Te pupuri wai o te moata paura maroke

1. Te hiranga o te pupuri wai

He momo turanga katoa e hiahiatia ana he moata mō te hanga, he taumata mimiti wai tōna. I muri i te mimititanga o te wai i roto i te moata e te paparanga turanga, ka heke te kaha o te hanga o te moata, ā, i ngā wā tino kino, kāore e tino makuku te rauemi sima i roto i te moata, ka iti te kaha, inā koa te kaha o te hononga i waenga i te moata kua whakapakeketia me te paparanga turanga, ka pakaru, ka taka te moata. Mena he pai te mahi pupuri wai o te moata parai, ehara i te mea ka pai ake te mahi hanga o te moata, engari ka uaua hoki te mimititanga o te wai i roto i te moata e te paparanga turanga, ā, ka whakarite kia nui te makuku o te sima.

2. Ngā raruraru o ngā tikanga pupuri wai tuku iho

Ko te otinga tuku iho ko te whakamakuku i te turanga, engari kāore e taea te whakarite kia ōrite te makuku o te turanga. Ko te whāinga whakamakuku pai o te moata sima i runga i te turanga ko te mimiti i te wai me te turanga e te hua whakamakuku sima, ka uru ki roto i te turanga, ka hanga he "hononga matua" whai hua ki te turanga, kia tutuki ai te kaha here e hiahiatia ana. Mā te whakamakuku tika ki runga i te mata o te turanga ka nui te horapa o te mimiti wai o te turanga nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, te wā whakamakuku, me te ōritetanga o te whakamakuku. He iti ake te mimiti wai o te turanga, ā, ka mimiti tonu i te wai i roto i te moata. I mua i te haere tonu o te whakamakuku sima, ka mimitihia te wai, ka pā ki te whakamakuku sima me te urunga o ngā hua whakamakuku ki roto i te anga; he nui te mimiti wai o te turanga, ā, ka rere te wai i roto i te moata ki te turanga. He puhoi te tere hekenga waenga, ā, ka hangaia he paparanga wai-nui i waenganui i te moata me te anga, ka pā hoki ki te kaha here. Nō reira, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga whakamakuku turanga noa, ehara i te mea ka kore e taea te whakatau i te raruraru o te mimiti nui o te wai ki te turanga pakitara, engari ka pā ki te kaha o te here i waenga i te moata me te turanga, ka hua ake he poka me te ngatata.

3. Ngā whakaritenga o ngā moata rerekē mō te pupuri wai

Kei raro nei ngā whāinga mō te auau pupuri wai mō ngā hua moata paraka e whakamahia ana i tētahi rohe me ngā wāhi he rite te pāmahana me te haumākū.

①Mota parai papa mimiti wai teitei

Ko ngā papa raima e mimiti ana i te hau, tae atu ki ngā papa wehewehe mama, ngā poraka, me ētahi atu, he āhuatanga o te mimiti nui o te wai me te roa o te wā. Ko te moata parai e whakamahia ana mō tēnei momo paparanga turanga me iti iho i te 88% te auau pupuri wai.

②Mota parai papa iti te mimiti wai

Ko ngā papa iti te mimiti wai e whakaatuhia ana e te raima whakarewa-ki-te-tūnga, tae atu ki ngā papa polystyrene mō te whakamarumaru pakitara o waho, me ētahi atu, he iti noa te mimiti wai. Ko te moata parai e whakamahia ana mō aua papa me iti iho i te 88% te auau pupuri wai.

③Mota parai paparanga angiangi

Ko te pārai paparanga-angiangi e pā ana ki te hanganga pārai me te matotoru o te paparanga pārai i waenga i te 3 me te 8 mm. He ngāwari te ngaro o te makuku o tēnei momo hanganga pārai nā te mea he paparanga pārai angiangi, ka pā ki te ngāwari o te mahi me te kaha. Mō te moata e whakamahia ana mō tēnei momo pārai, kāore e iti iho i te 99% te auau pupuri wai.

④Parāoa parai matotoru

Ko te pārai paparanga matotoru e pā ana ki te hanganga pārai kei waenganui i te 8mm me te 20mm te matotoru o te paparanga pārai kotahi. Kāore e ngāwari te ngaro o te wai i tēnei momo hanganga pārai nā te matotoru o te paparanga pārai, nō reira kaua te tere pupuri wai o te moata pārai e iti iho i te 88%.

⑤Pati ātete-wai

He rauemi parai tino angiangi te putty ātete-wai, ā, ko te matotoru o te hanganga whānui kei waenga i te 1 me te 2mm. Me tino teitei ngā āhuatanga pupuri wai o ēnei rauemi kia pai ai te mahi me te kaha o te piri. Mō ngā rauemi putty, kaua e iti iho i te 99% te tere pupuri wai, ā, me nui ake te tere pupuri wai o te putty mō ngā pakitara o waho i te putty mō ngā pakitara o roto.

