1. Imfuneko yokugcina amanzi
Zonke iintlobo zeziseko ezifuna udaka xa kusakhiwa zinomlinganiselo othile wokufunxwa kwamanzi. Emva kokuba umaleko osisiseko ufunxe amanzi kwidaka, ukwakheka kodaka kuya kuba mandundu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, izinto eziqinisa isamente kwidaka aziyi kuba namanzi aneleyo, nto leyo ebangela amandla aphantsi, ingakumbi amandla okudibana phakathi kodaka oluqinileyo kunye nomaleko osisiseko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba udaka luqhekeke luze luwe. Ukuba udaka lokuplasta lunentsebenzo efanelekileyo yokugcina amanzi, alunakuphucula kuphela ukusebenza kolwakhiwo lodaka, kodwa lunokwenza nokuba amanzi kwidaka kube nzima ukufunxwa lulwaka olusisiseko kwaye luqinisekise ukuba isamente ifunxwa ngokwaneleyo.
2. Iingxaki ngeendlela zemveli zokugcina amanzi
Isisombululo sendabuko kukunkcenkceshela isiseko, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiseko simanzi ngokulinganayo. Eyona nto iphambili ekufakweni kwamanzi kwisamente kwisiseko kukuba imveliso yokufunxa isamente ifunxa amanzi kunye nesiseko, ingene kwisiseko, kwaye yenze "unxibelelwano oluphambili" olusebenzayo nesiseko, ukuze kufezekiswe amandla ebhondi afunekayo. Ukunkcenkceshela ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu wesiseko kuya kubangela ukusasazeka okukhulu ekufunxeni kwamanzi kwisiseko ngenxa yokwahluka kobushushu, ixesha lokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokufana kokunkcenkceshela. Isiseko sinofunxa amanzi amancinci kwaye siya kuqhubeka nokufunxa amanzi kwibhondi. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke ukufunxa isamente, amanzi ayafunxwa, nto leyo echaphazela ukufunxa isamente kunye nokungena kweemveliso zokufunxa amanzi kwi-matrix; isiseko sinofunxa amanzi amaninzi, kwaye amanzi kwibhondi ageleza aye kwisiseko. Isantya sokufuduka esiphakathi sicotha, kwaye nokuba ngumaleko otyebileyo ngamanzi wenziwa phakathi kwebhondi kunye ne-matrix, nto leyo echaphazela namandla ebhondi. Ngoko ke, ukusebenzisa indlela eqhelekileyo yokunkcenkceshela isiseko akuyi kusilela nje ekusombululeni ngempumelelo ingxaki yokufunxwa kwamanzi amaninzi kwisiseko sodonga, kodwa kuya kuchaphazela amandla okubopha phakathi kwesamente nesiseko, nto leyo ebangela ukuqhekeka nokuqhekeka.
3. Iimfuno zeemortar ezahlukeneyo zokugcina amanzi
Iithagethi zokugcinwa kwamanzi kwiimveliso zesamente ezisetyenziswa kwindawo ethile nakwiindawo ezineemeko ezifanayo zobushushu kunye nokufuma zicetywayo ngezantsi.
①I-substrate efunxa amanzi amaninzi eplasta i-motar
Ii-substrates zokufunxa amanzi ezininzi ezimelwe yikhonkrithi efakwe emoyeni, kuquka iibhodi ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula ezilula, iibhloko, njl.njl., zineempawu zokufunxa amanzi amaninzi kunye nobude bexesha elide. I-plastering mortar esetyenziselwa olu hlobo lomaleko wesiseko kufuneka ibe nezinga lokugcina amanzi elingaphantsi kwama-88%.
②I-substrate yokufunxa amanzi ephantsi
Ii-substrates ezifunxa amanzi kancinci ezimelwe yi-cast-in place concrete, kuquka neebhodi ze-polystyrene zokukhusela udonga lwangaphandle, njl.njl., zifunxa amanzi kancinci. I-plastering mortar esetyenziselwa ezo substrates kufuneka ibe nezinga lokugcina amanzi elingaphantsi kwe-88%.
