Isifinyezo:
1. I-ejenti yokumanzisa nokuhlakaza
2. I-Defoamer
3. Isiqinisi
4. Izithasiselo ezakha ifilimu
5. I-anti-corrosion, anti-mildew kanye ne-anti-algae agent
6. Ezinye izithasiselo
1 I-ejenti yokumanzisa nokuhlakaza:
Izembozo ezisekelwe emanzini zisebenzisa amanzi njenge-solvent noma i-dispersion medium, futhi amanzi ane-dielectric constant enkulu, ngakho-ke izembozo ezisekelwe emanzini ziqiniswa kakhulu yi-electrostatic repulsion lapho ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lukagesi ludlulana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlelweni lwe-water-based coating, kuvame ukuba nama-polymer nama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic, anamathela ebusweni be-pigment filler, akha i-steric inhibitor futhi aqinise ukuhlakazeka. Ngakho-ke, upende olusekelwe emanzini kanye nama-emulsions kufinyelela imiphumela ezinzile ngesenzo esihlangene se-electrostatic repulsion kanye ne-steric inhibitor. Inkinga yayo ukumelana ne-electrolyte okuphansi, ikakhulukazi kuma-electrolyte anentengo ephezulu.
1.1 I-ejenti yokumanzisa
Izinto zokumanzisa zezingubo ezithwala amanzi zihlukaniswe zibe yi-anionic kanye ne-nonionic.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-wetting agent kanye ne-dispersing agent kungaletha imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Inani le-wetting agent ngokuvamile liyingcosana ngenkulungwane. Umphumela walo omubi ukukhiqiza igwebu nokunciphisa ukumelana namanzi kwefilimu yokumboza.
Enye yezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwama-wetting agents ukufaka kancane kancane ama-wetting agents e-polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO noma APE), ngoba kuholela ekunciphiseni kwama-hormone wesilisa kumagundane futhi kuphazamisa i-endocrine. Ama-Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers asetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-emulsifiers ngesikhathi se-emulsion polymerization.
Ama-surfactant amabili nawo ayintuthuko entsha. Ama-molecule amabili ahlala emanzini ahlanganiswe yi-spacer. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sama-surfactant amaseli amabili ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-micelle okubalulekile (i-CMC) kungaphezu komyalelo wobukhulu obuphansi kunokwama-surfactant awo “asele elilodwa”, kulandelwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Njenge-TEGO Twin 4000, iyi-surfactant yamaseli amabili e-siloxane, futhi inezakhiwo ze-foam ezingazinzile kanye ne-defoaming.
I-Air Products ithuthukise ama-surfactants e-Gemini. Ama-surfactants endabuko anomsila othanda ukungabi namanzi kanye nekhanda elithanda ukungabi namanzi, kodwa le surfactant entsha inamaqembu amabili athanda ukungabi namanzi kanye namaqembu amabili noma amathathu athanda ukungabi namanzi, okuyi-surfactant esebenza ngemisebenzi eminingi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-acetylene glycols, imikhiqizo efana ne-EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Isihlanzisi
Izihlanzisi zopende we-latex zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: izihlanzisi ze-phosphate, izihlanzisi ze-polyacid homopolymer, izihlanzisi ze-polyacid copolymer kanye nezinye izihlanzisi.
Ama-phosphate dispersants asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-polyphosphates, njenge-sodium hexametaphosphate, i-sodium polyphosphate (i-Calgon N, umkhiqizo we-BK Giulini Chemical Company eJalimane), i-potassium tripolyphosphate (i-KTPP) kanye ne-tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (i-TKPP). Indlela esebenza ngayo ukuzinzisa ukuxoshwa kwe-electrostatic ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen bonding kanye ne-chemical adsorption. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi umthamo uphansi, cishe u-0.1%, futhi unomphumela omuhle wokusabalala kuma-pigment angaphili kanye nama-fillers. Kodwa futhi kukhona ukuntuleka: eyodwa, kanye nokwenyuka kwenani le-pH kanye nokushisa, i-polyphosphate i-hydrolyzed kalula, ibangela ukuzinza kokugcina isikhathi eside okubi; Ukungaqedwa okuphelele endaweni ephakathi kuzothinta ukukhanya kopende we-latex ocwebezelayo.
Ama-phosphate ester dispersants ayingxube yama-monoesters, ama-diesters, ama-residual alcohols kanye ne-phosphoric acid.
Izihlanzisi ze-phosphate ester ziqinisa ukuhlakazeka kwe-pigment, okuhlanganisa nezihlanzisi ezisabelayo njenge-zinc oxide. Ekwakheni upende ocwebezelayo, kuthuthukisa ukucwebezela nokuhlanzeka. Ngokungafani nezinye izithasiselo zokumanzisa nokuhlakaza, ukungezwa kwezihlanzisi ze-phosphate ester akuthinti i-KU kanye ne-ICI viscosity yengubo.
