1. Mkpa ọ dị idobe mmiri
Ụdị ntọala niile chọrọ maka ihe owuwu nwere oke mmiri na-amịkọrọ. Mgbe oyi akwa ntọala ahụ mịkọrọ mmiri dị n'ime ite ahụ, ike nrụpụta nke ite ahụ ga-emebi emebi, ma n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ihe simenti dị na ite ahụ agaghị enweta mmiri zuru oke, nke na-eme ka ike dị ala, karịsịa ike njikọ dị n'etiti ite ahụ siri ike na oyi akwa ntọala ahụ, na-eme ka ite ahụ gbawaa ma daa. Ọ bụrụ na ite ahụ nwere arụmọrụ nchekwa mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ owuwu nke ite ahụ ka mma nke ọma, kamakwa ọ ga-eme ka mmiri dị na ite ahụ sie ike ịmịkọrọ site na oyi akwa ntọala ahụ ma hụ na simenti ahụ zuru oke.
2. Nsogbu dị na ụzọ ọdịnala iji chekwaa mmiri
Ngwọta ọdịnala bụ ịgbara ntọala mmiri, mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ijide n'aka na ntọala ahụ dị mmiri mmiri nke ọma. Ihe kacha mma maka ịgbara simenti mmiri n'okpuru ala bụ na ngwaahịa ịgbara simenti mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri yana ntọala ahụ, na-abanye n'ime ntọala ahụ, ma na-emepụta "njikọ dị mkpa" dị irè na ntọala ahụ, iji nweta ike njikọ achọrọ. Ịgbara mmiri ozugbo n'elu ntọala ahụ ga-eme ka mmiri gbasaa nke ukwuu na mmiri nke ntọala ahụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ, oge ịgbara mmiri, na otu esi agba mmiri. Ntọala ahụ enweghị mmiri zuru oke ma ga-anọgide na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ime ite ahụ. Tupu mmiri ịgbara simenti amalite, a na-amịkọrọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-emetụta mmiri ịgbara simenti na ntinye nke ngwaahịa ịgbara mmiri n'ime ite ahụ; ntọala ahụ nwere nnukwu mmiri ịgbara mmiri, mmiri dị na ite ahụ na-asọba na ntọala ahụ. Ọsọ mbugharị dị n'etiti dị nwayọ, ọbụnakwa oyi akwa jupụtara na mmiri na-etolite n'etiti ite ahụ na matrix ahụ, nke na-emetụtakwa ike njikọ ahụ. Ya mere, iji usoro ịgba mmiri nkịtị agaghị edozi nsogbu nke mmiri dị elu nke ntọala mgbidi ahụ nke ọma, kama ọ ga-emetụta ike njikọ dị n'etiti ngwa agha ahụ na ntọala ahụ, na-ebute oghere na mgbawa.
3. Ihe achọrọ maka ngwa agha dị iche iche maka idobe mmiri
A tụrụ aro ka a tụlee ọnụego nchekwa mmiri maka iji ihe e ji kpụọ ihe e ji kpụọ ihe e ji kpụọ ihe e ji kpụọ ihe n'ebe ụfọdụ nakwa n'ebe ndị nwere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na iru mmiri yiri ya n'okpuru ebe a.
①Ngwakọta ihe eji eme ka mmiri dị elu
Ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ mmiri nke simenti e ji ikuku mee na-anọchite anya ya, gụnyere ọtụtụ bọọdụ nkewa dị mfe, blọk, wdg., nwere njirimara nke ịmịkọrọ mmiri buru ibu ma na-adịte aka. Ihe e ji mee plasta nke e ji mee ụdị oyi akwa ntọala a kwesịrị inwe ọnụego njigide mmiri nke na-erughị 88%.
②Mkpụrụ mmiri dị ala nke na-amịkọrọ mmiri
Ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ mmiri dị ala nke simenti a kpụrụ akpụ na-anọchite anya ya, gụnyere bọọdụ polystyrene maka mkpuchi mgbidi mpụga, wdg., nwere obere mmịpụta mmiri. Ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ mmiri nke e ji mee ihe ndị dị otú ahụ kwesịrị inwe ọnụego mmịpụta mmiri nke na-erughị 88%.
③Mkpụrụ plasta dị gịrịgịrị
Ntucha akwa dị gịrịgịrị na-ezo aka na nhazi plasta nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ akwa plasta dị n'etiti 3 na 8 mm. Ụdị nhazi plasta a dị mfe ịlafu mmiri n'ihi akwa plasta dị gịrịgịrị, nke na-emetụta ike na ọrụ. Maka ngwa agha eji eme ụdị plasta a, ọnụego njigide mmiri ya adịghị ala karịa 99%.
④Mgbọ plasta oyi akwa dị oke arọ
Ngwugwu akwa dị arọ na-ezo aka na owuwu plasta ebe ọkpụrụkpụ nke otu oyi akwa plasta dị n'etiti 8mm na 20mm. Ụdị ihe owuwu plasta a adịghị mfe ịlafu mmiri n'ihi oyi akwa plasta dị arọ, yabụ ọnụego nchekwa mmiri nke ngwa plasta plasta ekwesịghị ịdị ala karịa 88%.
⑤ Putty na-eguzogide mmiri
A na-eji ihe e ji eme ihe na-anaghị amị mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji eme ihe na-egbuke egbuke, ọkpụrụkpụ ihe owuwu ya n'ozuzu ya dịkwa n'etiti 1 na 2mm. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ chọrọ ihe ndị dị mkpa iji jide mmiri nke ọma iji hụ na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ma sie ike ijikọ. Maka ihe e ji eme ihe na-egbuke egbuke, oke mmiri ya ekwesịghị ịdị ala karịa 99%, oke mmiri nke ihe e ji eme ihe na mgbidi mpụta kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu karịa nke ihe e ji eme ihe na mgbidi ime ụlọ.
4. Ụdị ihe eji ejide mmiri
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Starch ether
1) Ether starch gbanwere agbanwe
2) Ether dị mma
Ihe na-eme ka mmiri sie ike nke mineral gbanwetụrụ (montmorillonite, bentonite, wdg)
Ise, ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na arụmọrụ nke ihe dị iche iche
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Nkọwa nke Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether bụ okwu izugbe maka usoro ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume nke alkali cellulose na ihe na-eme ka etherification dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ mepụtara. A na-enweta cellulose ethers dị iche iche n'ihi na a na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka etherification dị iche iche dochie eriri alkali. Dịka ihe ndị na-eme ka etherization dị na ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa cellulose ethers n'ime ụdị abụọ: ionic, dị ka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), na nonionic, dị ka methyl cellulose (MC).
Dịka ụdị ihe ndị na-anọchi ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa ether cellulose n'ime monoethers, dị ka methyl cellulose ether (MC), na ethers agwakọtara agwakọta, dị ka hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Dịka ihe mgbaze dị iche iche ọ na-agbaze si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ụdị abụọ: mmiri na-agbaze na organic na-agbaze.
1.2 Ụdị cellulose bụ isi
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), ogo ọrụ nke nnọchi: 0.4-1.4; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, monooxyacetic acid; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), ọkwa ọrụ nke nnọchi: 0.7-1.0; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Methylcellulose (MC), ogo ọrụ nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.4; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, methyl chloride; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), ọkwa ọrụ nke nnọchi: 1.3-3.0; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, ethylene oxide; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), ọkwa ọrụ nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.0; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), ogo ọrụ nke nnọchi: 2.5-3.5; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, propylene oxide; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ogo ọrụ nke nnọchi: 1.5-2.0; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; ihe mgbaze na-agbaze, mmiri;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), ogo ọrụ nke nnọchi: 2.3-2.6; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, monochloroethane; ihe na-agbaze agbaze, ihe na-agbaze ihe dị ndụ;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), ọkwa ọrụ nke nnọchi: 2.4-2.8; ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; ihe na-agbaze agbaze, ihe na-agbaze organic;
1.3 Àgwà nke cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose na-agbaze n'ime mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike ịgbaze n'ime mmiri ọkụ. Mmiri ya na-agbaze nke ọma n'etiti PH = 3-12. Ọ na-adaba nke ọma na starch, guar gum, wdg. na ọtụtụ surfactants. Mgbe okpomọkụ ruru okpomọkụ gelation, gelation na-eme.
