1. Kukosha kwekuchengetedza mvura
Mabhesi ese anoda dhaka rekuvaka ane mwero wakati wekunwa mvura. Mushure mekunge dhaka repasi ranyudza mvura iri mudhaka, kugona kwedhaka repasi kunokanganisa kugadzirwa, uye muzviitiko zvakakomba, simende iri mudhaka harizove nemvura yakakwana, zvichikonzera simba shoma, kunyanya simba rekubatana pakati pedhaka rakasimba nedhaka repasi, zvichiita kuti dhaka ritsemuke uye ridonhe. Kana dhaka rekuisa plaster riine simba rakakodzera rekuchengetedza mvura, haringogone chete kuvandudza mashandiro edhaka repasi, asiwo rinoita kuti mvura iri mudhaka iome kunyudzwa nedhaka repasi uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti simende ine mvura yakakwana.
2. Matambudziko nenzira dzechinyakare dzekuchengetedza mvura
Mhinduro yechinyakare ndeyekudiridza hwaro, asi hazvigoneke kuona kuti hwaro hwakanyoroveswa zvakaenzana. Chinangwa chakanakisa chekunyorovesa simbi yesimbi pahwaro ndechekuti simende inonyorovesa mvura pamwe chete nehwaro, inopinda muhwaro, uye inogadzira "kiyi yekubatanidza" inoshanda nehwaro, kuitira kuti uwane simba rekubatanidza rinodiwa. Kudiridza zvakananga pamusoro pehwaro kunokonzera kupararira kwakakomba mukunyudzwa kwemvura kwehwaro nekuda kwekusiyana kwekupisa, nguva yekudiridza, uye kuenzana kwekudiridza. Hwaro hahuna mvura yakawanda uye hucharamba huchinyudzwa mvura iri muhwaro. Mvura isati yanyudzwa simende, mvura inonyudzwa, izvo zvinokanganisa kunyudzwa kwesimende uye kupinda kwezvigadzirwa zvehydration mu matrix; hwaro hune kunyudzwa kukuru kwemvura, uye mvura iri muhwaro inoyerera ichienda kuhwaro. Kumhanya kwepakati nepakati kunononoka, uye kunyange layer ine mvura yakawanda inoumbwa pakati pehwaro ne matrix, izvo zvinokanganisawo simba rekubatanidza. Saka, kushandisa nzira yekudiridza pasi hakungogumiri pakugadzirisa dambudziko rekunyudzwa kwemvura yakawanda pamadziro, asi kuchakanganisa simba rekubatana pakati pedhaka nepasi, zvichikonzera kutsemuka nekupwanyika.
3. Zvinodiwa zvemadhaka akasiyana-siyana kuti mvura irambe ichichengetwa
Zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza mvura zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira plaster yemidziyo yedhaka munzvimbo dzakati uye munzvimbo dzine tembiricha neunyoro zvakafanana zvinoratidzwa pazasi.
①Substrate inopinza mvura yakawanda
Zvinhu zvinonyudza mvura zvakanyanya zvinomiririrwa nekongiri yakaputirwa nemhepo, kusanganisira mabhodhi akasiyana-siyana ekuparadzanisa akareruka, mabhuroko, nezvimwewo, zvine hunhu hwekunyudza mvura yakawanda uye hunogara kwenguva refu. Dura rekupurasita rinoshandiswa pamhando iyi yehwaro hwepasi rinofanira kunge riine mwero wekuchengetedza mvura usingapfuure 88%.
②Substrate plastering mortar inonyudzwa nemvura shoma
Zvigadziko zvinonyudza mvura zvishoma zvinomiririrwa nekongiri yakakandwa panzvimbo, kusanganisira mapuranga epolystyrene ekudzivirira madziro ekunze, nezvimwewo, zvine mvura shoma. Dura rekupurasita rinoshandiswa pazvigadziko zvakadaro rinofanira kuva nechikero chekuchengetedza mvura chisingasviki 88%.
