1. Wajibcin riƙe ruwa
Duk wani nau'in tushe da ke buƙatar turmi don gini yana da wani matakin sha ruwa. Bayan matakin tushe ya sha ruwan da ke cikin turmi, ƙarfin ginin turmi zai lalace, kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, kayan siminti da ke cikin turmi ba zai cika da ruwa ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfi, musamman ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin turmi mai tauri da layin tushe, wanda ke haifar da turmi ya fashe ya faɗi. Idan turmi mai siminti yana da aikin riƙe ruwa mai dacewa, ba wai kawai zai iya inganta aikin ginin turmi yadda ya kamata ba, har ma yana sa ruwan da ke cikin turmi ya yi wahalar sha ta layin tushe da kuma tabbatar da isasshen ruwa na siminti.
2. Matsalolin hanyoyin adana ruwa na gargajiya
Maganin gargajiya shine a shayar da tushen ruwa, amma ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da cewa an jika tushen daidai ba. Manufar da ta dace ta shayar da turmi na siminti a kan tushe ita ce samfurin ruwan siminti yana shan ruwa tare da tushe, yana shiga cikin tushe, kuma yana samar da "haɗin maɓalli" mai tasiri da tushe, don cimma ƙarfin haɗin da ake buƙata. Yin ruwa kai tsaye a saman tushe zai haifar da watsewa sosai a cikin shan ruwa na tushe saboda bambance-bambance a cikin zafin jiki, lokacin shayarwa, da daidaiton ruwa. Tushen yana da ƙarancin shan ruwa kuma zai ci gaba da shan ruwan a cikin turmi. Kafin ruwan siminti ya ci gaba, ana sha ruwan, wanda ke shafar ruwan siminti da shigar samfuran ruwan cikin matrix; tushe yana da babban shan ruwa, kuma ruwan da ke cikin turmi yana kwarara zuwa tushe. Matsakaicin saurin ƙaura yana da jinkiri, har ma da Layer mai wadataccen ruwa yana samuwa tsakanin turmi da matrix, wanda kuma yana shafar ƙarfin haɗin. Saboda haka, amfani da hanyar ban ruwa ta gama gari ba wai kawai zai kasa magance matsalar shan ruwa mai yawa na tushen bango yadda ya kamata ba, har ma zai shafi ƙarfin haɗin da ke tsakanin turmi da tushe, wanda ke haifar da rami da tsagewa.
3. Bukatun turmi daban-daban don riƙe ruwa
An gabatar da shawarar yadda za a yi amfani da turmi mai rufi wajen amfani da shi a wani yanki da kuma a yankunan da yanayin zafi da danshi iri ɗaya ke shafar ruwa a ƙasa.
①High ruwa sha substrate plastering turmi
Abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa waɗanda siminti mai iska ke wakilta, gami da allunan rabawa masu sauƙi, tubalan, da sauransu, suna da halaye na babban shan ruwa da kuma tsawon lokaci. Turmin da ake amfani da shi don wannan nau'in Layer na tushe ya kamata ya kasance yana riƙe ruwa ba ƙasa da kashi 88% ba.
②Ƙarancin ruwan sha mai ƙarfi
Ƙananan abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ruwa waɗanda simintin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin siminti ke wakilta, gami da allon polystyrene don rufin bango na waje, da sauransu, suna da ƙarancin shan ruwa. Turmin da ake amfani da shi don irin waɗannan abubuwan ya kamata ya kasance yana da ƙimar riƙe ruwa na akalla kashi 88%.
③Tumi mai laushi mai laushi
Siraran Layer-Layer yana nufin ginin siraran Layer tare da kauri na Layer-Layer tsakanin 3 zuwa 8 mm. Irin wannan ginin siraran Layer yana da sauƙin rasa danshi saboda siririn Layer-Layer, wanda ke shafar iya aiki da ƙarfi. Ga turmi da ake amfani da shi don wannan nau'in siraran, ƙimar riƙe ruwa ba ta ƙasa da kashi 99% ba.
④Tumi mai kauri mai laushi
Filasta mai kauri tana nufin ginin siminti inda kauri na layin siminti ɗaya yake tsakanin mm 8 zuwa mm 20. Irin wannan ginin siminti ba shi da sauƙin rasa ruwa saboda kauri na layin siminti, don haka ƙimar riƙe ruwa na turmi mai siminti bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da kashi 88% ba.