③Idaka lokuplasta elinomaleko omncinci
Ukuplasta okunomgangatho omncinci kubhekisa kulwakhiwo lokuplasta olunobukhulu bomaleko wokuplasta obuphakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-8 mm. Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lokuplasta kulula ukululahla umswakama ngenxa yomaleko obhityileyo wokuplasta, ochaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye namandla. Kwisigqubuthelo esisetyenziselwa olu hlobo lokuplasta, izinga laso lokugcina amanzi alikho ngaphantsi kwe-99%.
④Idaka lokuplasta elinomgangatho otyebileyo
Ukuplasta okungqindilili kubhekisa kulwakhiwo lokuplasta apho ubukhulu bomaleko omnye wokuplasta buphakathi kwe-8mm kunye ne-20mm. Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lokuplasta alulula ukulahlekelwa ngamanzi ngenxa yomaleko wokuplasta ongqindilili, ngoko ke izinga lokugcina amanzi kwi-plasta yokuplasta akufuneki libe ngaphantsi kwe-88%.
⑤I-putty engangeni manzi
I-putty engangeni manzi isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuplasta esincinci kakhulu, kwaye ubukhulu bolwakhiwo ngokubanzi buphakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2mm. Ezi zinto zifuna iipropati eziphezulu kakhulu zokugcina amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo kunye namandla okubopha. Kwizinto ze-putty, izinga layo lokugcina amanzi akufuneki libe ngaphantsi kwe-99%, kwaye izinga lokugcina amanzi le-putty kwiindonga zangaphandle kufuneka libe likhulu kunelo le-putty kwiindonga zangaphakathi.
4. Iintlobo zezinto zokugcina amanzi
I-ether yeseli
1) I-Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) I-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) I-Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
I-ether yesitatshi
1) I-ether yesitatshi eguquliweyo
2) I-ether yeGuar
Isithambisi esigcina amanzi amaminerali esitshintshiweyo (i-montmorillonite, i-bentonite, njl.njl.)
Ezintlanu, oku kulandelayo kugxile ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo
1. I-ether yeseli
1.1 Isishwankathelo se-Cellulose Ether
I-Cellulose ether ligama eliqhelekileyo loluhlu lweemveliso ezenziwe yi-reaction ye-alkali cellulose kunye ne-etherification agent phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ii-ether ze-cellulose ezahlukeneyo zifunyanwa kuba i-alkali fiber ithathelwa indawo zii-etherification agents ezahlukeneyo. Ngokweempawu ze-ionization zezinto ezithatha indawo yayo, ii-ether ze-cellulose zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: i-ionic, njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), kunye ne-nonionic, njenge-methyl cellulose (MC).
Ngokweentlobo zezinto ezithatha indawo, ii-cellulose ethers zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-monoethers, ezifana ne-methyl cellulose ether (MC), kunye nee-mixed ethers, ezifana ne-hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Ngokwee-solvents ezahlukeneyo ezinyibilikayo, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini: ezinyibilikayo emanzini kunye nezinyibilikayo eziphilayo.
1.2 Iindidi eziphambili ze-cellulose
I-Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 0.4-1.4; iarhente ye-etherification, i-monooxyacetic acid; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 0.7-1.0; iarhente ye-etherification, i-monooxyacetic acid, i-ethylene oxide; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Methylcellulose (MC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 1.5-2.4; iarhente yokufakelwa kwe-ether, i-methyl chloride; isinyibilikisi esinyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 1.3-3.0; iarhente yokutshintsha i-etherification, i-ethylene oxide; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 1.5-2.0; iarhente ye-etherification, i-ethylene oxide, i-methyl chloride; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 2.5-3.5; iarhente ye-etherification, i-propylene oxide; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 1.5-2.0; iarhente ye-etherification, i-propylene oxide, i-methyl chloride; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, amanzi;
I-ethyl cellulose (EC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 2.3-2.6; iarhente yokufakelwa kwe-ether, i-monochloroethane; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, i-organic solvent;
I-ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokutshintsha: 2.4-2.8; iarhente ye-etherification, i-monochloroethane, i-ethylene oxide; i-solvent enyibilikisayo, i-organic solvent;
1.3 Iimpawu ze-cellulose
1.3.1 I-Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①I-Methylcellulose iyanyibilika emanzini abandayo, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukuyinyibilikisa emanzini ashushu. Isisombululo sayo samanzi sizinzile kakhulu kuluhlu lwe-PH=3-12. Ihambelana kakuhle nesitatshi, i-guar gum, njl.njl. kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibangela ukunyibilika. Xa ubushushu bufikelela kubushushu be-gelation, i-gelation iyenzeka.
②Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methylcellulose kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bayo bokongeza, ukuxinana, ukucoleka kwamasuntswana kunye nesantya sokunyibilika. Ngokubanzi, ukuba ubungakanani bokongeza bukhulu, ukucoleka buncinci, kwaye ukucoleka kukhulu, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, ubungakanani bokongeza bunempembelelo enkulu ekugcinweni kwamanzi, kwaye ukucoleka okuphantsi akulingani ngokuthe ngqo nenqanaba lokugcinwa kwamanzi. Izinga lokunyibilika lixhomekeke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuguqulwa komphezulu wamasuntswana e-cellulose kunye nokucoleka kwamasuntswana. Phakathi kwee-ether ze-cellulose, i-methyl cellulose inesantya esiphezulu sokugcinwa kwamanzi.
③Utshintsho lobushushu luya kuchaphazela kakhulu izinga lokugcina amanzi kwi-methyl cellulose. Ngokubanzi, xa ubushushu buphezulu, kokukhona ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuba kubi. Ukuba ubushushu be-mortar budlula ama-40°C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwi-methyl cellulose kuya kuba kubi kakhulu, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwe-mortar.
④ I-Methyl cellulose inempembelelo enkulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamatheleni kwe-mortar. "Ukunamathela" apha kubhekisa kumandla okunamathela avakalayo phakathi kwesixhobo sokusebenzisa somsebenzi kunye ne-substrate yodonga, oko kukuthi, ukumelana nokucheba kwe-mortar. Ukunamathela kuphezulu, ukumelana nokucheba kwe-mortar kukhulu, kwaye abasebenzi bafuna amandla angakumbi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kwaye ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kwe-mortar kuba kubi. Ukunamathela kwe-Methyl cellulose kukwinqanaba eliphakathi kwiimveliso ze-cellulose ether.
1.3.2 I-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yimveliso yefayibha apho imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kukhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Yi-ether exutyiweyo ye-cellulose engeyiyo i-ionic eyenziwe ngekotoni ecociweyo emva kwe-alkalization, isebenzisa i-propylene oxide kunye ne-methyl chloride njengee-etherification agents, kwaye ngokusebenzisa uthotho lweempendulo. Umgangatho wokutshintshwa ngokubanzi yi-1.5-2.0. Iimpawu zayo zahlukile ngenxa yemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomxholo we-methoxyl kunye nomxholo we-hydroxypropyl. Umxholo ophezulu we-methoxyl kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kusondele kwi-methyl cellulose; umxholo ophantsi we-methoxyl kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kusondele kwi-hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inyibilika lula emanzini abandayo, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukuyinyibilikisa emanzini ashushu. Kodwa ubushushu bayo be-gelation emanzini ashushu buphezulu kakhulu kunobo be-methyl cellulose. Ukunyibilika emanzini abandayo nako kuphucuke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-methyl cellulose.
② Ubunzima be-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bunxulumene nobunzima bayo beemolekyuli, kwaye okukhona ubunzima be-molekyuli buphezulu, kokukhona ubuninzi be-viscosity buphezulu. Ubushushu bukwachaphazela nobunzima bayo, njengoko ubushushu busanda, ubuninzi be-viscosity buyehla. Kodwa ubuninzi be-viscosity abuchaphazeleki kangako bubushushu kune-methyl cellulose. Isisombululo sayo sizinzile xa sigcinwe kubushushu begumbi.
③Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bayo bokongeza, i-viscosity, njl.njl., kwaye izinga layo lokugcina amanzi phantsi kobungakanani obufanayo bokongeza liphezulu kunele-methyl cellulose.
④I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile kwi-asidi kunye ne-alkali, kwaye isisombululo sayo samanzi sizinzile kakhulu kuluhlu lwe-PH=2-12. I-Caustic soda kunye namanzi ekalika azinampembelelo ingako ekusebenzeni kwayo, kodwa i-alkali inokukhawulezisa ukunyibilika kwayo kwaye inyuse kancinci i-viscosity yayo. I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile kwi-viscosity eqhelekileyo, kodwa xa uxinzelelo lwe-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ludla ngokwanda.
