1. Tlhokahalo ea ho boloka metsi
Mefuta eohle ea metheo e hlokang seretse bakeng sa kaho e na le tekanyo e itseng ea ho monya metsi. Kamora hore lera la motheo le monye metsi ka har'a seretse, ho hahuoa ha seretse ho tla senyeha, 'me maemong a tebileng, thepa e etsang samente ka har'a seretse e ke ke ea nosetsoa ka botlalo, e leng se fellang ka matla a fokolang, haholo-holo matla a ho kopana pakeng tsa seretse se thatafetseng le lera la motheo, e leng se etsang hore seretse se petsohe 'me se oe. Haeba seretse sa ho plaster se na le ts'ebetso e loketseng ea ho boloka metsi, se ke ke sa ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kaho ea seretse feela ka katleho, empa hape se etsa hore metsi ka har'a seretse a be thata ho monngoa ke lera la motheo le ho netefatsa hore samente e na le metsi a lekaneng.
2. Mathata ka mekhoa ea setso ea ho boloka metsi
Tharollo ea setso ke ho nosetsa setsi, empa ho ke ke ha khoneha ho netefatsa hore setsi se kolobisitsoe ka ho lekana. Sepheo se setle sa ho nosetsa samente motheong ke hore sehlahisoa sa ho nosetsa samente se monye metsi hammoho le setsi, se kenelle ka har'a setsi, 'me se thehe "khokahano ea senotlolo" e sebetsang le setsi, e le ho fihlela matla a tlamo a hlokahalang. Ho nosetsa ka kotloloho holim'a setsi ho tla baka ho hasana ho hoholo ha ho monyeha ha metsi motheong ka lebaka la phapang ea mocheso, nako ea ho nosetsa le ho tšoana ha ho nosetsa. Setsi se na le ho monya metsi ho fokolang 'me se tla tsoela pele ho monya metsi ka har'a seretse. Pele metsi a samente a tsoela pele, metsi aa monyeha, e leng se amang ho monya ha samente le ho kenella ha lihlahisoa tsa ho nosetsa ka har'a matrix; setsi se na le ho monya metsi ho hoholo, 'me metsi ka har'a seretse a phalla ho ea motheong. Lebelo la ho falla le mahareng le lieha, 'me esita le lera le nang le metsi le thehoa pakeng tsa seretse le matrix, e leng se amang le matla a tlamo. Ka hona, ho sebelisa mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho nosetsa motheong ho ke ke ha hloleha feela ho rarolla bothata ba ho monngoa ha metsi a mangata motheong oa lebota, empa ho tla ama matla a ho kopana pakeng tsa seretse le motheo, e leng se fellang ka ho petsoha le ho petsoha.
3. Litlhoko tsa li-mortar tse fapaneng bakeng sa ho boloka metsi
Lipakane tsa ho boloka metsi bakeng sa ho plaster lihlahisoa tsa seretse tse sebelisoang sebakeng se itseng le libakeng tse nang le maemo a tšoanang a mocheso le mongobo li hlahisitsoe ka tlase.
①Seretse sa ho plaster substrate se monyang metsi a mangata
Li-substrate tse monyang metsi haholo tse emeloang ke konkreite e kentsweng moeeng, ho kenyeletsoa le mapolanka a fapaneng a karohano a bobebe, li-block, jj., li na le litšobotsi tsa ho monya metsi a mangata le nako e telele. Seretse sa ho plaster se sebelisoang bakeng sa mofuta ona oa lera la motheo se lokela ho ba le sekhahla sa ho boloka metsi sa bonyane 88%.
②Seretse sa ho plaster substrate se monyang metsi a tlase
Di-substrate tse monyang metsi a fokolang tse emetsweng ke konkreite e kentsweng sebakeng, ho kenyeletswa le diboto tsa polystyrene bakeng sa ho kwahela lebota ka ntle, jj., di na le monya o monyane wa metsi. Seretse sa ho plaster se sebediswang bakeng sa di-substrate tse jwalo se lokela ho ba le sekgahla sa ho boloka metsi sa bonyane 88%.
