1. Ni ngombwa ko amazi abikwa
Ubwoko bwose bw'ibice byose bisaba kontineri mu bwubatsi bufite urugero runaka rwo kwinjiza amazi. Nyuma y'uko urwego rw'ibanze rumaze kwinjiza amazi mu rutineri, ubushobozi bwo kubaka rutineri buragabanuka, kandi mu bihe bikomeye, ibikoresho bitera sima mu rutineri ntibiba bifite amazi yuzuye, bigatuma imbaraga nkeya, cyane cyane imbaraga hagati y'urutineri rukomeye n'urwego rw'ibanze, bigatuma rutineri rucikamo ibice. Iyo rutineri rwo gusigwa rufite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi neza, ntabwo rushobora gusa kunoza imikorere y'urutineri mu bwubatsi, ahubwo runatuma amazi mu rutineri bigorana kwinjiza n'urwego rw'ibanze no kwemeza ko sima ifite amazi ahagije.
2. Ibibazo bijyanye n'uburyo gakondo bwo kubika amazi
Umuti usanzwe ni ukuvomerera ishingiro, ariko ntibishoboka kwemeza ko ishingiro ritose neza. Intego nziza yo kuvomerera sima ku rufatiro ni uko sima ivomerera amazi hamwe n’ishingiro, ikinjira mu rufatiro, kandi igakora "ihuriro ry'ingenzi" n'ishingiro, kugira ngo igere ku mbaraga zisabwa zo guhuza. Kuvomerera neza hejuru y'ishingiro bizatera gukwirakwira gukomeye mu kwinjiza amazi kw'ishingiro bitewe n'itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe, igihe cyo kuvomera, no kuvomera kimwe. Ishingiro rifite amazi make yo kwinjiza kandi rizakomeza kwinjiza amazi ari muri sima. Mbere y'uko amazi yo kwinjiza sima atangira, amazi arongerwa, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku kwinjiza sima no kwinjira kw'ibicuruzwa byo kwinjiza amazi muri sima; ishingiro rifite amazi menshi yo kwinjiza, kandi amazi ari muri sima anyura mu rufatiro. Umuvuduko wo kwimuka uri hagati y'amazi ugenda buhoro, ndetse n'urwego rukungahaye ku mazi rukorwa hagati ya sima na sima, ibyo bigira ingaruka no ku mbaraga z'ishingiro. Kubwibyo, gukoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo kuhira amazi yo hasi ntibizakemura neza ikibazo cyo kwinjiza amazi menshi ku rukuta, ahubwo bizagira ingaruka ku mbaraga zo gufatanya hagati y’urukuta n’urukuta, bigatuma habaho gucikamo ibice no kwangirika.
3. Ibisabwa ku bikoresho bitandukanye byo kubika amazi
Ibipimo byo kubika amazi mu gusiga ibikoresho bya sima bikoreshwa mu gace runaka no mu duce dufite ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bisa biravugwa hano hepfo.
①Imbuto yo gusigwa ikoreshwa mu gusigwa inyuzwamo amazi menshi
Ibintu bikurura amazi bigaragazwa na sima ikoresha umwuka, harimo n'imbaho zitandukanye zoroshye zo gukata, ibiti, nibindi, bifite imiterere yo kwinjiza amazi menshi no kumara igihe kirekire. Sima ikoreshwa muri ubwo bwoko bw'urwego rw'ibanze igomba kugira igipimo cyo kubika amazi kitari munsi ya 88%.
②Imbuto yo gusigwa ikoreshwa mu gusigwa idafite amazi menshi
Imiterere y’amazi make igaragazwa na sima ikoreshwa mu gupfuka, harimo n’imbaho za polystyrene zo gupfuka inkuta zo hanze, n’ibindi, ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi make. Imashini yo gusigwa ikoreshwa muri iyo miterere igomba kugira igipimo cyo gufata amazi kitari munsi ya 88%.