I-polyacid homopolymer dispersant, njenge-Tamol 1254 kanye ne-Tamol 850, i-Tamol 850 iyi-homopolymer ye-methacrylic acid. I-polyacid copolymer dispersant, njenge-Orotan 731A, okuyi-copolymer ye-diisobutylene kanye ne-maleic acid. Izici zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ze-dispersant ukuthi zikhiqiza ukumuncwa okunamandla noma ukunamathela ebusweni be-pigment kanye nama-fillers, zinezintambo ezinde zama-molecule ukwakha isithiyo se-steric, futhi zinokuncibilika kwamanzi emaphethelweni e-chain, kanti ezinye zenezelwa yi-electrostatic repulsion ukuze kufezwe imiphumela ezinzile. Ukuze i-dispersant ibe nokuhlakazeka okuhle, isisindo sama-molecule kumele silawulwe ngokuqinile. Uma isisindo sama-molecule sincane kakhulu, ngeke kube khona isithiyo se-steric esanele; uma isisindo sama-molecule sikhulu kakhulu, kuzokwenzeka i-flocculation. Ku-polyacrylate dispersants, umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuhlakazeka ungatholakala uma izinga le-polymerization lingu-12-18.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlakaza, njenge-AMP-95, zinegama lamakhemikhali elithi 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Iqembu lama-amino linamathela ebusweni bezinhlayiya ezingaphili, kanti iqembu le-hydroxyl lidlulela emanzini, okudlala indima yokuzinza ngokusebenzisa isithiyo se-steric. Ngenxa yobukhulu balo obuncane, isithiyo se-steric sinqunyelwe. I-AMP-95 ngokuyinhloko iwumlawuli we-pH.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo ngama-dispersants lunqobe inkinga yokugoqeka okubangelwa isisindo sama-molecule aphezulu, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu kungenye yezindlela ezithambekele. Isibonelo, i-dispersant yesisindo sama-molecule ephezulu i-EFKA-4580 ekhiqizwa yi-emulsion polymerization yenzelwe ngokukhethekile izembozo zezimboni ezisekelwe emanzini, ezifanele ukusabalala kombala we-organic kanye ne-inorganic, futhi inokumelana okuhle kwamanzi.
Amaqembu ama-amino anobuhlobo obuhle nama-pigment amaningi ngokusebenzisa i-acid-base noma i-hydrogen bonding. I-block copolymer dispersant ene-aminoacrylic acid njengeqembu elibambelelayo iye yanakwa.
Isihlanzisi esine-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate njengeqembu elinamathelayo
Isithasiselo sokumanzisa nokusabalalisa se-Tego Dispers 655 sisetshenziswa kupende lwezimoto oluhamba emanzini hhayi nje kuphela ukuqondisa imibala kodwa nokuvimbela impuphu ye-aluminium ukuthi ingahlangani namanzi.
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngemvelo, kuye kwasungulwa izinto zokumanzisa nezokusabalalisa ezibolayo, njengezinto zokuhlanza nezokusabalalisa ze-EnviroGem AE series twin-cell, okuyizinto zokuhlanza nezokusabalalisa ezimanzisa nezikhipha amagwebu aphansi.
2 umshini wokuhlanza:
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokuhlanza upende ezisekelwe emanzini, ngokuvamile ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: izindlela zokuhlanza upende ngamafutha amaminerali, izindlela zokuhlanza upende ze-polysiloxane kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza upende.
Ama-defoamer kawoyela wamaminerali avame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi kupende we-latex oyisicaba nowe-semi-gloss.
Ama-polysiloxane defoamer anomfutho ophansi wobuso, amandla aqinile okususa ama-foam kanye nokuvimbela ama-foam, futhi awathinti ukucwebezela, kodwa uma esetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele, azobangela amaphutha njengokuncipha kwefilimu yokumboza kanye nokungaguquki kahle.
Ama-defoamer asebenzisa upende asekelwe emanzini ajwayelekile awahambisani nesigaba samanzi ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususa i-foaming, ngakho-ke kulula ukukhiqiza amaphutha ebusweni befilimu yokumboza.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwasungulwa ama-defoamer asezingeni lama-molecule.
Le agent yokulwa nokungcola iyi-polymer eyakhiwe ngokuxhunyelelwa ngqo kwezinto ezisebenzayo ezilwa nokungcola ku-carrier substance. Uchungechunge lwama-molecule lwe-polymer luneqembu le-hydroxyl elimanzi, into esebenzayo yokubola isatshalaliswa ku-molecule, into esebenzayo akulula ukuyihlanganisa, futhi ukuhambisana nesistimu yokumboza kuhle. Ama-defoamer anjalo asezingeni lama-molecule afaka amafutha amaminerali — uchungechunge lwe-FoamStar A10, uchungechunge oluqukethe i-silicon — uchungechunge lwe-FoamStar A30, kanye nama-polymer angewona ama-silicon, angewona ama-oyela — uchungechunge lwe-FoamStar MF.