③Seretse sa ho plaster se nang le lera le lesesaane
Ho plaster ka lera le lesesaane ho bolela kaho ea ho plaster ka botenya ba lera la ho plaster pakeng tsa 3 le 8 mm. Kaho ea mofuta ona oa ho plaster e bonolo ho lahleheloa ke mongobo ka lebaka la lera le lesesaane la ho plaster, e leng se amang ho sebetsa le matla. Bakeng sa seretse se sebelisoang bakeng sa mofuta ona oa ho plaster, sekhahla sa sona sa ho boloka metsi ha se ka tlase ho 99%.
④Seretse se teteaneng sa ho sela liseile
Ho plaster ka lera le teteaneng ho bolela kaho ea ho plaster moo botenya ba lera le le leng la ho plaster bo pakeng tsa 8mm le 20mm. Kaho ea mofuta ona oa ho plaster ha e bonolo ho lahleheloa ke metsi ka lebaka la lera le teteaneng la ho plaster, kahoo sekhahla sa ho boloka metsi sa seretse sa ho plaster ha sea lokela ho ba ka tlase ho 88%.
⑤Sesepa se hanelang metsi
Putty e sa keneleng metsi e sebediswa e le thepa e tshesane haholo ya ho plaster, mme botenya ba kaho ka kakaretso bo pakeng tsa 1 le 2mm. Disebediswa tse jwalo di hloka thepa e phahameng haholo ya ho boloka metsi ho netefatsa hore di kgona ho sebetsa hantle le matla a ho kopana. Bakeng sa disebediswa tsa putty, sekgahla sa yona sa ho boloka metsi ha sea lokela ho ba ka tlase ho 99%, mme sekgahla sa ho boloka metsi sa putty bakeng sa mabota a ka ntle se lokela ho ba seholo ho feta sa putty bakeng sa mabota a ka hare.
4. Mefuta ea thepa e bolokang metsi
Ether ea selulose
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Ether ea starch
1) Ether e fetotsoeng ea starch
2) Ether ea Guar
Setlolo se fetotsweng sa ho boloka metsi a diminerale (montmorillonite, bentonite, jj.)
Tse hlano, tse latelang li shebane le ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng
1. Ether ea selulose
1.1 Kakaretso ea Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether ke lentsoe le akaretsang bakeng sa letoto la lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ke karabelo ea alkali cellulose le moemeli oa etherification tlas'a maemo a itseng. Li-ether tse fapaneng tsa cellulose li fumanoa hobane faeba ea alkali e nkeloa sebaka ke li-ether tse fapaneng tsa etherification. Ho ea ka litšobotsi tsa ionization tsa lintho tse nkeloang sebaka ke eona, li-ether tsa cellulose li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse peli: ionic, joalo ka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), le nonionic, joalo ka methyl cellulose (MC).
Ho ya ka mefuta ya dintho tse nkelang sebaka, di-ether tsa cellulose di ka arolwa ka di-monoether, tse kang methyl cellulose ether (MC), le di-ether tse tswakilweng, tse kang hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Ho ya ka di-solvent tse fapaneng tseo e di qhibilihisang, e ka arolwa ka mefuta e mmedi: e qhibilihang ka metsing le e qhibilihang ka hara solvent ya tlhaho.
1.2 Mefuta e meholo ea cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 0.4-1.4; moemeli oa etherification, monooxyacetic acid; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 0.7-1.0; moemeli oa etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Methylcellulose (MC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 1.5-2.4; moemeli oa etherification, methyl chloride; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 1.3-3.0; moemeli oa etherification, ethylene oxide; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 1.5-2.0; moemeli oa etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 2.5-3.5; moemeli oa etherification, propylene oxide; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 1.5-2.0; moemeli oa etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent e qhibilihang, metsi;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 2.3-2.6; etherification agent, monochloroethane; solvent e qhibilihang, organic solvent;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), tekanyo e sebetsang ea ho nkela sebaka: 2.4-2.8; moemeli oa etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; solvent e qhibilihang, solvent ea tlhaho;
1.3 Litšobotsi tsa selulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose e qhibiliha metsing a batang, 'me ho tla ba thata ho e qhibilihisa metsing a chesang. Tharollo ea eona ea metsi e tsitsitse haholo ka har'a PH=3-12. E lumellana hantle le starch, gum ea guar, jj. le li-surfactants tse ngata. Ha mocheso o fihla mochesong oa gelation, gelation e etsahala.