③Urukuta rworoshye rwo gusigwa
Gusigwa mu buryo buciriritse bivuga imiterere y’ubusitani bufite ubugari bwa mm 3 na 8. Ubu bwoko bw’ubusitani bworoshye gutakaza ubushuhe bitewe n’imiterere y’ubusitani, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku gukora no gukomera. Ku gishishwa gikoreshwa muri ubwo bwoko bw’ubusitani, igipimo cyacyo cyo kubika amazi kiri munsi ya 99%.
④Urusenda rwo gusigwa rufite urwego runini
Gusigwa mu byiciro binini bivuga imiterere y’ubusitani aho ubunini bw’urwego rumwe rwo gusigwa buri hagati ya mm 8 na mm 20. Ubwo bwoko bw’imiterere yo gusigwa ntabwo bworoshye gutakaza amazi bitewe n’urwego rwo gusigwa mu bice binini, bityo igipimo cyo kubika amazi mu gice cyo gusigwa ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 88%.
⑤Ifu irinda amazi
Puti irinda amazi ikoreshwa nk'igikoresho cyo gusigwa gikozwe mu buryo bworoshye cyane, kandi ubugari rusange bw'inyubako buri hagati ya mm 1 na 2. Ibikoresho nk'ibi bisaba ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kubika amazi kugira ngo bikore neza kandi bikomere. Ku bikoresho bya puti, igipimo cyabyo cyo kubika amazi ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 99%, kandi igipimo cyo kubika amazi cya puti ku nkuta zo hanze kigomba kuba kinini kuruta igipimo cyo kubika amazi ku nkuta zo imbere.
4. Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bibungabunga amazi
Eteri ya selulosi
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Eteri y'ibinyampeke
1) Eteri ya starch yahinduwe
2) Guar ether
Imashini ihindura amazi y’ubutare (montmorillonite, bentonite, nibindi)
Icya gatanu, ibi bikurikira byibanda ku mikorere y'ibikoresho bitandukanye
1. Eteri ya selulosi
1.1 Incamake ya Eteri ya Selulosi
Cellulose ether ni ijambo rusange risobanura urukurikirane rw'ibicuruzwa bikozwe n'uburyo alkali cellulose n'ibikoresho bya etherification bigenda mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Ether zitandukanye za cellulose ziboneka kubera ko fibre ya alkali isimburwa n'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya etherification. Dukurikije imiterere ya ionization y'ibintu byayo, ether za cellulose zishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: ionic, nka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), na nonionic, nka methyl cellulose (MC).
Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ibintu bisimbura ibindi, eteri za selulose zishobora kugabanywamo monoethers, nka methyl cellulose ether (MC), na eteri zivanze, nka hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gushonga, ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ishonga mu mazi n'ishonga mu buryo bw'umwimerere.
1.2 Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa selulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 0.4-1.4; etherification agent, monooxyacetic aside; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 0.7-1.0; ikintu gitanga etherification, aside monooxyacetic, oxide ethylene; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Methylcellulose (MC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 1.5-2.4; etherification agent, methyl chloride; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 1.3-3.0; etherification agent, ethylene oxide; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 1.5-2.0; etherification agent, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 2.5-3.5; etherification agent, propylene oxide; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 1.5-2.0; etherification agent, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent ishongesha, amazi;
Selulose ya ethyl (EC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 2.3-2.6; ikintu gitanga etherization, monochloroethane; ikintu gishongesha, ikintu kiyungurura organic;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), urwego rw'ubusimbuzi: 2.4-2.8; etherification agent, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; solvent ishongesha, organic solvent;
1.3 Imiterere ya selulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose ishongeshwa mu mazi akonje, kandi bizagorana kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo w'amazi uhoraho cyane mu rugero rwa PH = 3-12. Ikorana neza na sitashi, guar gum, nibindi nibindi byinshi bya surfactants. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze ku bushyuhe bwa gelation, gelation iba ihari.