②Mmiri methylcellulose na-adabere na ọnụọgụ ya, viscosity, ịdị mma nke ihe dị n'ime ya na ọnụego mgbaze. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ya buru ibu, ịdị mma ya pere mpe, viscosity ya buru ibu, njigide mmiri dị elu. N'ime ha, ọnụọgụ nke mgbakwunye ahụ nwere mmetụta kachasị na njigide mmiri, viscosity kacha ala adịghịkwa nhata kpọmkwem na ọkwa njigide mmiri. Ọnụego mgbaze na-adaberekarị na oke mgbanwe elu nke ihe dị n'ime ya na ịdị mma nke ihe dị n'ime ya. N'ime cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose nwere ọnụego njigide mmiri dị elu.
③Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ ga-emetụta oke nchekwa mmiri nke methyl cellulose. N'ozuzu, ka okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka nchekwa mmiri na-aka njọ. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ moto gafere 40°C, nchekwa mmiri nke methyl cellulose ga-adị njọ nke ukwuu, nke ga-emetụta nnukwu nrụpụta moto ahụ.
④ Methyl cellulose nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'otú e si arụ na otú e si ejikọ ụrọ. "Nraranye" ebe a na-ezo aka n'ike nraranye dị n'etiti ngwa ọrụ onye ọrụ na ihe e ji ekpuchi mgbidi, ya bụ, nraranye nke ụrọ. Nraranye dị elu, nraranye nke ụrọ buru ibu, ndị ọrụ chọkwara ike karịa n'oge eji ya, arụmọrụ owuwu nke ụrọ ahụ na-adịkwa njọ. Nraranye Methyl cellulose dị n'ọkwa dị ala na ngwaahịa cellulose ether.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bụ ngwaahịa eriri nke mmepụta na oriri ya na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.
Ọ bụ ngwakọta ether nke na-abụghị ionic nke e ji owu a nụchara anụcha mee mgbe alkalization gasịrị, na-eji propylene oxide na methyl chloride dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị, nakwa site na usoro mmeghachi omume. Ogo nke nnọchi ya na-abụkarị 1.5-2.0. Njirimara ya dị iche iche n'ihi oke dị iche iche nke ọdịnaya methoxyl na ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl. Ọdịnaya methoxyl dị elu na obere ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl, arụmọrụ ya dị nso na methyl cellulose; obere ọdịnaya methoxyl na nnukwu ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl, arụmọrụ ya dị nso na hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri oyi, ọ ga-esikwa ike ịgbaze na mmiri ọkụ. Mana okpomọkụ ya na-agbaze na mmiri ọkụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose. A na-emekwa ka mmiri oyi na-agbaze nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere methyl cellulose.
② Ọbara hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-adabere na ibu molekul ya, na ka ibu molekul dị elu, otú ahụ ka viscosity dị elu. Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa viscosity ya, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, viscosity na-ebelata. Mana okpomọkụ anaghị emetụta viscosity ya karịa methyl cellulose. Mmiri ya na-adịgide adịgide mgbe echekwara ya na okpomọkụ ụlọ.
③Njide mmiri nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dabere na ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye ya, viscosity, wdg, na ọnụego njigide mmiri ya n'okpuru otu ego mgbakwunye ahụ dị elu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na acid na alkali, mmiri mmiri ya dịkwa oke mma n'etiti PH=2-12. Caustic soda na mmiri lime anaghị enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ ya, mana alkali nwere ike ime ka ọ gbazee ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwụsiri ike na nnu nkịtị, mana mgbe njupụta nke mmiri nnu dị elu, viscosity nke mmiri hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na-abawanye.
