Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo:
1. Mea hoʻomaʻū a hoʻopuehu
2. Mea hoʻohemo huʻa
3. Mea hoʻomānoanoa
4. Nā mea hoʻohui hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni
5. Mea kū'ē i ka palaho, anti-mildew a me ka mea kū'ē i ka algae
6. Nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe
1 Mea hoʻomaʻū a hoʻopuehu:
Hoʻohana nā uhi wai i ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopuehu, a he nui ka dielectric constant o ka wai, no laila ua hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia nā uhi wai e ka electrostatic repulsion ke uhi ka papa pālua uila. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana uhi wai, aia pinepine nā polymers a me nā surfactants non-ionic, i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o ka pigment filler, e hana ana i ka steric hindrance a hoʻopaʻa i ka dispersion. No laila, loaʻa i nā pena wai a me nā emulsions nā hopena paʻa ma o ka hana hui o ka electrostatic repulsion a me ka steric hindrance. ʻO kona hemahema ka pale electrolyte maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā electrolytes kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
1.1 Mea hoʻomaʻū
Ua māhele ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻū no nā uhi wai i ka anionic a me ka nonionic.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka mea hoʻomaʻū a me ka mea hoʻopuehu hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hopena kūpono. ʻO ka nui o ka mea hoʻomaʻū he mau mea liʻiliʻi no kēlā me kēia tausani. ʻO kona hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka huʻa a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa wai o ka ʻili uhi.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hoʻomohala o nā mea hoʻomaʻū, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi mālie ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻū polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO a i ʻole APE), no ka mea, ke alakaʻi nei ia i ka emi ʻana o nā hormones kāne i loko o nā ʻiole a hoʻopilikia i ka endocrine. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers i ka wā o ka emulsion polymerization.
He mau hoʻomohala hou nō hoʻi nā surfactants māhoe. He ʻelua mau mole amphiphilic i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi spacer. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o nā surfactants māhoe-cell ʻo ia ka nui o ka micelle concentration (CMC) ma mua o kahi kauoha o ka nui ma mua o kā lākou surfactants "single-cell", ukali ʻia e ka pono kiʻekiʻe. E like me TEGO Twin 4000, he surfactant siloxane cell māhoe ia, a he mau waiwai huʻa paʻa ʻole a me ka defoaming.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Air Products i nā surfactants Gemini. He huelo hydrophobic a he poʻo hydrophilic ko nā surfactants kuʻuna, akā he ʻelua mau hui hydrophilic a me ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau hui hydrophobic o kēia surfactant hou, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi surfactant multifunctional, i ʻike ʻia ʻo acetylene glycols, nā huahana e like me EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Mea hoʻopuehu
Ua māhele ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka pena latex i ʻehā mau māhele: nā mea hoʻoheheʻe phosphate, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyacid homopolymer, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyacid copolymer a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolaha phosphate i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia nā polyphosphates, e like me ka sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, huahana o BK Giulini Chemical Company ma Kelemania), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) a me tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). ʻO ke ʻano o kāna hana, ʻo ia ke hoʻopaʻa i ka electrostatic repulsion ma o ka hydrogen bonding a me ka chemical adsorption. ʻO kona pono, he haʻahaʻa ka dosage, ma kahi o 0.1%, a he hopena hoʻolaha maikaʻi kona i nā pigments inorganic a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha. Akā aia kekahi mau hemahema: ʻo ka mea hoʻokahi, me ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ka waiwai pH a me ka mahana, ua maʻalahi ka hydrolyzed polyphosphate, e hoʻopilikia ai i ka paʻa o ka mālama lōʻihi; ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe piha ʻole ʻana i loko o ka medium e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōlinolino o ka pena latex glossy.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolaha phosphate ester he mau hui pū ʻana o nā monoesters, diesters, nā waiʻona koena a me ka waikawa phosphoric.
Hoʻopaʻa nā mea hoʻolaha phosphate ester i nā hoʻolaha pigment, me nā pigments reactive e like me ka zinc oxide. I loko o nā ʻano pena gloss, hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ka ʻōlinolino a me ka maʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole e like me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻomaʻū a me ka hoʻolaha ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pili ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻolaha phosphate ester i ka viscosity KU a me ICI o ka uhi.
ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe homopolymer polyacid, e like me Tamol 1254 a me Tamol 850, ʻo Tamol 850 kahi homopolymer o ka waikawa methacrylic. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe copolymer polyacid, e like me Orotan 731A, he copolymer ia o diisobutylene a me ka waikawa maleic. ʻO nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻelua, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka adsorption ikaika a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili o nā pigments a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha, he mau kaulahao molekala lōʻihi e hana i ka steric hindrance, a he solubility wai ma nā wēlau kaulahao, a ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi e ka electrostatic repulsion e hoʻokō i nā hopena paʻa. I mea e loaʻa ai i ka dispersant ka dispersibility maikaʻi, pono e kāohi pono ʻia ke kaumaha molekala. Inā liʻiliʻi loa ke kaumaha molekala, ʻaʻole lawa ka steric hindrance; inā nui loa ke kaumaha molekala, e hana ʻia ka flocculation. No nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyacrylate, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hopena hoʻolaha maikaʻi loa inā ʻo ke kekelē o ka polymerization he 12-18.
ʻO nā ʻano mea hoʻolaha ʻē aʻe, e like me AMP-95, he inoa kemika ko 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hui amino ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana inorganic, a hoʻonui ka hui hydroxyl i ka wai, kahi e pāʻani ai i kahi kuleana hoʻopaʻa ma o ka steric hindrance. Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia ka steric hindrance. ʻO AMP-95 ka mea nui he mea hoʻoponopono pH.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lanakila ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻolaha i ka pilikia o ka flocculation i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe kekahi o nā ʻano. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe EFKA-4580 i hana ʻia e ka emulsion polymerization ua hoʻomohala kūikawā ʻia no nā uhi ʻoihana wai, kūpono no ka hoʻolaha pigment organik a me ka inorganic, a he kūpaʻa wai maikaʻi.
Loaʻa i nā hui Amino kahi pilina maikaʻi no nā pigment he nui ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka waikawa-base a i ʻole ka hydrogen. Ua nānā ʻia ka block copolymer dispersant me ka waikawa aminoacrylic ma ke ʻano he hui hoʻopaʻa.
ʻO ka mea hoʻokahe me ka dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate ma ke ʻano he hui hoʻopaʻa
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Tego Dispers 655 wetting and dispersing additive i nā pena kaʻa i loko o ka wai, ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pigments akā no ka pale ʻana hoʻi i ka pauka alumini mai ka pane ʻana me ka wai.
Ma muli o nā hopohopo pili i ke kaiapuni, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻū a me nā mea hoʻopuehu biodegradable, e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻū a me nā mea hoʻopuehu twin-cell series EnviroGem AE, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻomaʻū a me nā mea hoʻopuehu haʻahaʻa.
2 mea hoʻohemo huʻa:
Nui nā ʻano mea hoʻohemo pena wai kuʻuna, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau māhele: nā mea hoʻohemo ʻaila mineral, nā mea hoʻohemo polysiloxane a me nā mea hoʻohemo ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohemo ʻaila mineral, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā pena latex pālahalaha a me nā pena semi-gloss.
He haʻahaʻa ka ʻilikai o nā polysiloxane defoamers, ikaika ka defoaming a me ka antifoaming, a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōlinolino, akā inā hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻia, e hana lākou i nā hemahema e like me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻili uhi a me ka recatability maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻAʻole kūpono nā mea hoʻohemo pena wai kuʻuna me ka pae wai e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻohemo ʻana, no laila he maʻalahi ke hana i nā kīnā ʻili i loko o ka ʻili uhi.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea hoʻopau foam pae molekala.
ʻO kēia mea hoʻomāmā he polymer i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kāpili pololei ʻana i nā mea hana hoʻomāmā ma luna o ka mea lawe. Loaʻa i ke kaulahao molekala o ka polymer kahi hui hydroxyl e hoʻomaʻū ana, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka mea hana hoʻomāmā a puni ka molekala, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka mea hana, a maikaʻi ka kūlike me ka ʻōnaehana uhi. ʻO ia mau mea hoʻomāmā pae molekala e komo pū me nā aila mineral - FoamStar A10 series, silicon-containing - FoamStar A30 series, a me nā polymers non-silicon, non-oil - FoamStar MF series.
Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi e hoʻohana ana kēia mea hoʻohemo i ka pae molekala i nā polymers hōkū super-grafted e like me nā surfactants incompatible, a ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi i nā noi uhi wai. ʻO ka mea hoʻohemo i ka pae molekala Air Products i hōʻike ʻia e Stout et al. he mea hoʻomalu huʻa acetylene glycol a me ka mea hoʻohemo me nā waiwai hoʻomaʻū ʻelua, e like me Surfynol MD 20 a me Surfynol DF 37.
Eia kekahi, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka hana ʻana i nā uhi ʻole-VOC, aia kekahi mau mea hoʻohemo i nā VOC ʻole, e like me Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, a pēlā aku.
3 Nā mea hoʻomānoanoa:
Nui nā ʻano mea hoʻomānoanoa, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka cellulose ether a me kāna mau mea hoʻomānoanoa, nā mea hoʻomānoanoa alkali-swellable associative (HASE) a me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. ʻO ka cellulose ether a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa
Ua hana mua ʻia ʻo Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) ma ke ʻano ʻoihana e Union Carbide Company i ka makahiki 1932, a he moʻolelo ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 mau makahiki. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea hoʻomānoanoa o ka cellulose ether a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa, ʻo ia ka hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) a me xanthan gum, a pēlā aku. He mau mea hoʻomānoanoa non-ionic kēia, a no nā mea hoʻomānoanoa wai ʻaʻole pili. I waena o lākou, ʻo HEC ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka pena latex.
Hoʻokomo ka cellulose i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hydrophobically (HMHEC) i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā hui alkyl hydrophobic kaulahao lōʻihi ma ke kuamoʻo hydrophilic o ka cellulose e lilo i mea hoʻomānoanoa pili, e like me Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Ua like kona hopena hoʻomānoanoa me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa cellulose ether me ke kaumaha molekala nui aʻe. Hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ka viscosity a me ka pae ʻana o ICI, a hoʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, e like me ka ʻili o HEC ma kahi o 67mN/m, a ʻo ka ʻili o HMHEC he 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Mea hoʻomānoanoa hiki ke pehu i ka alkali
Ua māhele ʻia nā mea hoʻomānoanoa alkali-swellable i ʻelua mau māhele: nā mea hoʻomānoanoa alkali-swellable non-associative (ASE) a me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa alkali-swellable associative (HASE), ʻo ia nā mea hoʻomānoanoa anionic. ʻO ka ASE non-associated kahi emulsion pehu alkali polyacrylate. ʻO ka HASE Associative kahi emulsion pehu alkali polyacrylate i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hydrophobically.
3.3. Mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane a me ka mea hoʻomānoanoa non-polyurethane i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hydrophobically
ʻO ka mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane, i kapa ʻia ʻo HEUR, he polymer wai-soluble polyurethane ethoxylated i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hui hydrophobic, nona ka mea hoʻomānoanoa non-ionic associative. Hana ʻia ʻo HEUR i ʻekolu ʻāpana: ka hui hydrophobic, ke kaulahao hydrophilic a me ka hui polyurethane. Hoʻokani ka hui hydrophobic i kahi kuleana hui a ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻoholo no ka hoʻomānoanoa ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, a pēlā aku. Hiki i ke kaulahao hydrophilic ke hāʻawi i ka paʻa kemika a me ka paʻa o ka viscosity, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he polyethers, e like me polyoxyethylene a me kāna mau derivatives. Hoʻonui ʻia ke kaulahao molekala o HEUR e nā hui polyurethane, e like me IPDI, TDI a me HMDI. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho o nā mea hoʻomānoanoa pili, ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana e nā hui hydrophobic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hui hydrophobic ma nā wēlau ʻelua o kekahi mau HEUR i loaʻa ma ke kālepa he haʻahaʻa ma mua o 0.9, a ʻo ka maikaʻi loa he 1.7 wale nō. Pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia nā kūlana hopena e loaʻa ai kahi mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane me ka hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala haiki a me ka hana paʻa. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā HEUR e ka polymerization stepwise, no laila ʻo nā HEUR i loaʻa i ke kālepa he mau hui pū ʻana o nā kaumaha molekala ākea.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Richey et al. i ka fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (PAT, helu awelika molekala kaumaha 30000, kaumaha awelika molekala kaumaha 60000) e ʻike ai ma kahi ʻano o 0.02% (kaumaha), ʻo ke kekelē hōʻuluʻulu micelle o Acrysol RM-825 a me PAT ma kahi o 6. ʻO ka ikehu hui ma waena o ka thickener a me ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana latex ma kahi o 25 KJ/mol; ʻo ka wahi i noho ʻia e kēlā me kēia mole thickener PAT ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana latex ma kahi o 13 nm2, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o ka wahi i noho ʻia e ka mea hoʻomaʻū Triton X-405 he 14 mau manawa o 0.9 nm2. ʻO ka thickener polyurethane pili e like me RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, etc.