Kubikwa nokuthi le defoamer yezinga lama-molecule isebenzisa ama-polymer ezinkanyezi ahlanganisiwe njengezinto ezingahambisani, futhi ithole imiphumela emihle ekusetshenzisweni kokumboza okusekelwe emanzini. I-Air Products molecular-grade defoamer ebikwe nguStout et al. iyi-ejenti yokulawula i-foam esekelwe ku-acetylene glycol kanye ne-defoamer enezakhiwo zokumanzisa, njenge-Surfynol MD 20 kanye ne-Surfynol DF 37.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza izembozo ze-zero-VOC, kukhona nama-defoamer angenayo i-VOC, njenge-Agitan 315, i-Agitan E 255, njll.
3 Izinto Zokujiya:
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezithina, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje yi-cellulose ether kanye nezithina ezitholakala kuyo, izithina ezihlanganisa i-alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE) kanye nezithina ze-polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. I-Cellulose ether kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo
I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) yaqala ukukhiqizwa embonini yi-Union Carbide Company ngo-1932, futhi inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70. Njengamanje, izinto eziqinisa i-cellulose ether kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zifaka phakathi i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), i-methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), i-ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), i-methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), i-methyl cellulose (MC) kanye ne-xanthan gum, njll., lezi yizinto eziqinisa i-non-ionic, futhi ziyingxenye yezithisi zesigaba samanzi ezingahlobene. Phakathi kwazo, i-HEC isetshenziswa kakhulu kupende we-latex.
I-cellulose eguquliwe nge-hydrophobically (HMHEC) yethula inani elincane lamaqembu e-alkyl e-hydrophobic hydro-chain ende emhlane we-cellulose othanda amanzi ukuze ibe yi-associative thickener, njenge-Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Umphumela wayo wokujiya ufana nowe-cellulose ether thickeners enesisindo esikhulu kakhulu sama-molecule. Ithuthukisa i-viscosity kanye ne-leveling ye-ICI, futhi inciphisa ukujiya kobuso, njengokuthi ukujiya kobuso be-HEC cishe kungama-67mN/m, kanti ukujiya kobuso be-HMHEC kungu-55-65mN/m.
3.2 Isithambisi esivuvukalayo se-alkali
Izithina ezivuvukalayo ze-alkali zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: izithina ezivuvukalayo ze-alkali (ASE) ezingezona ezihambisanayo kanye nezithina ezivuvukalayo ze-alkali (HASE), eziyizithina ezi-anionic. I-ASE engahlobene iyi-polyacrylate alkali ukuvuvukala kwe-emulsion. I-Associative HASE iyi-polyacrylate alkali ukuvuvukala kwe-emulsion eguquguqukayo emanzini.
3.3. Isithambisi se-polyurethane kanye nesithambisi esingena-polyurethane esiguqulwe ngamanzi
I-polyurethane thickener, ebizwa ngokuthi i-HEEUR, iyi-polymer encibilika emanzini e-hydrophobic group-modified ethoxylated polyurethane, engeye-non-ionic associative thickener. I-HEEUR yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: iqembu le-hydrophobic, uchungechunge lwe-hydrophilic kanye neqembu le-polyurethane. Iqembu le-hydrophobic lidlala indima yokuhlangana futhi liyisici esinqumayo sokuqina, ngokuvamile i-oleyl, i-octadecyl, i-dodecylphenyl, i-nonylphenol, njll. Uchungechunge lwe-hydrophilic lunganikeza ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuqina kwe-viscosity, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ama-polyether, njenge-polyoxyethylene kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo. Uchungechunge lwama-molecule lwe-HEEUR lwandiswa amaqembu e-polyurethane, njenge-IPDI, i-TDI kanye ne-HMDI. Isici sesakhiwo sama-thickeners associative ukuthi aqedwa amaqembu e-hydrophobic. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwamaqembu e-hydrophobic kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zama-HEUR athile atholakala kwezentengiselwano liphansi kune-0.9, kanti okungcono kakhulu kungu-1.7 kuphela. Izimo zokusabela kufanele zilawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kutholakale i-polyurethane thickener enokusabalalisa okuncane kwesisindo sama-molecule kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile. Ama-HEUR amaningi akhiwa nge-polymerization eqhubekayo, ngakho-ke ama-HEUR atholakala kwezentengiselwano ngokuvamile ayingxube yesisindo sama-molecule abanzi.