⑤Mai jure ruwa
Ana amfani da kayan shafa mai jure ruwa a matsayin kayan shafa mai siriri sosai, kuma kauri na ginin gabaɗaya yana tsakanin 1 zuwa 2mm. Irin waɗannan kayan suna buƙatar kyawawan halaye na riƙe ruwa don tabbatar da iya aiki da ƙarfin haɗin su. Ga kayan shafawa, ƙimar riƙe ruwa bai kamata ta zama ƙasa da kashi 99% ba, kuma ƙimar riƙe ruwa na kayan shafawa na bangon waje ya kamata ya fi na kayan shafawa na bangon ciki.
4. Nau'ikan kayan da ke riƙe ruwa
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Sitaci ether
1) Sitaci mai gyara ether
2) Gauran ether
Mai kauri mai riƙe ruwa na ma'adinai da aka gyara (montmorillonite, bentonite, da sauransu)
Na biyar, waɗannan suna mai da hankali kan aikin kayan aiki daban-daban
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Bayani game da Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether kalma ce ta gabaɗaya don jerin samfuran da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar alkali cellulose da wakilin etherification a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ana samun ethers na cellulose daban-daban saboda ana maye gurbin zaren alkali da wakilan etherification daban-daban. Dangane da halayen ionization na abubuwan da ke cikinsa, ana iya raba ethers na cellulose zuwa rukuni biyu: ionic, kamar carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), da nonionic, kamar methyl cellulose (MC).
Dangane da nau'ikan abubuwan maye, ana iya raba ethers na cellulose zuwa monoethers, kamar methyl cellulose ether (MC), da kuma ethers masu gauraye, kamar hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Dangane da abubuwan narkewa daban-daban da yake narkewa, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: mai narkewa a ruwa da kuma mai narkewa a organic.
1.2 Babban nau'in cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 0.4-1.4; wakilin etherification, monooxyacetic acid; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 0.7-1.0; wakilin etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Methylcellulose (MC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 1.5-2.4; wakilin etherification, methyl chloride; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 1.3-3.0; wakilin etherification, ethylene oxide; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 1.5-2.0; wakilin etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 2.5-3.5; wakilin etherification, propylene oxide; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 1.5-2.0; wakilin etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; mai narkewar narkewa, ruwa;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 2.3-2.6; wakilin etherification, monochloroethane; mai narkewar narkewa, mai narkewar halitta;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), matakin maye gurbin aiki: 2.4-2.8; wakilin etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; mai narkewar narkewa, mai narkewar halitta;
1.3 Halayen cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin ruwansa yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kewayon PH = 3-12. Yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da sitaci, guar gum, da sauransu da kuma yawancin surfactants. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai zafin gelation, gelation yana faruwa.
②Tsarin riƙe ruwa na methylcellulose ya dogara da adadin ƙarinsa, ɗanko, ɗanko da kuma yawan narkewar sa. Gabaɗaya, idan adadin ƙarin ya yi yawa, ɗanko yana da ƙarami, kuma ɗanko yana da girma, riƙe ruwa yana da yawa. Daga cikinsu, adadin ƙarin yana da babban tasiri ga riƙe ruwa, kuma mafi ƙarancin ɗanko ba ya daidai da matakin riƙe ruwa kai tsaye. Yawan narkewar ya dogara ne akan matakin gyaran saman ƙwayoyin cellulose da ɗanko. Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cellulose, methyl cellulose yana da mafi girman ƙimar riƙe ruwa.
③Canjin zafin jiki zai yi tasiri sosai ga yawan riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose. Gabaɗaya, idan zafin ya yi yawa, to, riƙe ruwa ya fi muni. Idan zafin turmi ya wuce 40°C, riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose zai yi muni sosai, wanda zai yi tasiri sosai ga ginin turmi.
④ Methyl cellulose yana da tasiri mai yawa akan ginawa da mannewa na turmi. "Mannewa" a nan yana nufin ƙarfin manne da aka ji tsakanin kayan aikin mai amfani da ma'aikacin da kuma abin da ke kan bango, wato, juriyar yanke turmi. Mannewa yana da yawa, juriyar yanke turmi yana da girma, kuma ma'aikata suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi yayin amfani, kuma aikin ginin turmi yana da rauni. Mannewar methyl cellulose yana da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samfuran cellulose ether.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose wani sinadari ne na zare wanda fitarwa da amfaninsa ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Ether ne mai gauraye wanda ba na ionic ba wanda aka yi daga auduga mai tsafta bayan an yi alkali, ana amfani da propylene oxide da methyl chloride a matsayin sinadaran etherification, kuma ta hanyar jerin halayen. Matsayin maye gurbin gabaɗaya shine 1.5-2.0. Abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun bambanta saboda bambancin rabo na abun ciki na methoxyl da abun ciki na hydroxypropyl. Babban abun ciki na methoxyl da ƙarancin abun ciki na hydroxypropyl, aikin yana kusa da methyl cellulose; ƙarancin abun ciki na methoxyl da babban abun ciki na hydroxypropyl, aikin yana kusa da hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana narkewa cikin ruwan sanyi cikin sauƙi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Amma zafin gelation ɗinsa a cikin ruwan zafi ya fi na methyl cellulose girma sosai. Narkewar ruwan sanyi kuma yana da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da methyl cellulose.