⑤A pụrụ ijikọta Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na polima ndị na-agbaze mmiri iji mepụta ngwọta dị otu ma doo anya nke nwere oke viscosity. Dịka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, chịngọm akwụkwọ nri, wdg.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nwere nguzogide enzyme ka mma karịa methylcellulose, ọ dịghịkwa ka enzymes ga-emebi mmiri ya karịa methylcellulose.
⑦Nrapado nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na ihe owuwu ngwa agha dị elu karịa nke methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
A na-eji owu a gwakọtara agwakọta nke e ji alkali mee ya, a na-ejikwa ethylene oxide emeghachi omume dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị ma a sị na acetone dị. Ogo nnọchi ya na-abụkarị 1.5-2.0. Ọ nwere hydrophilicity siri ike ma dịkwa mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri.
①A na-agbaze hydroxyethyl cellulose na mmiri oyi, mana ọ na-esiri ike ịgbaze na mmiri ọkụ. Mmiri ya na-adịgide adịgide na okpomọkụ dị elu na-enweghị gelling. Enwere ike iji ya ruo ogologo oge n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu na moto, mana mmiri ya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose kwụsiri ike na asịd na alkali. Alkali nwere ike ime ka ọ gbazee ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Ọ na-agbaze n'ime mmiri dị ntakịrị njọ karịa nke methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose nwere ezigbo arụmọrụ mgbochi sag maka ngwa agha, mana ọ nwere oge ogologo oge maka simenti.
④Arụmọrụ nke hydroxyethyl cellulose nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-emepụta doro anya dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose n'ihi oke mmiri na oke ntụ ya.
1.3.4 A na-eji eriri eke (owu, hemp, wdg) eme Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) mgbe a gwọchara alkali, jiri sodium monochloroacetate dị ka ihe na-eme ka etherification dị ka ihe na-eme ka ether dị iche iche, a na-ejikwa usoro ọgwụgwọ mmeghachi omume iji mepụta ionic cellulose ether. Ogo nnọchi anya na-abụkarị 0.4-1.4, arụmọrụ ya na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu site na ogo nnọchi.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose nwere hygroscopic dị ukwuu, ọ ga-enwekwa nnukwu mmiri mgbe echekwara ya n'ọnọdụ nkịtị.
②Ngwa mmiri nke hydroxymethyl cellulose agaghị emepụta jel, viscosity ga-ebelatakwa ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 50 ℃, viscosity agaghị agbanwe agbanwe.
③ Ọkwa pH na-emetụta nkwụsi ike ya nke ukwuu. N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya na gypsum, mana ọ bụghị na stọm nke e ji simenti mee. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị oke alkaline, ọ na-efunahụ viscosity.
④ Mmiri ọ na-ejide dị ala karịa nke methyl cellulose. Ọ na-ebelata ike ya na gypsum ma na-ebelata ike ya. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa carboxymethyl cellulose dị obere nke ukwuu karịa nke methyl cellulose.
2. Eter starch emezigharịrị
A na-agbanwekarị ihe ndị e ji eme ihe n'ime ngwa agha site na polymer eke nke ụfọdụ polysaccharides. Dịka poteto, ọka, agwa aki, agwa guar, wdg. A na-agbanwe ha ka ha bụrụ ihe e ji eme ihe n'ime ngwa agha dị iche iche. Ihe e ji eme ihe n'ime ngwa agha bụ hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, wdg.
N'ozuzu, ihe e ji eme starch ether nke e si na poteto, ọka, na aki gbanwetụrụ nwere obere nchekwa mmiri karịa cellulose ethers. N'ihi ọkwa mgbanwe ya dị iche iche, ọ na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị iche iche na acid na alkali. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa dị mma maka iji na gypsum e ji mee mort, ebe ndị ọzọ enweghị ike iji na simenti e ji mee mort. A na-ejikarị starch ether eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka mort dị mma iji melite ihe mgbochi iwụda nke mort, belata nrapado nke mot mmiri mmiri, ma mee ka oge mmeghe dị ogologo.