⑤I-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ingaxutywa nee-polymers ezinyibilikayo emanzini ukuze zenze isisombululo esifanayo nesicacileyo esine-viscosity ephezulu. Ezifana ne-polyvinyl alcohol, i-starch ether, i-vegetable gum, njl.
⑥ I-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inokumelana ngcono nee-enzyme kune-methylcellulose, kwaye isisombululo sayo asinakwenzeka ukuba sonakaliswe zii-enzyme kune-methylcellulose.
⑦Ukunamathela kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kulwakhiwo lwe-mortar kuphezulu kunoko kwe-methylcellulose.
1.3.3 I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Yenziwe ngekotoni ecociweyo exutywe ne-alkali, kwaye ixutywe ne-ethylene oxide njenge-etherification agent xa kukho i-acetone. Ubungakanani bokutshintshwa kwayo ngokubanzi yi-1.5-2.0. Inamandla okuguquka kwamanzi kwaye kulula ukufunxa umswakama.
①I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose iyanyibilika emanzini abandayo, kodwa kunzima ukuyinyibilikisa emanzini ashushu. Isisombululo sayo sizinzile kubushushu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokufaka ijeli. Ingasetyenziswa ixesha elide kubushushu obuphezulu kwi-mortar, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwayo kuphantsi kune-methyl cellulose.
②I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose izinzile kwi-asidi eqhelekileyo kunye ne-alkali. I-Alkali inokukhawulezisa ukunyibilika kwayo kwaye inyuse kancinci i-viscosity yayo. Ukusasazeka kwayo emanzini kubi kancinci kunokwe-methyl cellulose kunye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose inamandla amahle okulwa nokuwa kwesamente, kodwa inexesha elide lokulibazisa isamente.
④Ukusebenza kwe-hydroxyethyl cellulose eveliswa ngamanye amashishini asekhaya ngokucacileyo kuphantsi kunokwe-methyl cellulose ngenxa yomthamo wayo wamanzi aphezulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu womlotha.
1.3.4 I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) yenziwe ngeefayibha zendalo (ikotoni, ihemp, njl.njl.) emva konyango lwe-alkali, kusetyenziswa i-sodium monochloroacetate njenge-etherification agent, kwaye idlula kuthotho lonyango lokuphendula ukwenza i-ionic cellulose ether. Iqondo lokutshintsha ngokubanzi yi-0.4-1.4, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kuchaphazeleka kakhulu liqondo lokutshintsha.
①I-carboxymethyl cellulose ithambile kakhulu, kwaye iya kuba namanzi amaninzi xa igcinwe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
②Isisombululo samanzi seHydroxymethyl cellulose asiyi kuvelisa ijeli, kwaye i-viscosity iya kuncipha xa ubushushu bunyuka. Xa ubushushu budlula i-50 ℃, i-viscosity ayinakuguqulwa.
③ Uzinzo lwayo luchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-pH. Ngokubanzi, ingasetyenziswa kwi-motar esekelwe kwi-gypsum, kodwa hayi kwi-motar esekelwe kwisamente. Xa ine-alkaline eninzi, ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity.
④ Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwayo kuphantsi kakhulu kune-methyl cellulose. Inefuthe lokulibazisa kwi-motar esekwe kwi-gypsum kwaye inciphisa amandla ayo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso le-carboxymethyl cellulose liphantsi kakhulu kunele-methyl cellulose.
2. I-ether yesitatshi eguquliweyo
Ii-starch ethers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimortar ziguqulwa ukusuka kwiipolymers zendalo zezinye iipolysaccharides. Ezifana neetapile, umbona, i-cassava, iimbotyi ze-guar, njl. ziguqulwa zibe zii-starch ethers ezahlukeneyo eziguquliweyo. Ii-starch ethers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimortar yi-hydroxypropyl starch ether, i-hydroxymethyl starch ether, njl.
Ngokubanzi, ii-starch ethers eziguqulwe kwiitapile, umbona, kunye ne-cassava zigcina amanzi kancinci kakhulu kunee-cellulose ethers. Ngenxa yokutshintsha kwayo okwahlukileyo, ibonisa uzinzo olwahlukileyo kwi-asidi kunye ne-alkali. Ezinye iimveliso zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwii-mortars ezisekwe kwi-gypsum, ngelixa ezinye zingasetyenziswa kwii-mortars ezisekwe kwisamente. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-starch ether kwi-mortar kusetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-thickener ukuphucula i-anti-wagging property ye-mortar, ukunciphisa ukunamathela kwe-mortar emanzi, kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuvula.
