Ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka mortar pauka maloʻo

1. Ka pono o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai

ʻO nā ʻano kumu āpau e pono ai ka mortar no ke kūkulu ʻana he pae o ka omo ʻana o ka wai. Ma hope o ka omo ʻana o ka papa kumu i ka wai i loko o ka mortar, e hōʻino ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar, a i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaʻū piha ʻia ka mea sima i loko o ka mortar, e hopena ana i ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o ka mortar paʻakikī a me ka papa kumu, e hoʻopōʻino ai a hāʻule ka mortar. Inā loaʻa i ka mortar palaki ka hana paʻa wai kūpono, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi pono i ka hana kūkulu o ka mortar, akā e hoʻolilo pū i ka wai i loko o ka mortar i mea paʻakikī ke omo ʻia e ka papa kumu a hōʻoia i ka lawa ʻana o ka hydration o ka sima.

2. Nā pilikia me nā ʻano hana paʻa wai kuʻuna

ʻO ka hopena kuʻuna, ʻo ia ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ke kumu, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaʻū like ʻia o ke kumu. ʻO ka pahuhopu hydration kūpono o ka sima sima ma ke kumu, ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka huahana hydration sima i ka wai me ke kumu, komo i loko o ke kumu, a hana i kahi "pilina koʻikoʻi" me ke kumu, i mea e loaʻa ai ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa e pono ai. ʻO ka hoʻoinu pololei ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kumu e hoʻopuehu nui i ka omo ʻana o ka wai o ke kumu ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka mahana, ka manawa hoʻoinu, a me ke ʻano like o ka hoʻoinu ʻana. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka omo ʻana o ka wai o ke kumu a e hoʻomau i ka omo ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka sima. Ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hydration sima, omo ʻia ka wai, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hydration sima a me ke komo ʻana o nā huahana hydration i loko o ka matrix; he nui ka omo ʻana o ka wai o ke kumu, a kahe ka wai i loko o ka sima i ke kumu. Lohi ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana waena, a ua hana ʻia kahi papa wai ma waena o ka sima a me ka matrix, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai hoʻi i ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻoinu wai kumu maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoponopono pono i ka pilikia o ka omo nui ʻana o ka wai o ke kumu paia, akā e hoʻopilikia pū i ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma waena o ka sima a me ke kumu, e hopena ai i ka hakahaka a me ka nahā ʻana.

3. Nā koi o nā mortar like ʻole no ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai

Ua manaʻo ʻia ma lalo nei nā pahuhopu o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai no nā huahana sima palaki i hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi wahi a ma nā wahi me nā kūlana mahana a me ka makū like.

①ʻO ka mortar palaki substrate omo wai kiʻekiʻe

ʻO nā substrates omo wai kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia e ka sima i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ea, me nā papa ʻāpana māmā like ʻole, nā poloka, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he mau ʻano o ka omo wai nui a me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa. ʻO ka mortar plastering i hoʻohana ʻia no kēia ʻano papa kumu e loaʻa ka helu paʻa wai ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 88%.

②ʻO ka mortar plastering substrate omo wai haʻahaʻa

ʻO nā substrates omo wai haʻahaʻa i hōʻike ʻia e ka sima i hoʻolei ʻia, me nā papa polystyrene no ka insulation paia waho, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he liʻiliʻi ka omo wai. ʻO ka mortar plastering i hoʻohana ʻia no ia mau substrates e loaʻa ka helu paʻa wai ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 88%.

③ʻO ka mortar palaki papa lahilahi

ʻO ka palaki papa lahilahi e pili ana i ke kūkulu palaki me ka mānoanoa o ka papa palaki ma waena o 3 a me 8 mm. He maʻalahi ke nalowale o ka makū o kēia ʻano kūkulu palaki ma muli o ka papa palaki lahilahi, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hana a me ka ikaika. No ka mortar i hoʻohana ʻia no kēia ʻano palaki, ʻaʻole emi kona helu paʻa wai ma mua o 99%.

④Palaki papa mānoanoa

ʻO ka palaki papa mānoanoa e pili ana i ke kūkulu palaki kahi e kū ai ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi papa palaki ma waena o 8mm a me 20mm. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai i kēia ʻano kūkulu palaki ma muli o ka papa palaki mānoanoa, no laila ʻaʻole pono e emi ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka mortar palaki ma mua o 88%.