②Ho boloka metsi ha methylcellulose ho itshetlehile ka bongata ba yona ba ho eketsa, ho teteana, ho teteana ha dikarolwana le sekgahla sa ho qhalana. Ka kakaretso, haeba bongata ba ho eketsa bo le boholo, ho teteana ho honyenyane, mme ho teteana ho hoholo, ho teteana ha metsi ho hodimo. Har'a tsona, bongata ba ho eketsa bo na le tshusumetso e kgolo ho etseng hore metsi a dule a le bonolo, mme ho teteana ho tlase ha ho lekane ka ho toba le boemo ba ho teteana ha metsi. Sekgahla sa ho qhaqha se itshetlehile haholo-holo ka tekanyo ya phetoho ya bokahodimo ba dikarolwana tsa cellulose le ho teteana ha dikarolwana. Har'a di-ether tsa cellulose, methyl cellulose e na le sekgahla se hodimo sa ho teteana ha metsi.
③Phetoho ea mocheso e tla ama sekhahla sa ho boloka metsi sa methyl cellulose ka botebo. Ka kakaretso, ha mocheso o phahame, ho boloka metsi ho mpefala. Haeba mocheso oa seretse o feta 40°C, ho boloka metsi ha methyl cellulose ho tla ba mpe haholo, e leng se tla ama kaho ea seretse ka botebo.
④ Methyl cellulose e na le tšusumetso e kholo kahong le ho khomareleng ha seretse. "Ho khomarela" mona ho bolela matla a khomareleng a utloahalang pakeng tsa sesebelisoa sa sesebelisoa sa mosebetsi le substrate ea lebota, ke hore, ho hanyetsa ho kuta ha seretse. Ho khomarela ho hoholo, ho hanyetsa ho kuta ha seretse ho hoholo, 'me basebetsi ba hloka matla a mangata nakong ea ts'ebeliso, 'me ts'ebetso ea kaho ea seretse e ba mpe. Ho khomarela ha Methyl cellulose ho boemong bo itekanetseng lihlahisoa tsa ether tsa cellulose.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ke sehlahisoa sa faeba seo tlhahiso le ts'ebeliso ea sona li ntseng li eketseha ka potlako lilemong tsa morao tjena.
Ke ether e tsoakiloeng ea cellulose e seng ionic e entsoeng ka k'hothone e hloekisitsoeng ka mor'a alkalization, e sebelisa propylene oxide le methyl chloride e le li-etherification agents, le ka letoto la liketso. Tekanyo ea ho nkeloa sebaka hangata ke 1.5-2.0. Thepa ea eona e fapane ka lebaka la likarolelano tse fapaneng tsa methoxyl le hydroxypropyl. Ka lebaka la methoxyl e ngata le hydroxypropyl e tlase, ts'ebetso e haufi le methyl cellulose; ka lebaka la methoxyl e tlase le hydroxypropyl e ngata, ts'ebetso e haufi le hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e qhibiliha habonolo metsing a batang, 'me ho tla ba thata ho e qhibilihisa metsing a chesang. Empa mocheso oa eona oa gelation metsing a chesang o phahame haholo ho feta oa methyl cellulose. Ho qhibiliha ha eona metsing a batang le hona ho ntlafetse haholo ha ho bapisoa le methyl cellulose.
② Viscosity ea hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e amana le boima ba eona ba limolek'hule, 'me ha boima ba limolek'hule bo le holimo, viscosity e ba holimo. Mocheso le oona o ama viscosity ea eona, ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, viscosity ea fokotseha. Empa viscosity ea eona ha e angoe haholo ke mocheso ho feta methyl cellulose. Tharollo ea eona e tsitsitse ha e bolokoa mochesong oa kamore.
③Ho boloka metsi ha hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ho itshetlehile ka bongata ba yona ba ho eketsa, viscosity, jj., mme sekgahla sa yona sa ho boloka metsi tlasa bongata bo lekanang ba ho eketsa se hodimo ho feta sa methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e tsitsitse ho ea ho asiti le alkali, 'me tharollo ea eona ea metsi e tsitsitse haholo ho tloha ho PH=2-12. Caustic soda le metsi a lime ha li na phello e kholo ts'ebetsong ea eona, empa alkali e ka potlakisa ho qhibiliha ha eona le ho eketsa viscosity ea eona hanyane. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e tsitsitse ho ea ho letsoai le tloaelehileng, empa ha mahloriso a tharollo ea letsoai a le holimo, viscosity ea tharollo ea hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e atisa ho eketseha.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e ka kopanngoa le li-polymer tse qhibilihang ka metsing ho etsa tharollo e tšoanang le e bonaletsang e nang le viscosity e phahameng. Tse kang polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, jj.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e na le khanyetso e betere ea lienzyme ho feta methylcellulose, 'me tharollo ea eona ha e na monyetla oa ho senyeha ke lienzyme ho feta methylcellulose.
