Ulwazi lwamakhemikhali incazelo kanye nomehluko we-fiber, i-cellulose kanye ne-cellulose ether

Ifayibha:

I-Fiber, ngokomongo wesayensi yamakhemikhali nezinto zokwakha, ibhekisela ekilasini lezinto zokwakha ezibonakala ngesakhiwo sazo eside, esifana nentambo. Lezi zinto zakhiwe ngama-polymer, angama-molecule amakhulu akhiwe ngamayunithi aphindaphindayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Ama-fibre angaba emvelo noma akhiwe, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi izindwangu, izinhlanganisela, kanye ne-biomedicine.

Imicu yemvelo itholakala ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, noma kumaminerali. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukotini, uboya, usilika, kanye ne-asbestos. Imicu yokwenziwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenziwa ngezinto zamakhemikhali ngezinqubo ezifana ne-polymerization. Inayiloni, i-polyester, kanye ne-acrylic ziyizibonelo ezivamile zemicu yokwenziwa.

Emkhakheni wekhemistri, igama elithi “ifayibha” livame ukubhekisela esicini sesakhiwo sento kunokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali. Imicu ibonakaliswa yisilinganiso sayo esiphakeme sesici, okusho ukuthi mide kakhulu kunobubanzi bayo. Lesi sakhiwo eside sinikeza izakhiwo ezifana namandla, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokuqina kwento, okwenza imicu ibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenzisweni ezahlukahlukene kusukela ezingutsheni kuya ekuqinisweni kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe.

I-cellulose:

I-Celluloseiyi-polysaccharide, okuwuhlobo lwe-carbohydrate olwakhiwe ngamaketanga amade ama-molecule kashukela. Iyi-polymer ephilayo etholakala kakhulu eMhlabeni futhi isebenza njengengxenye yesakhiwo ezindongeni zamaseli ezitshalo. Ngokwekhemikhali, i-cellulose yakhiwa amayunithi aphindaphindayo e-glucose axhunywe ndawonye yizibopho ze-β-1,4-glycosidic.

Isakhiwo se-cellulose sinemicu eminingi, kanti ama-molecule e-cellulose ngamanye azihlanganisa abe ama-microfibrils ahlangana futhi akhe izakhiwo ezinkulu njengemicu. Le micu inikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo kumaseli ezitshalo, okuwanika ukuqina namandla. Ngaphezu kwendima yayo ezitshalweni, i-cellulose nayo iyisici esiyinhloko se-fiber yokudla etholakala ezithelweni, emifino, kanye nokusanhlamvu. Abantu abanawo ama-enzyme adingekayo ukuphula i-cellulose, ngakho-ke idlula ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla ingaphazamisekile, isiza ekugayeni nasekuthuthukiseni impilo yamathumbu.

I-Cellulose inezinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ngenxa yobuningi bayo, ukuvuselelwa kwayo, kanye nezakhiwo ezifiselekayo njengokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye namandla. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwephepha, izindwangu, izinto zokwakha, kanye ne-biofuel.

I-Ether ye-Cellulose:

Ama-ether e-celluloseyiqembu lamakhemikhali atholakala ku-cellulose ngokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuhilela ukwethulwa kwamaqembu asebenzayo, njenge-hydroxyethyl, i-hydroxypropyl, noma i-carboxymethyl, kumgogodla we-cellulose. Ama-cellulose ethers aphumelayo agcina ezinye zezimpawu ze-cellulose ngenkathi ebonisa izakhiwo ezintsha ezinikezwa amaqembu asebenzayo engeziwe.

Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-cellulose ne-cellulose ethers usezicini zawo zokuncibilika. Ngenkathi i-cellulose ingancibiliki emanzini kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-organic solvents, ama-cellulose ethers avame ukuncibilika emanzini noma abonise ukuncibilika okuthuthukisiwe ku-organic solvents. Lokhu kuncibilika kwenza i-cellulose ethers ibe yizinto ezisebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi ngezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezimbonini ezifana nemithi, ukudla, izimonyo, kanye nokwakha.

Izibonelo ezivamile zama-ether e-cellulose zifaka phakathi i-methyl cellulose (MC), i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), kanye ne-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Lawa ma-compound asetshenziswa njengezithako zokujiya, izihlanganisi, iziqinisi, kanye nama-ejenti okwenza ifilimu ekwakhiweni okuhlukahlukene. Isibonelo, i-CMC isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni yokudla njenge-ejenti yokujiya kanye ne-emulsifier, kuyilapho i-HPC isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemithi yokukhishwa kwemithi okulawulwayo.

I-fiber ibhekisela ezintweni ezinesakhiwo eside, esifana nentambo, i-cellulose iyi-polymer yemvelo etholakala ezindongeni zamaseli ezitshalo, kanti ama-cellulose ether ayizinto ezisuselwe ku-cellulose eziguqulwe ngamakhemikhali ezinezicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Ngenkathi i-cellulose inikeza uhlaka lwesakhiwo sezitshalo futhi isebenza njengomthombo we-fiber yokudla, ama-cellulose ethers anikeza ukuncibilika okuthuthukisiwe futhi asetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile.