Chidule:
1. Wonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa
2. Chotsukira tsitsi
3. Chokhuthala
4. Zowonjezera zopangira filimu
5. Woletsa dzimbiri, chimfine ndi ndere
6. Zowonjezera zina
1 Chonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa:
Zophimba zochokera m'madzi zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati chosungunulira kapena chogawanitsa, ndipo madzi amakhala ndi dielectric constant yayikulu, kotero zophimba zochokera m'madzi zimakhazikika makamaka ndi electrostatic repulsion pamene zigawo ziwiri zamagetsi zikugwerana. Kuphatikiza apo, mu dongosolo lazophimba zochokera m'madzi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma polima ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic, omwe amamatiridwa pamwamba pa pigment filler, ndikupanga steric chopinga ndikukhazikika dispersion. Chifukwa chake, utoto wochokera m'madzi ndi emulsions zimapeza zotsatira zokhazikika kudzera mu mgwirizano wa electrostatic repulsion ndi steric chopinga. Choyipa chake ndi kukana kwa electrolyte kochepa, makamaka kwa ma electrolyte okwera mtengo.
1.1 Wonyowetsa
Zonyowetsa madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophimba madzi zimagawidwa m'magulu a anionic ndi nonionic.
Kuphatikiza kwa chonyowetsa ndi chomwaza kungapangitse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa chonyowetsa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa pa chikwi. Zotsatira zake zoyipa ndi kutulutsa thovu ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa madzi kwa filimu yophimba.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa zinthu zonyowetsa ndikusintha pang'onopang'ono zinthu zonyowetsa za polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO kapena APE), chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti mahomoni a amuna achepe ndipo amasokoneza ntchito ya endocrine. Ma polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati ma emulsifier panthawi ya emulsion polymerization.
Ma surfactants awiri ndi zinthu zatsopano zomwe zapangidwa. Ndi mamolekyu awiri a amphiphilic omwe amalumikizidwa ndi spacer. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha ma surfactants awiri ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa micelle (CMC) kofunikira kwambiri ndi kochepa kuposa kwa ma surfactants awo a "selo limodzi", kutsatiridwa ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Monga TEGO Twin 4000, ndi surfactant ya twin cell siloxane, ndipo ili ndi thovu losakhazikika komanso mphamvu zochotsera poizoni.
Air Products yapanga ma surfactants a Gemini. Ma surfactants akale ali ndi mchira wosagwirizana ndi madzi ndi mutu wosagwirizana ndi madzi, koma surfactant yatsopanoyi ili ndi magulu awiri ogwirizana ndi madzi ndi magulu awiri kapena atatu osagwirizana ndi madzi, omwe ndi ma surfactant ambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti acetylene glycols, zinthu monga EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Chotulutsira
Zosakaniza utoto wa latex zimagawidwa m'magulu anayi: zosakaniza za phosphate, zosakaniza za polyacid homopolymer, zosakaniza za polyacid copolymer ndi zosakaniza zina.
Ma polyphosphates omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, yopangidwa ndi BK Giulini Chemical Company ku Germany), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) ndi tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Njira yake yogwirira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa kukana kwa electrostatic kudzera mu hydrogen bonding ndi chemical adsorption. Ubwino wake ndi wakuti mlingo wake ndi wochepa, pafupifupi 0.1%, ndipo umabalalitsa bwino ma pigments ndi ma fillers osapangidwa. Komanso palinso zofooka: chimodzi, pamodzi ndi kukweza pH ndi kutentha, polyphosphate imasungunuka mosavuta, zimapangitsa kuti kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kukhale koipa; Kusungunuka kosakwanira pakati pa zinthu kumakhudza kuwala kwa utoto wa latex wonyezimira.
Ma dispersants a phosphate ester ndi osakaniza a monoesters, diesters, residual alcohols ndi phosphoric acid.
Zosakaniza za phosphate ester zimalimbitsa kufalikira kwa utoto, kuphatikizapo utoto wosinthika monga zinc oxide. Mu utoto wonyezimira, umathandiza kunyezimira komanso kuyera bwino. Mosiyana ndi zowonjezera zina zonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa, kuwonjezera kwa zosakaniza za phosphate ester sikukhudza kukhuthala kwa KU ndi ICI kwa utoto.
Chosakaniza cha polyacid homopolymer, monga Tamol 1254 ndi Tamol 850, Tamol 850 ndi homopolymer ya methacrylic acid. Chosakaniza cha polyacid copolymer, monga Orotan 731A, chomwe ndi copolymer ya diisobutylene ndi maleic acid. Makhalidwe a mitundu iwiriyi ya zosakaniza ndi awa ndikuti zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulowetsedwa kwamphamvu kapena kukhazikika pamwamba pa utoto ndi zodzaza, zimakhala ndi maunyolo ataliatali a mamolekyulu kuti apange choletsa cha steric, ndipo zimakhala ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi kumapeto kwa unyolo, ndipo zina zimawonjezeredwa ndi electrostatic repulsion kuti zikwaniritse zotsatira zokhazikika. Kuti chosakaniza chikhale ndi kufalikira kwabwino, kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala. Ngati kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kuli kochepa kwambiri, sipadzakhala choletsa cha steric chokwanira; ngati kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, flocculation idzachitika. Kwa osakaniza a polyacrylate, zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za kufalikira zitha kupezeka ngati mulingo wa polymerization ndi 12-18.
Mitundu ina ya zinthu zotulutsa mpweya, monga AMP-95, ili ndi dzina la mankhwala lakuti 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Gulu la amino limayamwa pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo gulu la hydroxyl limafikira m'madzi, lomwe limagwira ntchito yokhazikika kudzera mu choletsa cha steric. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa, choletsa cha steric chimakhala chochepa. AMP-95 makamaka ndi yowongolera pH.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kafukufuku wa zinthu zosungunulira zinthu zakufa wathetsa vuto la kugwedezeka kwa zinthu chifukwa cha kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kukula kwa kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu chosungunulira zinthu cha EFKA-4580 chosungunulira zinthu cha mamolekyulu chopangidwa ndi emulsion polymerization chapangidwa mwapadera kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale okhala ndi madzi, choyenera kufalikira kwa utoto wa organic ndi inorganic, ndipo chili ndi kukana bwino madzi.
Magulu a amino ali ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi mitundu yambiri ya utoto kudzera mu acid-base kapena hydrogen bonding. Chosakaniza cha block copolymer chokhala ndi aminoacrylic acid monga gulu lothandizira chakhala chikuyang'aniridwa.
Dispersant yokhala ndi dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate ngati gulu lothandizira
Chowonjezera cha Tego Dispers 655 chonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto wa magalimoto woyendetsedwa ndi madzi osati kungoyang'ana utotowo komanso kuteteza ufa wa aluminiyamu kuti usagwirizane ndi madzi.
Chifukwa cha nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, zinthu zonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka zapangidwa, monga zinthu zonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa zinthu za EnviroGem AE series twin-cell, zomwe ndi zinthu zonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa zinthu zomwe sizimatulutsa thovu.
2 chotsukira makwinya:
Pali mitundu yambiri ya zotsukira utoto zachikhalidwe zochokera m'madzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: zotsukira mafuta amchere, zotsukira polysiloxane ndi zotsukira zina.
Mankhwala oyeretsera mafuta a mchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka mu utoto wa latex wosalala komanso wonyezimira pang'ono.
Ma polysiloxane defoamers ali ndi mphamvu yochepa yochepetsera kupsinjika kwa pamwamba, mphamvu yamphamvu yochotsera kupsinjika kwa khungu komanso mphamvu yoletsa thovu, ndipo samakhudza kuwala, koma akagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, amayambitsa zolakwika monga kuchepa kwa filimu yophimba komanso kusakhazikika bwino kwa khungu.
Zipangizo zochotsera utoto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi sizigwirizana ndi gawo la madzi kuti zikwaniritse cholinga chochotsera utoto, kotero zimakhala zosavuta kupanga zolakwika pamwamba pa filimu yophimba.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu apanga zinthu zoletsa mamolekyulu.
Choletsa thovu ichi ndi polima wopangidwa ndi kulumikiza mwachindunji zinthu zotsutsana ndi thovu pa chinthu chonyamulira. Unyolo wa mamolekyu wa polima uli ndi gulu la hydroxyl lonyowetsa, chinthu choletsa thovu chimafalikira mozungulira molekyulu, chinthu chogwira ntchito sichimasonkhanitsidwa mosavuta, ndipo chimagwirizana bwino ndi dongosolo lopaka utoto. Zoletsa thovu zotere zimaphatikizapo mafuta amchere — mndandanda wa FoamStar A10, mndandanda wokhala ndi silicon — mndandanda wa FoamStar A30, ndi ma polima osakhala a silicon, osakhala amafuta — mndandanda wa FoamStar MF.
Zanenedwanso kuti chotsukira mamolekyu ichi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma polima a nyenyezi olumikizidwa kwambiri ngati ma surfactants osagwirizana, ndipo chapeza zotsatira zabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zochokera m'madzi. Chotsukira mamolekyulu cha Air Products chomwe chanenedwa ndi Stout et al. ndi chowongolera thovu chochokera ku acetylene glycol komanso chotsukira mafoam chokhala ndi mphamvu zonse ziwiri zonyowetsa, monga Surfynol MD 20 ndi Surfynol DF 37.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zopangira zophimba zopanda VOC, palinso zochotsera poizoni zopanda VOC, monga Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, ndi zina zotero.
3 Zokhuthala:
Pali mitundu yambiri ya zothina, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano ndi cellulose ether ndi zothina zake zochokera kuzinthu zothina, zothina zothina za alkali-swellable (HASE) ndi zothina za polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether ndi zinthu zochokera mkati mwake
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) idapangidwa koyamba m'mafakitale ndi Union Carbide Company mu 1932, ndipo ili ndi mbiri ya zaka zoposa 70. Pakadali pano, zokhuthala za cellulose ether ndi zotumphukira zake zimaphatikizapo hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) ndi xanthan gum, ndi zina zotero, izi ndi zokhuthala zosakhudzana ndi ionic, komanso ndi za zokhuthala zosakhudzana ndi gawo lamadzi. Pakati pawo, HEC ndiyo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu utoto wa latex.
Cellulose yosinthidwa ndi hydrophobically (HMHEC) imayambitsa magulu ang'onoang'ono a alkyl omwe amathira madzi pang'ono pa msana wa hydrophilic wa cellulose kuti ikhale associative thickener, monga Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Mphamvu yake yothira imafanana ndi ya cellulose ether thickeners yokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa molekyulu. Imawongolera kukhuthala ndi kusinthasintha kwa ICI, ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba, monga kupsinjika kwa pamwamba kwa HEC kuli pafupifupi 67mN/m, ndipo kupsinjika kwa pamwamba kwa HMHEC ndi 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Chokhuthala chofewa ngati alkali
Zothina zothina za alkali-swellable zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: zothina za alkali-swellable non-associative (ASE) ndi zothina za alkali-swellable associative (HASE), zomwe ndi zothina za anionic. ASE yosagwirizanitsidwa ndi polyacrylate alkali tumbo emulsion. Associative HASE ndi polyacrylate alkali tumbo emulsion yosinthidwa ndi hydrophobically.
3.3. Chokhuthala cha polyurethane ndi chokhuthala chosasinthika ndi polyurethane chosinthidwa ndi madzi
Chokhuthala cha polyurethane, chomwe chimatchedwa HEUR, ndi polymer yosungunuka m'madzi ya polyurethane yosinthidwa ndi gulu la hydrophobic, yomwe ndi ya non-ionic associative thickener. HEUR imapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: gulu la hydrophobic, hydrophilic chain ndi gulu la polyurethane. Gulu la hydrophobic limagwira ntchito yogwirizana ndipo ndilo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukhuthala, nthawi zambiri oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, ndi zina zotero. Chokhuthala cha hydrophilic chingapereke kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi kukhazikika kwa viscosity, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma polyether, monga polyoxyethylene ndi zotumphukira zake. Unyolo wa molekyulu wa HEUR umakulitsidwa ndi magulu a polyurethane, monga IPDI, TDI ndi HMDI. Kapangidwe ka zokhuthala za associative ndikuti zimathetsedwa ndi magulu a hydrophobic. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa magulu a hydrophobic kumapeto onse a ma HEUR ena omwe amapezeka pamsika ndi kotsika kuposa 0.9, ndipo zabwino kwambiri ndi 1.7 zokha. Mikhalidwe ya reaction iyenera kulamulidwa mosamala kuti mupeze chokhuthala cha polyurethane chokhala ndi kugawa kocheperako kwa molekyulu komanso magwiridwe antchito okhazikika. Ma HEUR ambiri amapangidwa ndi polymerization yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, kotero ma HEUR omwe amapezeka m'masitolo nthawi zambiri amakhala osakaniza a kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu.
