1. Kufunika kosunga madzi
Mitundu yonse ya maziko omwe amafunikira matope kuti amange amakhala ndi madzi pang'ono. Pambuyo poti matope alowe m'madzi mu matope, kapangidwe ka matopewo kamachepa, ndipo pakakhala zovuta kwambiri, zinthu zolimbitsa simenti mu matopewo sizidzakhala ndi madzi okwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yake ikhale yochepa, makamaka mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa matope olimba ndi matope oyambira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matopewo asweke ndikugwa. Ngati matope opaka pulasitala ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira yosungira madzi, sizingowonjezera bwino momwe matopewo amagwirira ntchito, komanso zimapangitsa kuti madzi mu matopewo akhale ovuta kuyamwa ndi matope oyambira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti simentiyo ili ndi madzi okwanira.
2. Mavuto ndi njira zachikhalidwe zosungira madzi
Njira yachikhalidwe ndiyo kuthirira pansi, koma sizingatheke kuonetsetsa kuti pansi pake panyowa mofanana. Cholinga chabwino cha madzi a simenti pa pansi ndichakuti madzi a simenti azitha kuyamwa madzi pamodzi ndi pansi, kulowa pansi, ndikupanga "kugwirizana kofunikira" ndi pansi, kuti akwaniritse mphamvu yolumikizirana yofunikira. Kuthirira mwachindunji pamwamba pa pansi kungayambitse kufalikira kwakukulu mu kuyamwa kwa madzi a pansi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha, nthawi yothirira, komanso kufanana kwa madzi. Pansi pake pamakhala kuyamwa kochepa kwa madzi ndipo padzapitiriza kuyamwa madzi mu matope. Madzi a simenti asanapitirire, madziwo amayamwa, zomwe zimakhudza madzi a simenti ndi kulowa kwa zinthu zothirira mu matope; pansi pake pamakhala kuyamwa kwakukulu kwa madzi, ndipo madzi mu matope amatsikira ku maziko. Liwiro losamuka lapakati ndi lochepa, ndipo ngakhale wosanjikiza wolemera madzi umapangidwa pakati pa matope ndi matope, zomwe zimakhudzanso mphamvu yolumikizirana. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yothirira madzi pansi sikungothetsa vuto la kuyamwa madzi ambiri pansi pa khoma, komanso kudzakhudza mphamvu yomangirira pakati pa matope ndi pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mabowo ndi ming'alu.
3. Zofunikira za matope osiyanasiyana kuti madzi asungidwe
Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti pali njira zosungira madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka zinthu za matope zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera linalake komanso m'madera omwe kutentha ndi chinyezi zimafanana.
①Chopopera pulasitala chomwe chimayamwa madzi ambiri
Ma substrates omwe amayamwa madzi ambiri omwe amaimiridwa ndi konkriti yolowetsedwa ndi mpweya, kuphatikiza ma board osiyanasiyana opepuka ogawa, ma block, ndi zina zotero, ali ndi mawonekedwe oyamwa madzi ambiri komanso okhalitsa. Chomangira pulasitala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtundu uwu wa maziko chiyenera kukhala ndi chiŵerengero chosungira madzi chosachepera 88%.
②Chopopera pulasitala chopanda madzi ambiri
Ma substrate osayamwa madzi ambiri omwe amaimiridwa ndi konkriti yopangidwa m'malo mwake, kuphatikizapo matabwa a polystyrene otetezera makoma akunja, ndi zina zotero, ali ndi madzi ochepa. Dothi lopaka pulasitala lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa substrate zotere liyenera kukhala ndi chiŵerengero chosungira madzi chosachepera 88%.
③Chomangira chopaka pulasitala chokhala ndi gawo lochepa
Kupaka pulasitala kopyapyala kumatanthauza kapangidwe ka pulasitala kokhala ndi makulidwe a 3 ndi 8 mm. Kapangidwe ka pulasitala kamtunduwu ndikosavuta kutaya chinyezi chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka pulasitiki kopyapyala, komwe kumakhudza kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu. Pa matope omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunduwu, kuchuluka kwake kosunga madzi sikochepera 99%.
④ Chomangira chopaka pulasitala chokhala ndi zigawo zokhuthala
Kupaka pulasitiki wokhuthala kumatanthauza kapangidwe ka pulasitala komwe makulidwe a pulasitiki imodzi ndi pakati pa 8mm ndi 20mm. Mtundu uwu wa pulasitiki wopangidwira siwophweka kutaya madzi chifukwa cha pulasitiki wokhuthala, kotero kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa mu pulasitiki wopangidwira sikuyenera kuchepera 88%.
⑤Putty yosalowa madzi
Putty yosalowa madzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pulasitiki woonda kwambiri, ndipo makulidwe ake onse ndi pakati pa 1 ndi 2mm. Zipangizo zotere zimafuna mphamvu zambiri zosungira madzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti zimamatira bwino. Pazinthu zopangidwa ndi putty, kuchuluka kwake kosunga madzi sikuyenera kuchepera 99%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi kosunga madzi kwa putty pamakoma akunja kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa putty pamakoma amkati.
4. Mitundu ya zinthu zosungira madzi
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Etha wothira
1) Etha wosakaniza wosinthidwa
2) Guar ether
Chowonjezera chosungira madzi cha mchere chosinthidwa (montmorillonite, bentonite, ndi zina zotero)
Zisanu, zotsatirazi zikuyang'ana kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Chidule cha Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether ndi mawu wamba a zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi momwe alkali cellulose imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe etherification imagwirira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Ma cellulose ether osiyanasiyana amapezeka chifukwa alkali fiber imalowetsedwa m'malo ndi ma etherification osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi momwe ma ionization a zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwake zimakhalira, ma cellulose ether amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ionic, monga carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ndi nonionic, monga methyl cellulose (MC).
Malinga ndi mitundu ya zinthu zina, ma ether a cellulose amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: methyl cellulose ether (MC), ndi ma ether osakanikirana, monga hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Malinga ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasungunuka, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zosungunuka m'madzi ndi zosungunuka zachilengedwe.
1.2 Mitundu ikuluikulu ya cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 0.4-1.4; chothandizira etherification, monooxyacetic acid; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 0.7-1.0; wothandizira etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Methylcellulose (MC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 1.5-2.4; chothandizira etherification, methyl chloride; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 1.3-3.0; wothandizira etherification, ethylene oxide; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 1.5-2.0; wothandizira etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 2.5-3.5; wothandizira etherification, propylene oxide; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 1.5-2.0; wothandizira etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent yosungunuka, madzi;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 2.3-2.6; wothandizira etherification, monochloroethane; solvent yosungunuka, organic solvent;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), mlingo wothandiza wosinthira: 2.4-2.8; wothandizira etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; solvent yosungunuka, organic solvent;
1.3 Katundu wa selulosi
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Madzi ake ndi olimba kwambiri pakati pa PH = 3-12. Imagwirizana bwino ndi starch, guar gum, ndi zina zotero. Kutentha kukafika pa kutentha kwa gelation, gelation imachitika.
②Kusunga madzi kwa methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala, kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka. Kawirikawiri, ngati kuchuluka kowonjezera kuli kwakukulu, kusalala kwake kuli kochepa, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kuli kwakukulu, kusungidwa kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezera kumakhudza kwambiri kusunga madzi, ndipo kukhuthala kochepa sikufanana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa kusunga madzi. Kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kumadalira makamaka kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa pamwamba pa tinthu ta cellulose ndi kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pakati pa ma cellulose ether, methyl cellulose ili ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungira madzi.
③Kusintha kwa kutentha kudzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa mu methyl cellulose. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kukakhala kwakukulu, madzi omwe amasungidwa amakhala oipa kwambiri. Ngati kutentha kwa matope kupitirira 40°C, methyl cellulose imakhala yofooka kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka matope.