⑦Ho khomarela ha hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kahong ea seretse ho phahame ho feta ha methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
E entsoe ka k'hothone e hloekisitsoeng e tšoeroeng ka alkali, 'me e arajoa ka ethylene oxide e le moemeli oa etherification ha ho na le acetone. Tekanyo ea ho nkeloa sebaka hangata ke 1.5-2.0. E na le philicity e matla ea hydrophilicity 'me e bonolo ho monya mongobo.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose e qhibiliha metsing a batang, empa ho thata ho e qhibilihisa metsing a chesang. Tharollo ea eona e tsitsitse mochesong o phahameng ntle le ho e kenya ka gelling. E ka sebelisoa nako e telele tlas'a mocheso o phahameng ka har'a seretse, empa ho boloka metsi ha eona ho tlase ho feta ha methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose e tsitsitse ho acid le alkali tse akaretsang. Alkali e ka potlakisa ho qhibiliha ha eona le ho eketsa viscosity ea eona hanyane. Ho qhalana ha eona metsing ho mpe hanyane ho feta ha methyl cellulose le hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose e na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho thibela ho oa ha seretse, empa e na le nako e telele ea ho lieha bakeng sa samente.
④Tshebetso ea hydroxyethyl cellulose e hlahisoang ke likhoebo tse ling tsa malapeng e totobetse hore e tlase ho feta ea methyl cellulose ka lebaka la metsi a eona a mangata le molora o mongata.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) e entsoe ka likhoele tsa tlhaho (k'hothone, hemp, jj.) kamora kalafo ea alkali, ho sebelisoa sodium monochloroacetate e le moemeli oa etherification, 'me e ntse e etsoa ka mekhoa e mengata ea kalafo ea karabelo ho etsa ionic cellulose ether. Tekanyo ea phetolo hangata ke 0.4-1.4, 'me ts'ebetso ea eona e angoa haholo ke tekanyo ea phetolo.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose e na le hygroscopic haholo, 'me e tla ba le metsi a mangata ha e bolokoa tlas'a maemo a akaretsang.
②Tharollo ea metsi ea Hydroxymethyl cellulose e ke ke ea hlahisa gel, 'me viscosity e tla fokotseha ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha. Ha mocheso o feta 50 ℃, viscosity e ke ke ea fetoloa.
③ Botsitso ba eona bo angoa haholo ke pH. Ka kakaretso, e ka sebelisoa ka har'a seretse se thehiloeng ho gypsum, empa eseng ka har'a seretse se thehiloeng ho samente. Ha e na le alkaline e ngata, e lahleheloa ke viscosity.
④ Ho boloka metsi ha eona ho tlase haholo ho feta ha methyl cellulose. E na le phello e liehang holim'a seretse se thehiloeng ho gypsum 'me e fokotsa matla a eona. Leha ho le joalo, theko ea carboxymethyl cellulose e tlase haholo ho feta ea methyl cellulose.
2. Ether e fetotsoeng ea starch
Li-starch ether tse sebelisoang ka kakaretso ka har'a li-mortar li fetoloa ho tsoa ho li-polymer tsa tlhaho tsa li-polysaccharide tse ling. Tse kang litapole, poone, cassava, linaoa tsa guar, jj. li fetoloa ho ba li-starch ether tse fapaneng tse fetotsoeng. Li-starch ether tse sebelisoang hangata ka har'a seretse ke hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, jj.
Ka kakaretso, li-starch ether tse fetotsoeng ho tsoa litapole, poone le cassava li na le ho boloka metsi ho fokolang haholo ho feta li-cellulose ether. Ka lebaka la tekanyo e fapaneng ea phetoho, e bontša botsitso bo fapaneng ho acid le alkali. Lihlahisoa tse ling li loketse ho sebelisoa li-mortar tse thehiloeng ho gypsum, ha tse ling li ke ke tsa sebelisoa li-mortar tse thehiloeng ho samente. Tšebeliso ea starch ether ka har'a seretse e sebelisoa haholo-holo e le setei ho ntlafatsa thepa ea ho thibela ho oa ha seretse, ho fokotsa ho khomarela ha seretse se metsi, le ho lelefatsa nako ea ho bula.