⑤Putty pale wai

Hoʻohana ʻia ka putty pale wai ma ke ʻano he mea palaki lahilahi loa, a ʻo ka mānoanoa o ke kūkulu ʻana ma waena o 1 a me 2mm. Pono kēlā mau mea i nā waiwai paʻa wai kiʻekiʻe loa e hōʻoia i ko lākou hiki ke hana a me ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. No nā mea putty, ʻaʻole pono e emi iho kona helu paʻa wai ma mua o 99%, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu paʻa wai o ka putty no nā paia o waho ma mua o ka putty no nā paia o loko.

4. Nā ʻano mea mālama wai

ʻEtera cellulose

1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)

2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)

3) ʻEtera hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)

4) ʻEtera cellulose Carboxymethyl (CMC)

5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)

ʻEtera mānoanoa

1) ʻEtera starch i hoʻololi ʻia

2) ʻEtera Guar

ʻO ka mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻa wai mineral i hoʻololi ʻia (montmorillonite, bentonite, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe)

ʻElima, ke kālele nei kēia ma ka hana o nā mea like ʻole

1. ʻEtera cellulose

1.1 ʻIkepili o ka Cellulose Ether

ʻO ka Cellulose ether kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau no kahi moʻo o nā huahana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hopena o ka alkali cellulose a me ka etherification agent ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. Loaʻa nā cellulose ethers like ʻole ma muli o ka pani ʻia ʻana o ka fiber alkali e nā etherification agent like ʻole. Wahi a nā waiwai ionization o kona mau pani, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cellulose ethers i ʻelua mau māhele: ionic, e like me carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a me nonionic, e like me methyl cellulose (MC).

Wahi a nā ʻano o nā mea pani, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cellulose ethers i nā monoethers, e like me ka methyl cellulose ether (MC), a me nā ethers i hui pū ʻia, e like me ka hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Wahi a nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻano: ka wai-soluble a me ka organic solvent-soluble.

1.2 Nā ʻano cellulose nui

ʻO Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 0.4-1.4; mea etherification, waikawa monooxyacetic; mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, wai;

ʻO Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 0.7-1.0; mea hoʻohui etherification, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; mea hoʻoheheʻe, wai;

Methylcellulose (MC), kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 1.5-2.4; mea hoʻoheheʻe etherification, methyl chloride; mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe, wai;

ʻO ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 1.3-3.0; mea hoʻohuihui etherification, ethylene oxide; mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, wai;

ʻO Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 1.5-2.0; mea hoʻohuihui etherification, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, wai;

ʻO ka Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 2.5-3.5; mea hoʻohuihui etherification, propylene oxide; mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, wai;

ʻO Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ke kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 1.5-2.0; mea hoʻoheheʻe etherification, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe, wai;

ʻEthyl cellulose (EC), kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 2.3-2.6; mea hoʻohuihui etherification, monochloroethane; mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe, mea hoʻoheheʻe organik;

ʻEthyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), kekelē kūpono o ka pani ʻana: 2.4-2.8; mea hoʻoheheʻe etherification, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe, mea hoʻoheheʻe organik;

1.3 Nā waiwai o ka cellulose

1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)

①He mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela. He paʻa loa kona hopena wai ma ka pae o PH = 3-12. Loaʻa iā ia ka launa maikaʻi me ka starch, guar gum, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a me nā surfactants he nui. Ke hiki ka mahana i ka mahana gelation, hana ʻia ka gelation.

②ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methylcellulose e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ka mānoanoa, ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Ma keʻano laulā, inā nui ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, liʻiliʻi ka maikaʻi, a nui ka mānoanoa, kiʻekiʻe ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohui ka hopena nui loa i ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, a ʻo ka mānoanoa haʻahaʻa loa ʻaʻole ia e pili pono i ka pae o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e pili nui ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana cellulose a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana. I waena o nā ethers cellulose, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose.

③ʻO ka loli o ka mahana e hoʻopilikia nui i ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai. Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka mortar ma mua o 40°C, e haʻahaʻa loa ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose, kahi e hoʻopilikia nui ai i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar.

④ He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka Methyl cellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mortar. ʻO ka "hoʻopili" ma ʻaneʻi e pili ana i ka ikaika hoʻopili i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka mea hana a ka mea hana a me ka substrate paia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūpaʻa ʻoki o ka mortar. Kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻopili ʻana, nui ke kūpaʻa ʻoki o ka mortar, a pono nā limahana i ka ikaika hou aʻe i ka wā e hoʻohana ai, a lilo ka hana kūkulu o ka mortar i mea ʻilihune. Aia ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Methyl cellulose ma kahi pae waena i nā huahana cellulose ether.