② Dankowar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayoyin halittarsa, kuma girman nauyin kwayoyin halittar, haka nan girman dankowar. Zafin jiki kuma yana shafar dankowar sa, yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, dankowar yana raguwa. Amma dankowar sa ba ta da tasiri sosai fiye da methyl cellulose. Maganin sa yana da karko idan aka adana shi a zafin jiki na ɗaki.
③Rijiyar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ta dogara ne akan adadin da aka ƙara masa, dankonsa, da sauransu, kuma yawan riƙewar ruwansa a ƙarƙashin adadin da aka ƙara masa ya fi na methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali, kuma ruwan da ke cikinsa yana da daidaito sosai a cikin kewayon PH=2-12. Soda mai kauri da ruwan lemun tsami ba su da tasiri sosai kan aikinsu, amma alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa da kuma ƙara ɗanɗanonsa. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga gishirin da aka saba da shi, amma idan yawan ruwan gishiri ya yi yawa, ɗanɗano na ruwan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana ƙaruwa.
⑤Ana iya haɗa Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose da polymers masu narkewa cikin ruwa don samar da mafita iri ɗaya da haske tare da ɗanko mai yawa. Kamar polyvinyl alcohol, sitaci ether, man shafawa na kayan lambu, da sauransu.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da juriya ga enzyme fiye da methylcellulose, kuma maganin sa ba shi da yuwuwar lalacewa ta hanyar enzymes fiye da methylcellulose.
⑦Mannewar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose zuwa ginin turmi ya fi na methylcellulose girma.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
An yi shi ne da auduga mai tsafta wadda aka yi wa magani da alkali, kuma ana mayar da shi da ethylene oxide a matsayin maganin etherification idan akwai acetone. Matsakaicin maye gurbinsa gabaɗaya shine 1.5-2.0. Yana da ƙarfin hydrophilicity kuma yana da sauƙin sha danshi.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, amma yana da wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin sa yana da ƙarfi a zafin jiki mai yawa ba tare da gel ba. Ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin zafin jiki mai yawa a cikin turmi, amma riƙe ruwansa ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali gabaɗaya. Alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa kuma ya ƙara ɗanɗanonsa kaɗan. Watsewarsa a cikin ruwa ya ɗan fi muni fiye da na methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da kyakkyawan aikin hana sag ga turmi, amma yana da tsawon lokacin jinkirin siminti.
④Aikin hydroxyethyl cellulose da wasu kamfanonin cikin gida ke samarwa a bayyane yake yana ƙasa da na methyl cellulose saboda yawan ruwa da kuma yawan toka da ke cikinsa.
1.3.4 Ana yin Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) da zare na halitta (auduga, hemp, da sauransu) bayan an yi maganin alkali, ana amfani da sodium monochloroacetate a matsayin wakilin etherification, kuma ana yin jerin maganin amsawa don yin ionic cellulose ether. Matsakaicin maye gurbin gabaɗaya shine 0.4-1.4, kuma aikin sa yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar matakin maye gurbin.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose yana da hygroscopic sosai, kuma zai ƙunshi ruwa mai yawa idan aka adana shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun.
②Maganin ruwa na hydroxymethyl cellulose ba zai samar da gel ba, kuma danko zai ragu tare da karuwar zafin jiki. Idan zafin ya wuce 50 ℃, danko ba zai iya canzawa ba.
③ Daidaitonsa yana da matuƙar tasiri ga pH. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin turmi mai tushen gypsum, amma ba a cikin turmi mai tushen siminti ba. Idan yana da alkaline sosai, yana rasa ɗanko.
④ Rikewar ruwa da yake yi ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose. Yana da tasirin rage tasirin turmi da aka yi da gypsum kuma yana rage ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, farashin carboxymethyl cellulose ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da na methyl cellulose.
