụ,

A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

1.3 Okwu Mmalite maka ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ

Site na nchịkọta nke 1.2 cellulose ether, a pụrụ ịhụ na ihe eji eme nkwadebe nke cellulose ether bụ isi ihe dị na owu cellulose, otu n'ime ihe dị na isiokwu a

Ọ bụ iji cellulose ewepụtara site na ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ dochie owu cellulose iji kwadebe cellulose ether. Ihe na-esonụ bụ obere okwu mmalite gbasara osisi ahụ.

ihe.

Ka akụrụngwa a na-ahụkarị dịka mmanụ, kol na gas na-ebelata, mmepe nke ngwaahịa dị iche iche dabere na ha, dịka eriri sịntetik na ihe nkiri eriri, ga-akawanye mma. Ka mmepe na-aga n'ihu nke ọha mmadụ na mba gburugburu ụwa (karịsịa, ọkachasị ndị na-eto eto) na-aga n'ihu (karịsịa ndị na-eto eto)

Ọ bụ mba mepere emepe) nke na-eleba anya nke ọma na nsogbu nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Cellulose eke nwere ike imebi ihe na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ isi iyi nke ihe ndị e ji eriri mee.