1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)

He huahana fiber ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nona ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana e piʻi wikiwiki nei i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.

He ʻenekini hui ʻole ia me ka cellulose non-ionic i hana ʻia mai ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma hope o ka alkalization, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka propylene oxide a me ka methyl chloride ma ke ʻano he etherification agents, a ma o kekahi mau hopena. ʻO ke kekelē o ka hoʻololi ʻana he 1.5-2.0. He ʻokoʻa kona mau waiwai ma muli o nā lakio like ʻole o ka ʻike methoxyl a me ka ʻike hydroxypropyl. ʻO ka ʻike methoxyl kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻike hydroxypropyl haʻahaʻa, kokoke ka hana i ka methyl cellulose; ʻO ka ʻike methoxyl haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻike hydroxypropyl kiʻekiʻe, kokoke ka hana i ka hydroxypropyl cellulose.

①He maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela. Akā, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona mahana gelation i ka wai wela ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka solubility i ka wai anuanu ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka methyl cellulose.

② Pili ka mānoanoa o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i kona kaumaha molekala, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha molekala, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mānoanoa. Hoʻopilikia pū ka mahana i kona mānoanoa, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e emi ana ka mānoanoa. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kona mānoanoa e ka mahana ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Paʻa kona hopena ke mālama ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi.

③ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ka viscosity, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻo kona helu paʻa wai ma lalo o ka nui hoʻohui like ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.

④He paʻa ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka waikawa a me ka alkali, a he paʻa loa kona hopena wai ma ka pae o PH = 2-12. ʻAʻole nui ka hopena o ka soda caustic a me ka wai lime i kāna hana, akā hiki i ka alkali ke hoʻolalelale i kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻonui iki i kona mānoanoa. He paʻa ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i nā paʻakai maʻamau, akā i ka wā e kiʻekiʻe ai ka nui o ka hopena paʻakai, e piʻi aʻe ka mānoanoa o ka hopena hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

⑤Hiki ke kāwili ʻia ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me nā polymers wai-soluble e hana i kahi hopena like a moakaka me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe. E like me ka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, a pēlā aku.

⑥ ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i nā enzyme ma mua o ka methylcellulose, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kāna hopena e nā enzymes ma mua o ka methylcellulose.

ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mortar ma mua o ka methylcellulose.

1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)

Hana ʻia ia mai ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i mālama ʻia me ka alkali, a hoʻopili ʻia me ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he etherification agent i ke alo o ka acetone. ʻO ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 1.5-2.0. Loaʻa iā ia ka hydrophilicity ikaika a maʻalahi hoʻi e omo i ka makū.

①He mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose i ka wai anuanu, akā he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela. Paʻa kona hopena i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka gelling. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma lalo o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka mortar, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona paʻa ʻana i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.

②He paʻa ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose i ka waikawa maʻamau a me ka alkali. Hiki i ka Alkali ke hoʻolalelale i kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a hoʻonui iki i kona viscosity. ʻOi aku ka ʻino o kona dispersibility i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose a me ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

③He hana maikaʻi ka Hydroxyethyl cellulose no ka mortar anti-sag, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hoʻopaneʻe no ka sima.

④ʻO ka hana o ka hydroxyethyl cellulose i hana ʻia e kekahi mau ʻoihana kūloko he haʻahaʻa loa ia ma mua o ka methyl cellulose ma muli o kona nui o ka wai a me ka nui o ka lehu.

1.3.4 Hana ʻia ʻo Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) me nā olonā kūlohelohe (pulupulu, hemp, a pēlā aku) ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka alkali, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium monochloroacetate ma ke ʻano he etherification agent, a ke hana nei i kahi moʻo o nā hana hoʻoponopono e hana ai i ka ionic cellulose ether. ʻO ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana he 0.4-1.4 maʻamau, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kāna hana e ke kekelē o ka pani ʻana.

①He hygroscopic kiʻekiʻe ka Carboxymethyl cellulose, a he nui ka wai i loko ke mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.

②ʻAʻole e hana ka wai hydroxymethyl cellulose i ka gel, a e emi ana ka viscosity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 50 ℃, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka viscosity.

③ Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kona kūpaʻa e ka pH. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka mortar gypsum, akā ʻaʻole i loko o ka mortar sima. Ke alkaline nui, nalowale ka mānoanoa.

④ ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona paʻa ʻana i ka wai ma mua o ka methyl cellulose. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena hoʻopaneʻe i ka mortar gypsum-based a hoʻemi i kona ikaika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka carboxymethyl cellulose ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.

2. ʻEtera starch i hoʻololi ʻia

Hoʻololi ʻia nā ethers starch i hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o nā mortar mai nā polymers kūlohelohe o kekahi mau polysaccharides. E like me ka ʻuala, kulina, cassava, pī guar, a pēlā aku, hoʻololi ʻia i loko o nā ethers starch i hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO nā ethers starch i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i loko o ka mortar he hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, a pēlā aku.

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā ethers starch i hoʻololi ʻia mai ka ʻuala, kulina, a me ka cassava he haʻahaʻa loa ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai ma mua o nā ethers cellulose. Ma muli o kona ʻano hoʻololi like ʻole, hōʻike ia i ke kūpaʻa like ʻole i ka waikawa a me ka alkali. He kūpono kekahi mau huahana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mortas gypsum, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mortas sima. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka starch ether i loko o ka morta e hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomānoanoa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka waiwai anti-sagging o ka morta, e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka morta pulu, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa wehe.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ethers starch me ka cellulose, e hopena ana i nā waiwai hoʻohui a me nā pono o nā huahana ʻelua. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai o nā huahana starch ether ma mua o ka cellulose ether, ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka starch ether i loko o ka mortar e lawe mai i kahi hōʻemi nui i ke kumukūʻai o nā ʻano mortar.

3. ʻEtera Guar gum

ʻO ka ʻenekini Guar ether kahi ʻano polysaccharide etherified me nā waiwai kūikawā, i hoʻololi ʻia mai nā pīni guar maoli. ʻO ke kumu nui ma o ka hopena etherification ma waena o ka ʻenekini guar a me nā hui hana acrylic, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano i loaʻa nā hui hana 2-hydroxypropyl, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ʻano polygalactomannose.

①Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka cellulose ether, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka guar gum ether i ka wai. ʻAʻohe hopena o ka PH i ka hana o ka guar gum ether.

②Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka viscosity haʻahaʻa a me ka dosage haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka guar gum ke pani i ka cellulose ether ma ka nui like, a loaʻa iā ia ka paʻa wai like. Akā ʻo ke kūlike, anti-sag, thixotropy a pēlā aku ua hoʻomaikaʻi maopopo ʻia.

③Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o ka dosage, ʻaʻole hiki i ka guar gum ke hoʻololi i ka cellulose ether, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻelua e hana i ka hana maikaʻi aʻe.

④ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka guar gum i loko o ka mortar gypsum hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ka pipili i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana a hoʻomaʻalahi i ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻAʻohe ona hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka manawa hoʻonohonoho a me ka ikaika o ka mortar gypsum.

⑤ Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka guar gum i ka masonry sima a me ka mortar plastering, hiki iā ia ke pani i ka cellulose ether ma ka nui like, a hāʻawi i ka mortar me ke kūpaʻa sagging maikaʻi, thixotropy a me ka laumania o ke kūkulu ʻana.

⑥I loko o ka mortar me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o ka mea mālama wai, e hana pū ka guar gum a me ka cellulose ether e hoʻokō i nā hopena maikaʻi loa.

⑦ Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka gum Guar i nā huahana e like me nā mea hoʻopili tile, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ponoʻī i ka lepo, ka putty kūpaʻa wai, a me ka mortar polymer no ka pale ʻana i ka paia.

4. Mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻa wai mineral i hoʻololi ʻia

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻa wai i hana ʻia me nā minelala kūlohelohe ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana ma Kina. ʻO nā minelala nui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻa wai: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, a pēlā aku. Loaʻa i kēia mau minelala kekahi mau waiwai paʻa wai a me ka hoʻomānoanoa ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana e like me nā mea hoʻopili. ʻO kēia ʻano mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻa wai i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mortar he mau ʻano penei.

① Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hana o ka mortar maʻamau, a hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka hana maikaʻi ʻole o ka mortar sima, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ka mortar i hui ʻia, a me ke kūpaʻa wai ʻole.

② Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā huahana palaki me nā pae ikaika like ʻole no nā hale ʻoihana a me nā hale kīwila maʻamau.

③Haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hana.

④ ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai ma mua o nā mea mālama wai organik, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai hoʻemi maloʻo o ka mortar i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka cohesiveness.