Ii-starch ethers zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye ne-cellulose, nto leyo ebangela iipropati ezongezelelweyo kunye neenzuzo zezi mveliso zimbini. Ekubeni iimveliso ze-starch ether zibiza kakhulu kune-cellulose ether, ukusetyenziswa kwe-starch ether kwi-mortar kuya kuzisa ukwehla okukhulu kwixabiso leefomyula ze-mortar.
3. I-Guar gum ether
I-Guar gum ether luhlobo lwe-polysaccharide e-etherified eneempawu ezikhethekileyo, eziguqulwa kwiimbotyi ze-guar zendalo. Ngokuyintloko ngokusebenzisa i-etherification reaction phakathi kwe-guar gum kunye namaqela e-acrylic functional, kwakheka isakhiwo esinamaqela e-2-hydroxypropyl functional, esisakhiwo se-polygalactomannose.
①Xa ithelekiswa ne-cellulose ether, i-guar gum ether kulula ukuyinyibilikisa emanzini. I-PH ngokusisiseko ayinampembelelo ekusebenzeni kwe-guar gum ether.
②Phantsi kweemeko ze-viscosity ephantsi kunye ne-dosage ephantsi, i-guar gum ingathatha indawo ye-cellulose ether ngokulinganayo, kwaye inokugcinwa kwamanzi okufanayo. Kodwa ukuqina, i-anti-sag, i-thixotropy njalo njalo kucacile ukuba kuphuculwe.
③Phantsi kweemeko ze-viscosity ephezulu kunye nedosi enkulu, i-guar gum ayinakuthatha indawo ye-cellulose ether, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okuxutyiweyo kwezi zimbini kuya kuvelisa ukusebenza okungcono.
④Ukusetyenziswa kweguar gum kwi-motar esekwe kwi-gypsum kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukunamathela ngexesha lokwakha kwaye kwenze ulwakhiwo lube lula. Akunampembelelo imbi kwixesha lokuseta kunye namandla e-motar esekwe kwi-gypsum.
⑤ Xa igum yeguar isetyenziswa kwi-masonry esekelwe kwisamente kunye ne-plastering mortar, ingathatha indawo ye-cellulose ether ngokulinganayo, ize inike i-mortar ukumelana okungcono nokugoba, i-thixotropy kunye nolwakhiwo oluthambileyo.
⑥Kwi-mortar ene-viscosity ephezulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-arhente yokugcina amanzi, i-guar gum kunye ne-cellulose ether ziya kusebenzisana ukuze zifumane iziphumo ezigqwesileyo.
⑦ I-Guar gum ingasetyenziswa nakwiimveliso ezifana nezincamathelisi zethayile, izinto ezizilinganisayo emhlabeni, i-putty engangeni manzi, kunye ne-polymer mortar yokukhusela udonga.
4. Isithambisi esiguquliweyo sokugcina amanzi kwiminerali
Isithambisi sokugcina amanzi esenziwe ngeeminerali zendalo ngokuguqula nokudibanisa sisetyenzisiwe eTshayina. Iiminerali eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela izithambisi zokugcina amanzi zezi: i-sepiolite, i-bentonite, i-montmorillonite, i-kaolin, njl. Ezi minerali zineempawu ezithile zokugcina amanzi nokwandisa ngokuguqula ezifana nee-coupling agents. Olu hlobo lwesithambisi sokugcina amanzi esisetyenziswa kwi-mortar luneempawu ezilandelayo.
① Ingaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwesamente eqhelekileyo, kwaye isombulule iingxaki zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwesamente, amandla aphantsi esamente exutyiweyo, kunye nokungangeni kwamanzi kakuhle.
② Iimveliso zesamente ezinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuqina kwezakhiwo zoshishino kunye nezoluntu zinokwenziwa.
③Ixabiso lezinto zokwakha liphantsi.
④ Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphantsi kunee-organic retention agents, kwaye ixabiso lokuncitshiswa okomileyo kwe-mortar elungisiweyo likhulu kakhulu, kwaye ukuhambelana kwayo kuyancipha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-03-2023