A na-ejikarị starch ethers eme ihe na cellulose, nke na-eme ka ngwaahịa abụọ ahụ nwee uru na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa starch ether dị ọnụ ala karịa cellulose ether, itinye starch ether n'ime moto ga-ebelata ọnụ ahịa nke nhazi moto.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether bụ ụdị polysaccharide etherified nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche, nke a na-agbanwe site na agwa guar eke. Karịsịa site na mmeghachi omume etherification n'etiti guar gum na otu ọrụ acrylic, a na-emepụta ihe owuwu nwere otu ọrụ 2-hydroxypropyl, nke bụ ihe owuwu polygalactomannose.
① Ma e jiri ya tụnyere cellulose ether, guar gum ether dị mfe ịgbaze n'ime mmiri. PH enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na arụmọrụ guar gum ether.
②N'ọnọdụ nke obere viscosity na obere dose, guar gum nwere ike dochie cellulose ether n'otu nhata, ma nwee otu ụdị mmiri ahụ. Mana o doro anya na ọ ka mma n'otú o si dị, mgbochi sag, thixotropy na ihe ndị ọzọ.
③N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke oke viscosity na nnukwu dose, guar gum enweghị ike dochie cellulose ether, ojiji nke abụọ ahụ ga-arụpụta arụmọrụ ka mma.
④Itinye guar gum n'ime ihe e ji gypsum mee nwere ike ibelata nrapado nke ukwuu n'oge a na-arụ ya ma mee ka ihe owuwu ahụ dị nro. Ọ nweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na oge ntọala na ike nke ihe e ji gypsum mee.
⑤ Mgbe etinyere guar chịngọm n'elu ihe e ji simenti mee na ihe e ji plasta mee, ọ nwere ike dochie cellulose ether n'otu nha, ma nye ihe e ji alụ ọgụ ka mma, thixotropy na ire ụtọ nke ihe owuwu.
⑥N'ime ngwa agha ahụ nwere oke viscosity na ọdịnaya dị elu nke ihe eji ejide mmiri, guar gum na cellulose ether ga-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nweta nsonaazụ magburu onwe ya.
⑦ A pụkwara iji guar chịngọm mee ihe na ngwaahịa dịka taịlị, ihe ndị na-eme ka ala dị larịị, putty na-eguzogide mmiri, na polima maka mkpuchi mgbidi.
4. Ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ala dị nro agbanweela
E tinyela ihe mkpuchi mmiri nke e ji mineral eke mee site na mgbanwe na ngwakọta na China. Isi ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe mkpuchi mmiri nke na-ejide mmiri bụ: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, wdg. Ihe ndị a nwere ụfọdụ ihe mkpuchi mmiri nke na-ejide mmiri na nke na-eme ka ọ sie ike site na mgbanwe dịka ihe mkpuchi njikọ. Ụdị ihe mkpuchi mmiri a nke na-ejide mmiri nke e tinyere na ngwa agha nwere njirimara ndị a.
① Ọ nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ nke ngwa agha nkịtị ka mma nke ukwuu, ma dozie nsogbu nke arụmọrụ adịghị mma nke ngwa agha simenti, obere ike nke ngwa agha agwakọtara, na enweghị ike iguzogide mmiri.
② Enwere ike ịmepụta ngwaahịa ngwa agha nwere ọkwa ike dị iche iche maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ obodo.
③Ọnụ ego ihe dị ala.
④ Nchekwa mmiri dị ala karịa nke ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri organic, uru nkụchi akọrọ nke ihe e ji mee ihe dịkwa oke ukwuu, njikọta ahụ na-ebelatakwa.
Oge ozi: Maachị-03-2023