③Dura rekupurasita rakatetepa
Kupurasita kwakatetepa zvinoreva kuvakwa kwekupurasita neukobvu hwepurasita pakati pe3 ne8 mm. Rudzi urwu rwekupurasita runogona kurasikirwa nehunyoro nyore nekuda kwechikamu chakatetepa chekupurasita, izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda nesimba. Kune dhaka rinoshandiswa parudzi urwu rwekupurasita, mwero waro wekuchengetedza mvura hausi pasi pe99%.
④Dhaka rakakora rekupurasita
Kupurasita kwakakora zvinoreva kuvaka kwepurasita uko ukobvu hwechikamu chimwe chete chekupurasita huri pakati pe8mm ne20mm. Rudzi urwu rwekupurasita haruna kurasika nyore nyore nemvura nekuda kwechikamu chakakora chekupurasita, saka mwero wekuchengetedza mvura wepurasita haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe88%.
⑤Putty isingapindi mvura
Putty isingapindi mvura inoshandiswa sechinhu chekupurasita chakatetepa zvikuru, uye ukobvu hwekuvaka huri pakati pe1 ne2mm. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinoda hunhu hwakanyanya hwekuchengetedza mvura kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti zvinoshanda uye simba rekubatana. Pazvinhu zvekupurasita, mwero wekuchengetedza mvura haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe99%, uye mwero wekuchengetedza mvura weputty pamadziro ekunze unofanirwa kunge wakakura kupfuura weputty pamadziro emukati.
4. Mhando dzezvinhu zvinochengetedza mvura
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Starch ether
1) Ether yestarch yakagadziridzwa
2) Guar ether
Chinogocha mvura inochengetedza mineral chakagadziridzwa (montmorillonite, bentonite, nezvimwewo)
Chishanu, zvinotevera zvinotarisa mashandiro ezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Pfupiso yeCellulose Ether
Cellulose ether izwi rekuti zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nekuita kwealkali cellulose uye etherification agent pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Maether akasiyana ecellulose anowanikwa nekuti alkali fiber inotsiviwa nemaether akasiyana etherification. Zvichienderana nehunhu hweionization hwezvinotsiva zvayo, maether ecellulose anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: ionic, senge carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), uye nonionic, senge methyl cellulose (MC).
Zvichienderana nemarudzi ezvinotsiva, ma ether e cellulose anogona kukamurwa kuita monoethers, dzakadai semethyl cellulose ether (MC), uye mixed ethers, dzakadai sehydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Zvichienderana ne solvents dzakasiyana dzadzinonyungudutsa, dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: dzinonyunguduka mumvura uye dzinonyunguduka organic.
1.2 Mhando huru dze cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), chiyero chekuchinja: 0.4-1.4; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, monooxyacetic acid; solvent inonyungudutsa, mvura;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), chiyero chekuchinja: 0.7-1.0; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; solvent inonyungudutsa, mvura;
Methylcellulose (MC), chiyero chinoshanda chekutsiva: 1.5-2.4; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, methyl chloride; solvent inonyungudutsa, mvura;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), chiyero chekushandisa: 1.3-3.0; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, ethylene oxide; chinhu chinonyungudutsa, mvura;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), chiyero chekushandisa: 1.5-2.0; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent inonyungudutsa, mvura;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), chiyero chekushandisa chinotsiva: 2.5-3.5; chinhu chinobatsira pakugadzira etherification, propylene oxide; chinhu chinonyungudutsa, mvura;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), chiyero chekushandisa: 1.5-2.0; chinhu chinobatsira etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; solvent inonyungudutsa, mvura;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), chiyero chekushandisa chinotsiva: 2.3-2.6; chinhu chinobatsira pakugadzira etherization, monochloroethane; chinhu chinonyungudutsa, chinhu chinonyungudutsa cheorganic;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), chiyero chekushandisa chinotsiva: 2.4-2.8; chinhu chinobatsira pakugadzira etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; chinhu chinonyungudutsa, chinhu chinonyungudutsa cheorganic;
1.3 Hunhu hweselulosi
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, uye zvichave zvakaoma kunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Mvura yayo inogadzikana zvikuru pakati pePH=3-12. Inoenderana zvakanaka nestarch, guar gum, nezvimwewo uye masurfactants akawanda. Kana tembiricha yasvika patembiricha yegelation, gelation inoitika.
②Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwemethylcellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, kupfava kwezvikamu uye mwero wekunyungudika. Kazhinji, kana huwandu hwekuwedzera huri hukuru, kupfava kuri kudiki, uye viscosity yakakura, kuchengetwa kwemvura kwakakwira. Pakati pavo, huwandu hwekuwedzera hune simba guru pakuchengetedzwa kwemvura, uye viscosity yakaderera haina kuenderana zvakananga nezinga rekuchengetedzwa kwemvura. Mwero wekunyungudika unonyanya kutsamira padanho rekuchinja pamusoro pezvikamu zve cellulose uye kupfava kwezvikamu. Pakati pe cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose ine mwero wepamusoro wekuchengetedza mvura.
③Kuchinja kwetembiricha kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya mwero wekuchengetedza mvura yemethyl cellulose. Kazhinji, tembiricha yakakwira, kuchengetedza mvura kwakaipa. Kana tembiricha yemortar ikapfuura 40°C, kuchengetedza mvura yemethyl cellulose kuchava kwakashata, izvo zvichakanganisa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwemortar.
④ Methyl cellulose ine simba guru pakuvakwa nekunamirwa kwedhaka. "Kunamirwa" pano kunoreva simba rinonamirwa riri pakati pechishandiso chemushandi nemadziro, kureva kuti, kuramba kuchekwa kwedhaka. Kunamirwa kwacho kwakanyanya, kuramba kuchekwa kwedhaka kwakawanda, uye vashandi vanoda simba rakawanda panguva yekushandiswa, uye mashandiro ekuvaka kwedhaka anova asina kunaka. Kunamirwa kweMethyl cellulose kuri padanho repakati muzvigadzirwa zve cellulose ether.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose chigadzirwa chefiber icho kugadzirwa kwacho uye kushandiswa kwacho kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura.
I-non-ionic cellulose mixed ether yakagadzirwa nedonje rakanatswa mushure mekugadziriswa kwealkali, ichishandisa propylene oxide nemethyl chloride se etherification agents, uye kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana-siyana. Dhigirii rekutsiva rinowanzova 1.5-2.0. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana nekuda kwehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe methoxyl nehuwandu hwe hydroxypropyl. Hunhu hwakawanda hwe methoxyl nehuwandu hwakaderera hwe hydroxypropyl, mashandiro acho ari pedyo ne methyl cellulose; hunhu hwakaderera hwe methoxyl uye huwandu hwakawanda hwe hydroxypropyl, mashandiro acho ari pedyo ne hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inonyungudika nyore nyore mumvura inotonhora, uye zvichave zvakaoma kunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Asi tembiricha yayo ye gelation mumvura inopisa yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yemethyl cellulose. Kunyungudika mumvura inotonhora kwakawedzerawo zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nemethyl cellulose.
② Kuwanda kwe hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwakabatana nehuremu hwayo hwemamorekuru, uye kana huremu hwemamorekuru hwakakwira, ndiko kuwedzera kwehuremu. Tembiricha inokanganisawo kusimba kwayo, sezvo tembiricha ichiwedzera, kusimba kwayo kunoderera. Asi kusimba kwayo hakunyanyi kukanganiswa netembiricha kupfuura methyl cellulose. Mhinduro yayo inogara yakagadzikana kana yakachengetwa patembiricha yemumba.
③Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, nezvimwewo, uye mwero wayo wekuchengetedza mvura pasi pehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera hwakakwira kupfuura hwemethyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogara yakagadzikana kusvika kune acid nealkali, uye mvura yayo inogadzikana zvikuru pakati pePH=2-12. Caustic soda nemvura ye lime hazvina zvazvinobatsira pakushanda kwayo, asi alkali inogona kukurumidzisa kunyungudika kwayo uye kuwedzera zvishoma viscosity yayo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogara yakagadzikana kusvika kune common salts, asi kana munyu wakawanda, viscosity ye hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution inowedzera.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogona kusanganiswa nemapolymers anonyungudika mumvura kuti igadzire mhinduro yakafanana uye yakajeka ine viscosity yakakura. Zvakadai sepolyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, nezvimwewo.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ine simba rekudzivirira ma enzymes kupfuura methylcellulose, uye mhinduro yayo hainyanyi kukanganiswa nema enzymes kupfuura methylcellulose.
⑦Kubatana kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose mukugadzirwa kwemortar kwakakwirira kupfuura kwemethylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Yakagadzirwa nedonje rakanatswa rakarungwa nealkali, uye inosanganiswa ne ethylene oxide se etherification agent kana paine acetone. Mwero wekutsiva unowanzova 1.5-2.0. Ine hydrophilicity yakasimba uye iri nyore kunwisa hunyoro.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, asi inonetsa kunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Mhinduro yayo inogara yakasimba kana tembiricha yakakwira isina gelling. Inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba kana tembiricha yakakwira mumortar, asi kuchengetedza kwayo mvura kwakaderera pane kwemethyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose inogara yakasimba kune general acid nealkali. Alkali inogona kukurumidzisa kunyungudika kwayo uye kuwedzera viscosity yayo zvishoma. Kupararira kwayo mumvura kwakaipa zvishoma pane kwemethyl cellulose nehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira kudonha kwesimbi, asi simende inononoka kwenguva yakareba.
④Kushanda kwehydroxyethyl cellulose inogadzirwa nemamwe mabhizinesi emuno kuri pachena kuti kwakaderera pane kwemethyl cellulose nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwemvura yakawanda uye huwandu hwakawanda hwedota.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) inogadzirwa neshinda dzechisikigo (donje, hemp, nezvimwewo) mushure mekurapwa nealkali, ichishandisa sodium monochloroacetate se etherification agent, uye ichirapwa kakawanda kuti igadzire ionic cellulose ether. Dhigirii rekutsiva rinowanzova 0.4-1.4, uye mashandiro aro anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nedhigirii rekutsiva.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose ine hygroscopic yakawanda, uye inenge iine mvura yakawanda kana ikachengetwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa.
②Hydroxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution haizobudisi gel, uye viscosity inodzikira kana tembiricha yakwira. Kana tembiricha ikadarika 50 ℃, viscosity haidzoreki.
③ Kugadzikana kwayo kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya ne pH. Kazhinji, inogona kushandiswa mu gypsum-based mortar, asi kwete mu cement-based mortar. Kana iri alkaline yakawanda, inorasikirwa ne viscosity.
④ Kuchengetwa kwayo kwemvura kwakaderera zvikuru pane kwemethyl cellulose. Ine simba rekunonoka pamota yakagadzirwa negypsum uye inoderedza simba rayo. Zvisinei, mutengo wecarboxymethyl cellulose wakaderera zvakanyanya pane wemethyl cellulose.
2. Ether yestarch yakagadziridzwa
Mastarch ether anowanzo shandiswa mumamortar anogadziriswa kubva kumapolymer echisikigo emamwe mapolysaccharides. Zvakadai sembatatisi, chibage, cassava, guar beans, nezvimwewo zvinogadziriswa kuita mastarch ether akasiyana-siyana. Mastarch ether anowanzo shandiswa mumamortar ihydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, nezvimwewo.
Kazhinji, starch ethers dzakagadziriswa kubva kumbatatisi, chibage, uye cassava dzine mvura shoma zvakanyanya kupfuura cellulose ethers. Nekuda kwekuchinja kwayo kwakasiyana, inoratidza kugadzikana kwakasiyana kune acid nealkali. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera kushandiswa mu gypsum-based mortars, nepo zvimwe zvisingagone kushandiswa mu cement-based mortars. Kushandiswa kwestarch ether mu mortar kunonyanya kushandiswa se thickener kuvandudza hunhu hwe mortar hunodzivirira kudzika, kuderedza kunamira kwe wet mortar, uye kuwedzera nguva yekuvhura.
Mastarch ether anowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete necellulose, zvichikonzera hunhu hwakabatana uye zvakanakira zvigadzirwa zviviri izvi. Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvestarch ether zvakachipa pane cellulose ether, kushandiswa kwestarch ether mumortar kuchaderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira mamorekuru.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether rudzi rwe polysaccharide ine ether ine hunhu hwakakosha, iyo inogadziriswa kubva ku natural guar beans. Kunyanya kuburikidza ne etherification reaction pakati pe guar gum ne acrylic functional groups, chimiro chine 2-hydroxypropyl functional groups chinoumbwa, chinova chimiro che polygalactomannose.
①Kana ichienzaniswa ne cellulose ether, guar gum ether iri nyore kunyungudika mumvura. PH haina zvainoita pakushanda kweguar gum ether.
②Pamusana pekuti gum haina kusimba zvakanyanya uye ine dose shoma, guar gum inogona kutsiva cellulose ether zvakaenzana, uye ine mvura inochengetwa zvakafanana. Asi kugadzikana kwayo, anti-sag, thixotropy nezvimwewo zviri pachena kuti zviri nani.
③Pamusana pekuti gum iri muchimiro chekusviba kwakanyanya uye ine dose yakawanda, guar gum haigone kutsiva cellulose ether, uye kushandiswa kwakabatana kwezvose izvi kuchaita kuti pave nekushanda kuri nani.
④Kushandiswa kweguar gum mu gypsum-based mortar kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kunamira panguva yekuvaka uye kuita kuti kuvaka kuve kwakapfava. Hazvina kukanganisa nguva yekugadzika uye simba re gypsum mortar.
⑤ Kana guar gum ikashandiswa padombo remasonry rakagadzirwa nesimende uye pakuisa plaster, inogona kutsiva cellulose ether zvakaenzana, uye inoita kuti dombo rirambe richidzika, risingatsvedzerere uye kuti rive rakatsetseka.
⑥Mudhaka rine viscosity yakakura uye huwandu hwakawanda hwechinhu chinochengetedza mvura, guar gum ne cellulose ether zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti zviwane mhedzisiro yakanaka.
⑦ Guar gum inogona kushandiswawo muzvigadzirwa zvakaita sematiles anonamira, ma ground self-leveling agents, putty isingapindi mvura, uye polymer mortar yekudzivirira madziro.
4. Chinogodza mvura ine zvicherwa chakagadziriswa
Chinosimbisa mvura chakagadzirwa nezvicherwa zvechisikigo kuburikidza nekushandura nekubatanidza chave chichishandiswa muChina. Zvicherwa zvikuru zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvinosimbisa mvura ndeizvi: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, nezvimwewo. Zvicherwa izvi zvine zvimwe zvinhu zvinochengetedza mvura nekusimbisa kuburikidza nekushandura zvakaita sekubatanidza. Rudzi urwu rwechinosimbisa mvura chinoiswa padhaka rine hunhu hunotevera.
① Inogona kuvandudza mashandiro edhaka resimbi, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ekusashanda zvakanaka kwedhaka resimbi, kusimba kushoma kwedhaka rakasanganiswa, uye kusakwanisa kudzivirira mvura.
② Zvigadzirwa zvevhu zvine simba rakasiyana rezvivakwa zvemaindasitiri nezvezvivakwa zvehurumende zvinogona kugadzirwa.
③Mutengo wezvinhu wakaderera.
④ Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwakaderera pane kwezvinochengetedza mvura zvechisikigo, uye kukosha kwekuoma kwekupwanyika kwedhaka rakagadzirwa kwakakura, uye kubatana kwaro kunoderera.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-03-2023