Richey ndi anzake adagwiritsa ntchito fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (PAT, avareji ya kulemera kwa molekyulu 30000, avareji ya kulemera kwa molekyulu 60000) kuti apeze kuti pa kuchuluka kwa 0.02% (kulemera), digiri ya micelle aggregation ya Acrysol RM-825 ndi PAT inali pafupifupi 6. Mphamvu yolumikizana pakati pa thickener ndi pamwamba pa tinthu ta latex ndi pafupifupi 25 KJ/mol; malo omwe amakhala ndi molekyulu iliyonse ya PAT thickener pamwamba pa tinthu ta latex ndi pafupifupi 13 nm2, yomwe ndi pafupifupi malo omwe amakhala ndi Triton X-405 wetting agent nthawi 14 kuposa 0.9 nm2. Associate polyurethane thickener monga RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, ndi zina zotero.
Kupanga zinthu zothina polyurethane zoteteza chilengedwe kwatchuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, BYK-425 ndi chinthu chothina polyurethane chosinthidwa urea chopanda VOC ndi APEO. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 ndi 3060 ndi chinthu chothina polyurethane choteteza chilengedwe chopanda VOC ndi APEO.
Kuwonjezera pa zothina za polyurethane zolumikizana zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, palinso zothina za polyurethane zolumikizana ngati chisa. Chomwe chimatchedwa chisa cha polyurethane chothina chimatanthauza kuti pali gulu la hydrophobic pakati pa molekyulu iliyonse yothina. Zothina monga SCT-200 ndi SCT-275 ndi zina zotero.
Chothirira cha aminoplast chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobically (chothirira cha aminoplast chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobically—HEAT) chimasintha utomoni wapadera wa amino kukhala magulu anayi okhala ndi hydrophobic caps, koma reactivity ya malo anayiwa ndi yosiyana. Mu kuwonjezera kwabwinobwino kwa magulu okhala ndi hydrophobic, pali magulu awiri okha okhala ndi hydrophobic, kotero chothirira cha amino chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobic chopangidwa sichisiyana kwambiri ndi HEUR, monga Optiflo H 500. Ngati magulu ambiri okhala ndi hydrophobic awonjezedwa, monga mpaka 8%, momwe zinthu zimachitikira zitha kusinthidwa kuti zipange amino thickeners ndi magulu angapo okhala ndi hydrophobic blocked. Zachidziwikire, ichinso ndi chothirira cha chisa. Chothirira cha amino chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobic ichi chingalepheretse kutsika kwa viscosity ya utoto chifukwa cha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants ndi glycol solvents pamene mitundu yofananira iwonjezeredwa. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti magulu amphamvu okhala ndi hydrophobic amatha kuletsa kusungunuka, ndipo magulu angapo okhala ndi hydrophobic ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu. Zothirira monga Optiflo TVS.
Chothirira cha polyether chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobic (HMPE) Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka chothirira cha polyether chosinthidwa ndi hydrophobically ndi kofanana ndi HEUR, ndipo zinthuzo zikuphatikizapo Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 ndi NHS300 za Hercules.
Njira yake yokulirakulira ndi zotsatira za hydrogen bonding ndi mgwirizano wa magulu a mapeto. Poyerekeza ndi zokhuthala wamba, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zoletsa kukhazikika komanso zoletsa kutsika. Malinga ndi ma polarities osiyanasiyana a magulu a mapeto, zokhuthala za polyurea zosinthidwa zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu: zokhuthala za polyurea zotsika, zokhuthala zapakati ndi zokhuthala zapakati. Zoyamba ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokulitsa zokhuthala zochokera ku solvent, pomwe zokhuthala zapamwamba ndi zokhuthala zapakati zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokongoletsa zokhuthala zochokera ku solvent ndi zokhuthala zochokera m'madzi. Zogulitsa zamalonda za low polarity, medium polarity ndi high polarity polyurea thickeners ndi BYK-411, BYK-410 ndi BYK-420 motsatana.
Madzi osungunuka a polyamide sera ndi chowonjezera cha rheological chomwe chimapangidwa poyambitsa magulu okonda madzi monga PEG mu unyolo wa mamolekyu a sera ya amide. Pakadali pano, mitundu ina imatumizidwa kunja ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kusintha thixotropy ya dongosolo ndikuwonjezera anti-thixotropy. Kugwira ntchito koletsa kutsika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-22-2022