Ua loaʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane pili i ke kaiapuni ka nānā nui ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻo BYK-425 kahi mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane i hoʻololi ʻia me ka urea ʻole VOC a me APEO. ʻO Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 a me 3060 he mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane pili me ka ʻole o VOC a me APEO.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane linear associative i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, aia kekahi mau mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurethane associative comb-like. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo comb association polyurethane thickener ʻo ia hoʻi aia kahi hui pendant hydrophobic ma waenakonu o kēlā me kēia mole thickener. ʻO ia mau mea hoʻomānoanoa e like me SCT-200 a me SCT-275 etc.
Hoʻololi ka mea hoʻonui aminoplast i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hydrophobically (hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) i ka resin amino kūikawā i ʻehā mau hui hydrophobic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, akā ʻokoʻa ka reactivity o kēia mau wahi hana ʻehā. I ka hoʻohui maʻamau o nā hui hydrophobic, ʻelua wale nō hui hydrophobic i ālai ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka mea hoʻonui amino hydrophobic i hoʻololi ʻia me HEUR, e like me Optiflo H 500. Inā hoʻohui ʻia nā hui hydrophobic hou aʻe, e like me 8%, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kūlana hana e hana i nā mea hoʻonui amino me nā hui hydrophobic i ālai ʻia he nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mea hoʻonui comb nō hoʻi kēia. Hiki i kēia mea hoʻonui amino i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hydrophobic ke pale i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka viscosity pena ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka nui o nā surfactants a me nā glycol solvents i ka wā e hoʻohui ʻia ai ke kūlike kala. ʻO ke kumu, hiki i nā hui hydrophobic ikaika ke pale i ka desorption, a he hui ikaika ko nā hui hydrophobic he nui. ʻO ia mau mea hoʻonui e like me Optiflo TVS.
ʻO ka mea hoʻomānoanoa polyether hoʻololi hydrophobically (HMPE) Ua like ka hana o ka mea hoʻomānoanoa polyether hoʻololi hydrophobically me HEUR, a ʻo nā huahana e komo pū me Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 a me NHS300 o Hercules.
ʻO kona ʻano hoʻomānoanoa ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen a me ka hui pū ʻana o nā hui hopena. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona anti-settling a me nā waiwai anti-sag. Wahi a nā polarities like ʻole o nā hui hopena, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea i hoʻololi ʻia i ʻekolu ʻano: nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea polarity haʻahaʻa, nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea polarity waena a me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea polarity kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea mua ʻelua no ka hoʻomānoanoa ʻana i nā uhi solvent-based, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea polarity kiʻekiʻe no nā uhi solvent-based polarity kiʻekiʻe a me nā uhi wai. ʻO nā huahana kalepa o ka polarity haʻahaʻa, polarity waena a me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa polyurea polarity kiʻekiʻe ʻo BYK-411, BYK-410 a me BYK-420.
ʻO ka slurry polyamide wax i hoʻololi ʻia he mea hoʻohui rheological i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hui hydrophilic e like me PEG i loko o ke kaulahao molekala o ka amide wax. I kēia manawa, ua lawe ʻia mai kekahi mau lama a hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka anti-thixotropy. Hana anti-sag.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-22-2022