4. Ngā momo rauemi pupuri wai

Etera cellulose

1) Metil cellulose etera (MC)

2) Te Etera Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC)

3) Te etera hauwaiora etireti (HEC)

4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)

5) Te Etera Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose (HEMC)

Māngaro etera

1) Te etera māngaro kua whakarerekētia

2) Te etera kuara

Te whakamātotoru pupuri wai kohuke kua whakarerekētia (montmorillonite, bentonite, me ētahi atu)

E rima, ko ngā mea e whai ake nei e arotahi ana ki te mahi a ngā momo rauemi

1. Te etere cellulose

1.1 Tirohanga Whānui mō te Cellulose Ether

Ko te cellulose ether he kupu whānui mō te raupapa o ngā hua i hangaia e te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko etherification i raro i ētahi tikanga. Ka puta ngā cellulose ether rerekē nā te mea ka whakakapia te muka alkali ki ngā kaihoko etherification rerekē. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ionization o ōna whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā cellulose ether ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ionic, pērā i te carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), me te nonionic, pērā i te methyl cellulose (MC).

E ai ki ngā momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā cellulose ether ki ngā monoether, pērā i te methyl cellulose ether (MC), me ngā ether whakauru, pērā i te hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). E ai ki ngā momo whakarewa rerekē ka rewa, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā momo e rua: te wairewa-wai me te wairewa-waiora.

1.2 Ngā momo matua o te cellulose

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), te taumata mahi o te whakakapinga: 0.4-1.4; kaihoko etherification, waikawa monooxyacetic; whakarewa whakarewa, wai;

Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), te taumata mahi o te whakakapinga: 0.7-1.0; kaihoko etherification, waikawa monooxyacetic, ethylene oxide; whakarewa whakarewa, wai;

Methylcellulose (MC), te taumata whakakapinga mahi: 1.5-2.4; kaihoko etherification, methyl chloride; whakarewa whakarewa, wai;

Te pūhui hauwaioraitiri (HEC), te taumata whakakapinga mahi: 1.3-3.0; te kaihoko whakaetere, te waikura etilena; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), te taumata whakakapinga mahi: 1.5-2.0; kaihoko etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; whakarewa whakarewa, wai;

Te pūhui hauwaiporoporo (HPC), te taumata whakakapinga mahi: 2.5-3.5; te kaihoko whakaetere, te waikura propylene; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), te taumata whakakapinga mahi: 1.5-2.0; kaihoko etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; whakarewa whakarewa, wai;

Te Ethyl cellulose (EC), te taumata mahi o te whakakapinga: 2.3-2.6; te kaihoko etherification, monochloroethane; te whakarewa whakarewa, te whakarewa waro;

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), te taumata mahi o te whakakapinga: 2.4-2.8; kaihoko etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; whakarewa whakarewa, whakarewa waro;

1.3 Ngā Āhuatanga o te Cellulose

1.3.1 Metil cellulose ether (MC)

①Ka wairewa te Methylcellulose i roto i te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai wera. He tino pumau tōna wairewa wai i roto i te awhe PH=3-12. He pai te hototahi ki te māngaro, te kapia guar, me ētahi atu, me te maha o ngā surfactants. Ina tae te pāmahana ki te pāmahana whakawairakau, ka puta te whakawairakau.

②Ko te pupuri wai o te methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, te pai o te matūriki me te tere whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te nui te nui o te tāpiri, he iti te pai, ā, ki te nui te matotoru, he teitei te pupuri wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te nui o te tāpiri te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te pupuri wai, ā, ko te matotoru iti rawa kāore i te rite tika ki te taumata pupuri wai. Ko te tere whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarerekētanga mata o ngā matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I roto i ngā cellulose ethers, he nui ake te tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose.

③Ka pā kino te huringa o te pāmahana ki te tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. I te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino ake te pupuri wai. Ki te neke ake te pāmahana o te moata i te 40°C, ka tino ngoikore te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka pā kino ki te hanganga o te moata.

④ He pānga nui tō te methyl cellulose ki te hanganga me te piri o te moata. Ko te "piri" i konei e pā ana ki te kaha piri e pā ana ki te taputapu tono a te kaimahi me te papa pakitara, arā, te ātete kutikuti o te moata. He teitei te piri, he nui te ātete kutikuti o te moata, ā, me nui ake te kaha o ngā kaimahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, ka ngoikore te mahi hanganga o te moata. He iti noa te piri o te methyl cellulose i roto i ngā hua cellulose ether.

1.3.2 Te Hārokirokiporoporo Metila Hērora (HPMC)

He hua muka te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e tere piki haere ana te putanga me te whakamahinga i ngā tau tata nei.

He mea whakaranu ki te cellulose kore-ionic, he mea hanga mai i te miro kua whakapaia i muri i te whakahāngaitanga, mā te whakamahi i te propylene oxide me te methyl chloride hei etherification, ā, mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.5-2.0. He rerekē ōna āhuatanga nā te rerekētanga o ngā ōwehenga o te ihirangi methoxyl me te ihirangi hydroxypropyl. He nui te ihirangi methoxyl me te iti o te ihirangi hydroxypropyl, he tata te mahi ki te methyl cellulose; he iti te ihirangi methoxyl me te nui o te ihirangi hydroxypropyl, he tata te mahi ki te hydroxypropyl cellulose.

①He ngāwari te wairewa o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Engari he nui ake te pāmahana o tōna wairewatanga i roto i te wai wera i tērā o te methyl cellulose. He nui ake hoki te pai o te wairewatanga i roto i te wai matao ki te whakaritea ki te methyl cellulose.

② E pā ana te matotoru o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki tōna taumaha ngota, ā, ki te teitei ake te taumaha ngota, ka teitei ake te matotoru. Ka pā anō te pāmahana ki tōna matotoru, i te pikinga ake o te pāmahana, ka heke te matotoru. Engari kāore i te tino pāngia tōna matotoru e te pāmahana i te methyl cellulose. He pumau tōna otinga ina rongoatia ki te pāmahana rūma.

③Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, me ētahi atu, ā, ko tōna tere pupuri wai i raro i te nui tāpiri kotahi he teitei ake i te methyl cellulose.

④He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te waikawa me te kawakore, ā, he tino pumau tōna otinga wai i te awhe PH=2-12. He iti noa te pānga o te houra kautika me te wai raima ki tōna mahi, engari ka taea e te kawakore te tere ake i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā tote noa, engari ina teitei te kukū o te otinga tote, ka piki ake te matotoru o te otinga hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

⑤Ka taea te whakaranu i te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā pūmua wairewa-wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga ōrite, mārama hoki, he matotoru ake. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kapia huawhenua, me ētahi atu.

⑥ He pai ake te ātete o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pakaruhia tōna otinga e ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose.

⑦He nui ake te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanganga moata i tō te methylcellulose.

1.3.3 Te hauota hauwai etiretira (HEC)

He mea hanga mai i te miro kua parakoretia kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ā, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko etherification i te aroaro o te acetone. Ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.5-2.0. He kaha te wai-aroha, ā, he ngāwari ki te mimiti i te makuku.

①Ka wairewa te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Ka pumau tōna otinga i te pāmahana teitei, kāore e whakapūpū. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i raro i te pāmahana teitei i roto i te moata, engari he iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose.

②He pumau te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te waikawa whānui me te kawakore. Ka taea e te kawakore te whakateretere i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He kino ake tōna memeha i roto i te wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

③He pai te mahi ārai-totoka a te Hydroxyethyl cellulose mō te moata, engari he roa ake te wā whakaroa mō te sima.

④Ko te mahi a te hydroxyethyl cellulose i hangaia e ētahi umanga ā-rohe he iti iho i te methyl cellulose nā te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.

1.3.4 He mea hanga te Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) mai i ngā muka tūturu (miro, hemp, me ētahi atu) i muri i te maimoatanga alkali, te whakamahi i te konutai monochloroacetate hei kaihoko etherification, ā, ka whai i tētahi raupapa maimoatanga tauhohenga hei hanga i te ionic cellulose ether. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 0.4-1.4, ā, he nui te pānga o tōna mahi ki te nui o te whakakapinga.

①He tino waikore te carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, he nui te wai kei roto ina rongoatia i raro i ngā tikanga whānui.

②Kāore e puta he kirikiri i roto i te wairewa Hydroxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka heke te matotoru i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ina neke atu te pāmahana i te 50 ℃, kāore e taea te hoki whakamuri te matotoru.

③ He nui te pānga o te pH ki tōna pumau. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te moata gypsum, engari kāore e taea te whakamahi i roto i te moata sima. Ina tino kawakore, ka ngaro te matotoru.

④ He iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose. He pānga whakaroa tōna ki te moata gypsum, ā, ka whakaiti i tōna kaha. Heoi, he iti ake te utu o te carboxymethyl cellulose i tērā o te methyl cellulose.