URichey nabanye basebenzise i-fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (i-PAT, isilinganiso senombolo yesisindo sama-molecule esingu-30000, isisindo esimaphakathi sesisindo sama-molecule esingu-60000) ukuthola ukuthi ekugxilweni okungu-0.02% (isisindo), izinga lokuhlanganiswa kwe-micelle ye-Acrysol RM-825 kanye ne-PAT lalingu-6. Amandla okuxhumana phakathi kwe-thickener kanye nobuso bezinhlayiya ze-latex angaba ngu-25 KJ/mol; indawo ethathwe yi-molecule ngayinye ye-thickener ye-PAT ebusweni bezinhlayiya ze-latex cishe ingu-13 nm2, okuyindawo ethathwe yi-Triton X-405 wetting agent izikhathi ezingu-14 kune-0.9 nm2. I-Associative polyurethane thickener efana ne-RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, njll.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezithina ze-polyurethane ezihambisanayo ezinobungani nemvelo kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi. Isibonelo, i-BYK-425 iyithina ye-polyurethane eguquliwe engena-VOC kanye ne-APEO. I-Rheolate 210, i-Borchi Gel 0434, i-Tego ViscoPlus 3010, i-3030 kanye ne-3060 yizona ezithina ye-polyurethane ehambisanayo ngaphandle kwe-VOC kanye ne-APEO.
Ngaphezu kwama-thickeners e-polyurethane associative aqondile achazwe ngenhla, kukhona nama-thickeners e-polyurethane associative aslike comb. I-comb association polyurethane thickener isho ukuthi kukhona iqembu eligobile elihlala phakathi kwe-molecule ngayinye ye-thickener. Ama-thickeners anjenge-SCT-200 kanye ne-SCT-275 njll.
I-aminoplast thickener eguquliwe ngendlela ye-hydrophobically (i-hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) ishintsha i-amino resin ekhethekile ibe amaqembu amane ambozwe nge-hydrophobic, kodwa ukusabela kwalezi zindawo ezine zokusabela kuhlukile. Ekungezeni okuvamile kwamaqembu ambozwe nge-hydrophobic, kunamaqembu amabili kuphela ambozwe nge-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke i-synthetic hydrophobic modified amino thickener ayihlukile kakhulu ku-HEUR, njenge-Optiflo H 500. Uma kungezwa amaqembu amaningi ambozwe nge-hydrophobic, njengafika ku-8%, izimo zokusabela zingalungiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-amino thickener anamaqembu amaningi ambozwe nge-hydrophobic. Vele, lokhu futhi kuyi-comb thickener. Le-amino thickener eguquliwe nge-hydrophobic ingavimbela i-viscosity yopende ukuthi yehle ngenxa yokwengezwa kwenani elikhulu lama-surfactants kanye ne-glycol solvents lapho kufakwa ukufanisa imibala. Isizathu ukuthi amaqembu aqinile ambozwe nge-hydrophobic angavimbela ukumuncwa, futhi amaqembu amaningi ambozwe nge-hydrophobic anobudlelwano obuqinile. Ama-thickener anjalo njenge-Optiflo TVS.
I-hydrophobic modified polyether thickener (HMPE) Ukusebenza kwe-hydrophobically modified polyether thickener kufana ne-HEUR, futhi imikhiqizo ifaka phakathi i-Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 kanye ne-NHS300 ye-Hercules.
Indlela yayo yokujiya ingumphumela wokubopha kwe-hydrogen kanye nokuhlangana kwamaqembu okugcina. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-thickeners avamile, inezakhiwo ezingcono zokulwa nokuqina kanye nokungawi. Ngokusho kwama-polarity ahlukene amaqembu okugcina, ama-thickeners e-polyurea aguquliwe angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ama-thickeners e-polyurea aphansi, ama-thickeners e-polyurea aphakathi nendawo kanye nama-thickeners e-polyurea aphakeme. Amabili okuqala asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ama-coatings asekelwe ku-solvent, kuyilapho ama-thickeners e-polyurea aphakeme ane-polarity angasetshenziswa kokubili ama-coatings asekelwe ku-solvent aphakeme kanye nama-coatings asekelwe emanzini. Imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano yama-thickeners e-polyurea aphansi, ama-polarity aphakathi nendawo kanye nama-thickeners e-polyurea aphezulu yi-BYK-411, BYK-410 kanye ne-BYK-420 ngokulandelana.
I-slurry ye-wax ye-polyamide eguquliwe iyisengezo se-rheological esakhiwe ngokungenisa amaqembu athanda amanzi njenge-PEG kuchungechunge lwama-molecule we-amide wax. Njengamanje, ezinye izinhlobo zingeniswa futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulungisa i-thixotropy yesistimu nokuthuthukisa i-anti-thixotropy. Ukusebenza okulwa nokuwohloka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-22-2022