②Gufata methylcellulose mu mazi biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana, ubukana bw'uduce duto n'umuvuduko wo gushonga. Muri rusange, iyo ingano yo kongeramo ari nini, ubukana ni buto, kandi ubukana ni bwinshi, amazi agumana ni menshi. Muri byo, ingano yo kongeramo igira ingaruka nini ku kugumana amazi, kandi ubukana buke ntibujyanye neza n'urwego rwo kugumana amazi. Umuvuduko wo gushonga uterwa ahanini n'urugero rw'impinduka z'uduce twa cellulose n'ubukana bw'uduce duto. Muri ether za cellulose, methyl cellulose ifite umuvuduko wo kugumana amazi mwinshi.
③Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe rizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku muvuduko wo kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl. Muri rusange, uko ubushyuhe burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko kubika amazi birushaho kuba bibi. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa selulosi burenze dogere selisiyusi 40, kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl bizaba bibi cyane, ibyo bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku iyubakwa rya selulosi.
④ Selulosi ya Methyl igira ingaruka zikomeye ku iyubakwa n'ifatana rya sima. "Gufatana" hano bivuga imbaraga z'ubukorikori zumvika hagati y'igikoresho cy'umukozi n'igice cy'urukuta, ni ukuvuga ubukorikori bw'ubukorikori. Ubukorikori ni bwinshi, ubukorikori bw'ubukorikori ni bwinshi, kandi abakozi bakeneye imbaraga nyinshi mu gihe cyo gukoreshwa, kandi imikorere y'ubwubatsi bw'isima iba mibi. Ubukorikori bwa Methyl cellulose buri ku rwego rwo hagati mu bicuruzwa bya ether ya selulosi.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ni igicuruzwa cya fibre gifite umusaruro n'ikoreshwa ryiyongera cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha.
Ni eteri ivanze na cellulose itari ionic ikozwe mu ipamba itunganyijwe nyuma yo kuyitunganya, ikoresheje propylene oxide na methyl chloride nk'ibintu bihindura ether, kandi binyuze mu buryo butandukanye. Igipimo cyo kuyisimbura muri rusange ni 1.5-2.0. Imiterere yayo iratandukanye bitewe n'ibipimo bitandukanye by'ingano ya methoxyl n'ingano ya hydroxypropyl. Ingano nyinshi ya methoxyl n'ingano nke ya hydroxypropyl, imikorere yayo iri hafi ya methyl cellulose; ingano nke ya methoxyl n'ingano nyinshi ya hydroxypropyl, imikorere yayo iri hafi ya hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishongeshwa byoroshye mu mazi akonje, kandi bizagorana kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Ariko ubushyuhe bwayo bwo gupima amazi ashyushye buri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’ubwa methyl cellulose. Gushonga mu mazi akonje nabyo birarushaho kwiyongera ugereranije na methyl cellulose.
② Uburemere bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bufitanye isano n'uburemere bwayo bwa molekile, kandi uko uburemere bwa molekile burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko uburemere burushaho kuba bwinshi. Ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka ku buremere bwayo, uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, uburemere bugabanuka. Ariko uburemere bwayo ntibugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe kurusha methyl cellulose. Umuti wayo uhoraho iyo ubitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
③Gufata amazi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana bwayo, n'ibindi, kandi igipimo cyo gufata amazi munsi y'ingano imwe yo kongeramo kiri hejuru y'icya methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahindagurika kuri aside na alkali, kandi umuti wayo w'amazi urahindagurika cyane mu rugero rwa PH = 2-12. Soda ya Caustic na lime amazi ntacyo bigira ku mikorere yayo, ariko alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga kwayo no kongera ubukana bwayo gato. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahindagurika kuri umunyu usanzwe, ariko iyo ubwinshi bw'umunyu buri hejuru, ubukana bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bukunda kwiyongera.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishobora kuvangwa na polymer zishongeshwa n'amazi kugira ngo habeho igisubizo kimwe kandi kibonerana gifite ubukana bwinshi. Nka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, nibindi.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwa enzymes kurusha methylcellulose, kandi umuti wayo ntushobora kwangirika cyane na enzymes kurusha methylcellulose.