2. Etera māngaro kua whakarerekētia

Ko ngā māngaro e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā moata he mea whakarerekē mai i ngā pūhui tūturu o ētahi polysaccharides. Pērā i te rīwai, te kānga, te manioka, te pīni guar, me ētahi atu, ka whakarerekētia hei momo māngaro e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā māngaro e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te moata ko te māngaro hydroxypropyl ether, te māngaro hydroxymethyl ether, me ētahi atu.

Ko te tikanga, ko ngā etera māngaro i whakarerekētia mai i te rīwai, te kānga, me te manioka he iti ake te pupuri wai i ngā etera cellulose. Nā te rerekētanga o te nekehanga whakarerekētanga, he rerekē te pumau ki te waikawa me te kawakore. Ko ētahi hua he pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā moata gypsum, ko ētahi kāore e taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā moata sima. Ko te whakamahinga o te etera māngaro i roto i te moata ka whakamahia hei whakamātotoru hei whakapai ake i te āhuatanga ārai-totoka o te moata, hei whakaiti i te piri o te moata mākū, hei whakaroa hoki i te wā whakatuwheratanga.

He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia ngā māngaro etera me te cellulose, ā, ka hua ake he āhuatanga me ngā painga ōrite o ngā hua e rua. Nā te mea he iti ake te utu o ngā hua māngaro etera i te cellulose etera, mā te whakamahi i te māngaro etera ki te moata ka nui te whakahekenga o te utu o ngā hanganga moata.

3. Te kapia kuāra etera

Ko te kapia guar ether he momo polysaccharide ethered me ngā āhuatanga motuhake, i whakarerekētia mai i ngā pīni guar tūturu. Mā te tauhohenga etherification i waenga i te kapia guar me ngā rōpū mahi acrylic, ka hangaia he hanganga kei roto ko ngā rōpū mahi 2-hydroxypropyl, he hanganga polygalactomannose.

①Ki te whakaritea ki te cellulose ether, he māmā ake te rewa o te guar gum ether ki te wai. Kāore he pānga o te PH ki te mahi a te guar gum ether.

②I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te matotoru iti me te horopeta iti, ka taea e te kapia guar te whakakapi i te cellulose ether i roto i te nui ōrite, ā, he rite tonu te pupuri wai. Engari ko te ōritetanga, te ārai-totoka, te thixotropy me ētahi atu mea kua tino pai ake.

③I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te matotoru teitei me te horopeta nui, kāore e taea e te kapia guar te whakakapi i te cellulose ether, ā, mā te whakamahi whakaranu o ngā mea e rua ka pai ake te mahi.

④Mā te paninga o te kapia kuāra ki te moata gypsum ka taea te whakaiti i te piri i te wā hanga, ā, ka maeneene ake te hanganga. Kāore he pānga kino ki te wā whakatakoto me te kaha o te moata gypsum.

⑤ Ina whakamahia te kapia guar ki te mahi pereki me te moata parai, ka taea te whakakapi i te cellulose ether ki te nui ōrite, ā, ka pai ake te ātete ki te totohu, te thixotropy me te maeneene o te hanganga.

⑥I roto i te moata matotoru me te nui o te kaihoko pupuri wai, ka mahi tahi te kapia guar me te cellulose ether hei whakatutuki i ngā hua tino pai.

⑦ Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te kāpia kuāra i roto i ngā hua pēnei i ngā piripiri tāera, ngā kaihoko whakataurite-ake, te putty ātete-wai, me te moata polymer hei whakamahana pakitara.

4. Whakamātotoru pupuri wai kohuke kua whakarerekētia

Kua whakamahia te whakamātotoru pupuri-wai i hangaia mai i ngā kohuke tūturu mā te whakarerekētanga me te whakaranu i Haina. Ko ngā kohuke matua e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā whakamātotoru pupuri-wai ko: te sepiolite, te bentonite, te montmorillonite, te kaolin, me ētahi atu. He āhuatanga pupuri-wai me te whakamātotoru ēnei kohuke mā te whakarerekētanga pērā i ngā ātete honohono. Ko ēnei momo whakamātotoru pupuri-wai e whakamahia ana ki te moata he āhuatanga e whai ake nei.

① Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te mahi a te moata noa, me te whakaoti rapanga o te ngoikore o te mahi a te moata sima, te iti o te kaha o te moata whakauru, me te ātete wai ngoikore.

② Ka taea te hanga i ngā hua moata me ngā taumata kaha rerekē mō ngā whare ahumahi me ngā whare ā-iwi whānui.

③He iti te utu o ngā rauemi.

④ He iti ake te pupuri wai i tērā o ngā kaihoko pupuri wai rauropi, ā, he nui te uara whakaheke maroke o te moata kua rite, ā, ka whakaitihia te piripono.