④ Methyl cellulose imakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ndi kumatirira kwa matope. Mawu akuti "kumatirira" pano akutanthauza mphamvu yomatirira yomwe imamveka pakati pa chida chogwiritsira ntchito cha wantchito ndi khoma, ndiko kuti, kukana kukakamira kwa matope. Kumatirira kwake kumakhala kwakukulu, kukana kukakamira kwa matope kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo ogwira ntchito amafunika mphamvu zambiri akamagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ntchito yomanga matope imakhala yofooka. Kumatirira kwa methyl cellulose kumakhala kocheperako pazinthu za cellulose ether.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi ulusi chomwe ntchito yake ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake zikuwonjezeka mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Ndi ether yosakanikirana ya cellulose yosakhala ionic yopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa pambuyo pa alkalization, pogwiritsa ntchito propylene oxide ndi methyl chloride ngati zinthu zoyeretsera, komanso kudzera muzochita zingapo. Mlingo wosinthira nthawi zambiri umakhala 1.5-2.0. Kapangidwe kake ndi kosiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi hydroxypropyl. Kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi hydroxypropyl, magwiridwe antchito ake ndi ofanana ndi methyl cellulose; kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi hydroxypropyl, magwiridwe antchito ake ndi ofanana ndi hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Koma kutentha kwake kwa gelation m'madzi otentha ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kusungunuka m'madzi ozizira nakonso kumawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi methyl cellulose.
② Kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumakhudzana ndi kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kukakwera, kukhuthala kumakwera. Kutentha kumakhudzanso kukhuthala kwake, pamene kutentha kukukwera, kukhuthala kumachepa. Koma kukhuthala kwake sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kuposa methyl cellulose. Yankho lake limakhala lokhazikika likasungidwa kutentha kwa chipinda.
③Kusunga madzi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala kwake, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kosungira madzi pansi pa kuchuluka komweko kowonjezera kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika pa asidi ndi alkali, ndipo yankho lake lamadzi ndi lokhazikika kwambiri pamlingo wa PH = 2-12. Madzi a Caustic soda ndi laimu sakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe ake, koma alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera pang'ono kukhuthala kwake. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika pa mchere wamba, koma pamene kuchuluka kwa mchere kuli kwakukulu, kukhuthala kwa yankho la hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumawonjezeka.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ikhoza kusakanikirana ndi ma polima osungunuka m'madzi kuti apange yankho lofanana komanso lowonekera bwino komanso lokhuthala kwambiri. Monga polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, ndi zina zotero.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ili ndi kukana bwino kwa ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose, ndipo yankho lake silingathe kuwonongeka ndi ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose.
⑦Kugwirizana kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ku matope ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Imapangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa bwino lomwe limaphikidwa ndi alkali, ndipo imayatsidwa ndi ethylene oxide ngati etherification ngati pali acetone. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri ndi 1.5-2.0. Ili ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndipo imayamwa mosavuta chinyezi.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, koma ndi yovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika pa kutentha kwakukulu popanda gelling. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa kutentha kwakukulu mu mortar, koma kusunga kwake madzi ndi kochepa kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose ndi yokhazikika ku asidi wamba ndi alkali. Alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Kufalikira kwake m'madzi ndi koipa pang'ono kuposa kwa methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kusweka kwa matope, koma simenti imachedwa kusweka nthawi yayitali.
④Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka hydroxyethyl cellulose komwe kamapangidwa ndi mabizinesi ena am'nyumba n'kotsika poyerekeza ndi ka methyl cellulose chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi phulusa.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) imapangidwa ndi ulusi wachilengedwe (thonje, hemp, ndi zina zotero) pambuyo pochiza alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito sodium monochloroacetate ngati etherification, ndipo imachitidwa chithandizo chambiri kuti ipange ionic cellulose ether. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri umakhala 0.4-1.4, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose ndi yosalala kwambiri, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri ikasungidwa bwino.
②Hydroxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution sipanga gel, ndipo kukhuthala kudzachepa kutentha kukakwera. Kutentha kukapitirira 50 ℃, kukhuthala sikungasinthe.
③ Kukhazikika kwake kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH. Nthawi zambiri, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu matope okhala ndi gypsum, koma osati mu matope okhala ndi simenti. Ikakhala ndi alkaline yambiri, imataya kukhuthala.
④ Kusunga kwake madzi ndi kochepa kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kumachedwetsa ntchito ya matope okhala ndi gypsum ndipo kumachepetsa mphamvu yake. Komabe, mtengo wa carboxymethyl cellulose ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa methyl cellulose.