Hangata li-ether tsa starch li sebelisoa hammoho le cellulose, e leng se fellang ka thepa e tlatsetsang le melemo ea lihlahisoa tsena tse peli. Kaha lihlahisoa tsa starch ether li theko e tlase haholo ho feta cellulose ether, ts'ebeliso ea starch ether ka har'a seretse e tla tlisa phokotso e kholo litšenyehelong tsa metsoako ea seretse.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether ke mofuta oa polysaccharide e nang le ether e nang le thepa e ikhethang, e fetoloang ho tsoa linaoa tsa tlhaho tsa guar. Haholo-holo ka karabelo ea etherification pakeng tsa gum ea guar le lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso ea acrylic, ho thehoa sebopeho se nang le lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso tsa 2-hydroxypropyl, e leng sebopeho sa polygalactomannose.
①Ha e bapisoa le ether ea cellulose, ether ea guar gum e bonolo ho e qhibilihisa ka metsing. PH ha e na phello ts'ebetsong ea ether ea guar gum.
②Tlas'a maemo a viscosity e tlase le tekanyo e tlase, guar gum e ka nkela cellulose ether sebaka ka bongata bo lekanang, 'me e na le ho boloka metsi ho tšoanang. Empa ho tsitsa, ho hanyetsa ho sag, thixotropy le tse ling ho hlakile hore ho ntlafalitsoe.
③Tlas'a maemo a viscosity e phahameng le tekanyo e kholo, gum ea guar e ke ke ea nkela ether ea cellulose sebaka, 'me tšebeliso e kopaneng ea tse peli e tla hlahisa ts'ebetso e betere.
④Tšebeliso ea guar gum ka har'a seretse se entsoeng ka gypsum e ka fokotsa ho khomarela haholo nakong ea kaho le ho etsa hore kaho e be boreleli. Ha e na phello e mpe nakong ea ho beha le matla a seretse sa gypsum.
⑤ Ha gum ea guar e sebelisoa holim'a seretse se entsoeng ka samente le seretse se plastering, e ka nkela cellulose ether sebaka ka tekanyo e lekanang, 'me ea fa seretse khanyetso e betere ea ho thella, thixotropy le boreledi ba kaho.
⑥Ka har'a seretse se nang le viscosity e phahameng le se nang le metsi a mangata, gum ea guar le ether ea cellulose li tla sebetsa 'moho ho fihlela liphetho tse ntle haholo.
⑦ Gum ea guar e ka boela ea sebelisoa lihlahisoa tse kang likhomaretsi tsa thaele, lintho tse itlhomamisang fatše, putty e sa keneleng metsi, le seretse sa polymer bakeng sa ho thibela lebota.
4. Setenya se fetotsweng sa ho boloka metsi a diminerale
Sethibela-metsi se entsoeng ka diminerale tsa tlhaho ka ho fetola le ho kopanya se sebelisitsoe Chaena. Diminerale tse ka sehloohong tse sebediswang ho lokisa dithibela-metsi tse bolokang metsi ke: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, jj. Diminerale tsena di na le thepa e itseng ya ho boloka metsi le ho a tiisa ka ho fetola jwalo ka di-coupling agents. Mofuta ona wa sethibela-metsi se sebediswang ho seretse o na le dibopeho tse latelang.
① E ka ntlafatsa haholo tshebetso ya seretse se tloaelehileng, mme ya rarolla mathata a ho se sebetse hantle ha seretse sa samente, matla a tlase a seretse se tswakilweng, le ho se kgone ho thibela metsi hantle.
② Lihlahisoa tsa seretse tse nang le maemo a fapaneng a matla bakeng sa mehaho e akaretsang ea indasteri le ea sechaba li ka etsoa.
③Theko ea thepa e tlase.
④ Ho boloka metsi ho tlase ho feta ha lintho tse bolokang metsi tsa tlhaho, 'me boleng ba ho fokotseha ha seretse se lokisitsoeng bo omme haholo, 'me ho kopana ha sona hoa fokotseha.
Nako ea poso: Hlakubele-03-2023