⑦Ubufatanye bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose mu nyubako ya mortier buri hejuru kurusha ubw'imiti ya methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Ikozwe mu ipamba itunganyijwe ivuguruwe na alkali, kandi ivanze na ethylene oxide nk'ikintu gihindura umwuka iyo hari acetone. Ubusanzwe urwego rwo kuyisimbura ni 1.5-2.0. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mazi kandi yoroshye kuyifata.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose irashongeshwa mu mazi akonje, ariko biragoye kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo uhoraho ku bushyuhe bwinshi nta gel ikoreshejwe. Ishobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu mashini, ariko amazi yayo ni make ugereranyije n'aya methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose irakomera kuri aside rusange na alkali. Alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga kwayo no kongera ubukana bwayo gato. Kudashobora gukwirakwira kwayo mu mazi ni bibi gato kurusha ibya methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya gushonga kwa mortilage, ariko sima yo iratinda igihe kirekire.
④Umusaruro wa hydroxyethyl cellulose ikorwa na bimwe mu bigo byo mu gihugu ugaragara ko uri hasi ugereranije n'uwa methyl cellulose bitewe n'uko ifite amazi menshi n'umuvu mwinshi.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) ikozwe mu migozi karemano (ipamba, hemp, nibindi) nyuma yo kuvurwa na alkali, hakoreshejwe sodium monochloroacetate nk'igikoresho cyo gukwirakwiza ether, kandi ikorerwa ubuvuzi butandukanye kugira ngo ikore ionic cellulose ether. Igipimo cyo gusimbuza muri rusange ni 0.4-1.4, kandi imikorere yayo igirwaho ingaruka cyane n'urwego rwo gusimbuza.
①Selulosi ya karboksimetili ni hygroscopic cyane, kandi izaba irimo amazi menshi iyo ibitswe mu buryo busanzwe.
②Umuti w'amazi wa Hydroxymethyl cellulose ntuzatanga jeli, kandi ubushyuhe buzagabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 50 ℃, ubushyuhe buragabanuka.
③ Ubudahangarwa bwayo buterwa cyane na pH. Muri rusange, ishobora gukoreshwa muri morti ishingiye kuri gypsum, ariko ntikoreshwa muri morti ishingiye kuri sima. Iyo ifite alkaline nyinshi, itakaza ubukana.
④ Amazi yayo ni make cyane ugereranyije n’aya selulosi ya methyl. Igira ingaruka mbi ku mashini ikoze muri gypsum kandi igabanya imbaraga zayo. Ariko, igiciro cya selulosi ya carboxymethyl kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’iya selulosi ya methyl.
2. Eteri ya starch yahinduwe
Eteri za sitashi zikoreshwa muri mortilari zihindurwa ziturutse kuri polimeri karemano za polisakaride zimwe na zimwe. Nk'ibirayi, ibigori, imyumbati, ibishyimbo bya guar, nibindi bihindurwamo eteri za sitashi zitandukanye zahinduwe. Eteri za sitashi zikoreshwa muri mortilari ni hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, nibindi.
Muri rusange, eteri za starch zahinduwe zikomoka ku birayi, ibigori, n'imyumbati zifite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi make cyane ugereranyije na eteri za cellulose. Kubera urwego rwazo rwo guhinduranya, zigaragaza ubudahinduka kuri aside na alkali. Hari ibicuruzwa bikwiriye gukoreshwa muri mortars zishingiye kuri gypsum, mu gihe ibindi bidakoreshwa muri mortars zishingiye kuri sima. Gukoresha eteri ya starch muri mortars bikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ingufu zo kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kugwa kw'mortars, kugabanya gufatana kw'mortars zitose, no kongera igihe cyo gufungura.