2. Etha wosakaniza wosinthidwa
Ma ether a starch omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mortars nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kuchokera ku ma polima achilengedwe a ma polysaccharide ena. Monga mbatata, chimanga, chinangwa, nyemba za guar, ndi zina zotero, amasinthidwa kukhala ma ether osiyanasiyana a starch osinthidwa. Ma ether a starch omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mortars ndi hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, ndi zina zotero.
Kawirikawiri, ma etha a starch osinthidwa kuchokera ku mbatata, chimanga, ndi chinangwa amakhala ndi madzi ochepa kwambiri kuposa ma etha a cellulose. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwake kosiyana, amasonyeza kukhazikika kosiyana kwa asidi ndi alkali. Zinthu zina ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma mortars okhala ndi gypsum, pomwe zina sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu ma mortars okhala ndi simenti. Kugwiritsa ntchito etha ya starch mu mortars kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chokhuthala kuti chiwongolere mphamvu yoletsa kugwa kwa matope, kuchepetsa kumamatira kwa matope onyowa, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yotsegulira.
Ma ether a starch nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi cellulose, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwirizi zikhale ndi mphamvu zowonjezera komanso zabwino. Popeza zinthu za starch ether ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa cellulose ether, kugwiritsa ntchito starch ether mu mortar kudzachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa zinthu za mortar.
3. Guar chingamu ether
Guar gum ether ndi mtundu wa polysaccharide yokhala ndi etherified yokhala ndi makhalidwe apadera, omwe amasinthidwa kuchokera ku nyemba zachilengedwe za guar. Makamaka kudzera mu etherification reaction pakati pa guar gum ndi magulu ogwira ntchito a acrylic, kapangidwe kake kamene kali ndi magulu ogwira ntchito a 2-hydroxypropyl kamapangidwa, komwe ndi kapangidwe ka polygalactomannose.
Poyerekeza ndi ether ya cellulose, ether ya guar gum ndi yosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi. PH kwenikweni siikhudza magwiridwe antchito a ether ya guar gum.
②Pansi pa kukhuthala kochepa komanso mlingo wochepa, guar gum imatha kusintha ether ya cellulose mofanana, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ofanana. Koma kusinthasintha, kukana kutsika, thixotropy ndi zina zotero zikuonekeratu kuti zakula.
③Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi mlingo waukulu, guar chingamu sichingalowe m'malo mwa cellulose ether, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mosakaniza ziwirizi kungapangitse kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino.
④Kugwiritsa ntchito guar gum mu matope opangidwa ndi gypsum kungachepetse kwambiri kumatirira panthawi yomanga ndikupangitsa kuti zomangamanga zikhale zosalala. Sizikhudza nthawi yoyika ndi mphamvu ya matope opangidwa ndi gypsum.
⑤ Guar gum ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa simenti yopangidwa ndi miyala ndi pulasitiki, imatha kusintha cellulose ether mofanana, ndikupatsa matopewo mphamvu yolimba, thixotropy komanso kusalala kwa kapangidwe kake.
⑥Mu matope okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso madzi ambiri, guar gum ndi cellulose ether zidzagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zipeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
⑦ Guar gum ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pazinthu monga zomatira za matailosi, zinthu zodziyeretsera pansi, putty yosalowa madzi, ndi polymer mortar yotetezera makoma.
4. Chowonjezera chosungira madzi cha mchere chosinthidwa
Chokhuthala chosungira madzi chopangidwa ndi mchere wachilengedwe kudzera mu kusintha ndi kuphatikiza chagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China. Miyala yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zokhuthala zosungira madzi ndi: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, ndi zina zotero. Miyala iyi ili ndi mphamvu zina zosungira madzi ndi kukhuthala kudzera mu kusintha monga zinthu zolumikizira. Mtundu uwu wa chokhuthala chosungira madzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matope uli ndi makhalidwe awa.
① Ikhoza kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a matope wamba, ndikuthetsa mavuto a matope osagwira ntchito bwino a simenti, mphamvu yochepa ya matope osakanikirana, komanso kukana madzi.
② Zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana siyana za nyumba zamafakitale ndi za boma zitha kupangidwa.
③Mtengo wa zinthuzo ndi wotsika.
④ Kusunga madzi ndi kochepa kuposa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zosungira madzi, ndipo kuchepa kwa madzi mu matope okonzedwa ndi kwakukulu, ndipo kugwirizana kwake kumachepa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Mar-03-2023