2. Sitaci mai gyara ether
Ana gyaggyara sitaci ethers na sitaci daga sinadarai na halitta na wasu polysaccharides. Kamar dankali, masara, rogo, wake guar, da sauransu, zuwa sitaci ethers daban-daban da aka gyara. Sitaci ethers da aka saba amfani da su a turmi sune sitaci hydroxypropyl ether, sitaci hydroxymethyl ether, da sauransu.
Gabaɗaya, sitaci ethers da aka gyara daga dankali, masara, da rogo suna da ƙarancin riƙe ruwa fiye da cellulose ethers. Saboda bambancin matakin gyare-gyarensa, yana nuna daidaito daban-daban ga acid da alkali. Wasu samfura sun dace da amfani da su a cikin turmi mai tushen gypsum, yayin da wasu ba za a iya amfani da su a cikin turmi mai tushen siminti ba. Ana amfani da sitaci ether a cikin turmi galibi azaman mai kauri don inganta yanayin hana lanƙwasa turmi, rage mannewar turmi mai jika, da kuma tsawaita lokacin buɗewa.
Sau da yawa ana amfani da sitaci ethers tare da cellulose, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin halaye da fa'idodi na samfuran biyu. Tunda samfuran sitaci ether sun fi rahusa fiye da cellulose ether, amfani da sitaci ether a cikin turmi zai haifar da raguwa sosai a farashin hada turmi.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether wani nau'in polysaccharide ne mai etherified wanda ke da halaye na musamman, wanda aka gyara daga wake na guar na halitta. Galibi ta hanyar amsawar etherification tsakanin guar gum da ƙungiyoyin aiki na acrylic, ana samar da tsari wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin aiki na 2-hydroxypropyl, wanda tsarin polygalactomannose ne.
①Idan aka kwatanta da cellulose ether, guar gum ether ya fi sauƙin narkewa a cikin ruwa. PH ba shi da wani tasiri ga aikin guar gum ether.
②A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin ɗanko da ƙarancin amfani, guar gum zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether daidai gwargwado, kuma yana da irin wannan riƙe ruwa. Amma daidaito, hana sag, thixotropy da sauransu a bayyane yake an inganta su.
③A ƙarƙashin yanayin yawan danko da kuma yawan amfani, guar gum ba zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether ba, kuma amfani da su biyun zai samar da ingantaccen aiki.
④Shafa guar gum a cikin turmi mai tushen gypsum zai iya rage mannewa sosai yayin gini kuma ya sa ginin ya yi laushi. Ba shi da wani mummunan tasiri ga lokacin saitawa da ƙarfin turmi mai siffar gypsum.
⑤ Lokacin da aka shafa guar gum a kan tubalin da aka yi da siminti da kuma turmi mai rufi, zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether daidai gwargwado, kuma ya ba turmi juriya mai kyau, thixotropy da santsi na gini.
⑥A cikin turmi mai yawan danko da kuma yawan sinadarin da ke cikin sinadarin riƙe ruwa, guar gum da cellulose ether za su yi aiki tare don cimma sakamako mai kyau.
⑦ Ana iya amfani da guar gum a cikin kayayyaki kamar manne tayal, abubuwan da ke daidaita ƙasa, putty mai jure ruwa, da kuma turmi na polymer don rufin bango.
4. Mai kauri mai riƙe ruwan ma'adinai da aka gyara
An yi amfani da na'urar riƙe ruwa mai kauri da aka yi da ma'adanai na halitta ta hanyar gyare-gyare da haɗa su a China. Manyan ma'adanai da ake amfani da su don shirya na'urorin riƙe ruwa masu kauri sune: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, da sauransu. Waɗannan ma'adanai suna da wasu halaye na riƙe ruwa da kauri ta hanyar gyare-gyare kamar su abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Wannan nau'in na'urar riƙe ruwa mai kauri da aka shafa a turmi yana da halaye masu zuwa.
① Yana iya inganta aikin turmi na yau da kullun sosai, da kuma magance matsalolin rashin iya aiki da turmi na siminti, ƙarancin ƙarfin turmi gauraye, da kuma rashin juriyar ruwa.
② Ana iya tsara samfuran turmi masu matakan ƙarfi daban-daban don gine-ginen masana'antu da na farar hula.
③Kudin kayan yana da ƙasa.
④ Rikewar ruwa ya yi ƙasa da na sinadaran riƙe ruwa na halitta, kuma ƙimar busasshiyar raguwar turmi da aka shirya tana da girma sosai, kuma haɗin kai yana raguwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-03-2023