Eteri za sitashi zikunze gukoreshwa hamwe na selulose, bigatuma habaho imiterere n'akamaro byuzuzanya by'ibi bicuruzwa byombi. Kubera ko ibikomoka kuri eteri ya sitashi bihendutse cyane ugereranyije na eteri ya selulose, gukoresha eteri ya sitashi muri mortier bizagabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'imvange ya mortier.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether ni ubwoko bwa polysaccharide ifite ether ifite imiterere yihariye, ihinduka iturutse ku bishyimbo karemano bya guar. Ahanini binyuze mu buryo bwa etherification hagati ya guar gum n'amatsinda imikorere ya acrylic, hakorwa imiterere irimo amatsinda imikorere ya 2-hydroxypropyl, ari yo imiterere ya polygalactomannose.
①Ugereranyije na eteri ya selulose, eteri ya guar gum yoroshye gushonga mu mazi. PH nta ngaruka igira ku mikorere ya eteri ya guar gum.
②Mu gihe cy’ubukonje buke n’ingano nto, guar gum ishobora gusimbura ether ya cellulose ku rugero rungana, kandi ifite amazi ahagije. Ariko imiterere yayo, irwanya gucika, thixotropy n'ibindi biragaragara ko byarushijeho kuba byiza.
③Mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ingano nini, guar gum ntishobora gusimbura ether ya cellulose, kandi ikoreshwa ry’ibi byombi rivanze rizatuma habaho imikorere myiza.
④Gukoresha guar gum muri mortila ishingiye kuri gypsum bishobora kugabanya cyane gufatana mu gihe cyo kubaka no gutuma inyubako irushaho kuba nziza. Nta ngaruka mbi bigira ku gihe n'imbaraga bya mortila ishingiye kuri gypsum.
⑤ Iyo gum ya guar ikoreshejwe ku byuma bikozwe muri sima no mu gishishwa cyo gusimbuza, ishobora gusimbuza eteri ya cellulose ku rugero rungana, kandi igaha icyo gishishwa ubushobozi bwo kugabanuka, thixotropy no koroshya imirimo.
⑥Muri mortilo ifite ubukana bwinshi n'ingano nini y'ikintu gifata amazi, guar gum na cellulose ether bizakorana kugira ngo bigere ku musaruro mwiza.
⑦ Guar gum ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu bikoresho nka kole y'amatafari, ibikoresho byo kwipima hasi, putty idapfa amazi, na mortier ya polymer yo gukingira inkuta.
4. Imashini igabanya amazi y'ubutare yahinduwe
Imashini ikomeza amazi ikozwe mu mabuye y'agaciro karemano binyuze mu guhindura no gusya yakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa. Amabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa cyane mu gutegura imashini ikomeza amazi ni: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolini, n'ibindi. Aya mabuye afite ubushobozi bumwe na bumwe bwo kubika no gusya amazi binyuze mu guhindura nk'ibintu bihuza. Ubu bwoko bw'imashini ikomeza amazi ikoreshwa kuri mortier bufite ibi bikurikira.
① Ishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya sima isanzwe, kandi igakemura ibibazo by’imikorere mibi ya sima ivanze, imbaraga nke za sima ivanze, ndetse no kudakoresha amazi neza.
② Ibikoresho bya sima bifite imbaraga zitandukanye ku nyubako rusange z'inganda n'iz'ubucuruzi bishobora gukorwa.
③Igiciro cy'ibikoresho ni gito.
④ Uburyo amazi abikwamo buri hasi ugereranyije n'uburyo ibintu bibikwamo amazi y'umwimerere, kandi agaciro k'umusenyi wateguwe ni kanini, kandi uburyo amazi abikwamo buragabanuka.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-03-2023