Takaitaccen Bayani:
1. Maganin jika da warwatsewa
2. Defoamer
3. Mai kauri
4. Ƙarin abubuwan da ke samar da fim
5. Maganin hana tsatsa, maganin kwari da kuma maganin algae
6. Sauran ƙarin abubuwa
1 Maganin jika da warwatsewa:
Rufin da aka yi da ruwa yana amfani da ruwa a matsayin mai narkewa ko kuma mai watsawa, kuma ruwa yana da babban ma'aunin dielectric, don haka rufin da aka yi da ruwa galibi yana daidaita ta hanyar tura wutar lantarki lokacin da layin lantarki mai biyu ya haɗu. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tsarin rufewa da aka yi da ruwa, sau da yawa akwai polymers da non-ionic surfactants, waɗanda aka shafa a saman cikar pigment, suna haifar da cikas na steric da daidaita warwatsewar. Saboda haka, fenti da emulsions na ruwa suna samun sakamako mai karko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar tura wutar lantarki da hana steric. Rashinsa shine rashin juriyar electrolyte, musamman ga electrolytes masu tsada.
1.1 Maganin jika
An raba abubuwan da ke sanyaya ruwa don rufewar ruwa zuwa anionic da nonionic.
Haɗakar sinadarin jika da sinadarin warwatsewa na iya cimma sakamako mai kyau. Yawan sinadarin jika yawanci kaɗan ne cikin dubu. Mummunan tasirinsa shine kumfa da rage juriyar ruwa na fim ɗin da ke rufewa.
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ci gaban sinadaran jika jiki shine a maye gurbin sinadaran jika jiki na polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO ko APE), saboda yana haifar da raguwar hormones na maza a cikin beraye kuma yana tsoma baki ga endocrine. Ana amfani da phenol ethers na Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) sosai a matsayin emulsifiers yayin polymerization na emulsion.
Tagwayen surfactants suma sabbin ci gaba ne. Kwayoyin amphiphilic guda biyu ne da aka haɗa ta hanyar spacer. Mafi kyawun fasalin surfactants tagwayen shine cewa yawan micelle mai mahimmanci (CMC) ya fi girma ƙasa da na surfactants ɗinsu na "ƙwaya ɗaya", sannan kuma ingantaccen aiki. Kamar TEGO Twin 4000, siloxane surfactant ne na tagwayen ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma yana da kumfa mara ƙarfi da kuma abubuwan da ke lalata su.
Kamfanin Air Products ya ƙirƙiro Gemini surfactants. Masu surfactants na gargajiya suna da wutsiya mai kama da hydrophobic da kuma kai mai kama da hydrophilic, amma wannan sabon surfactant yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu kama da hydrophilic da ƙungiyoyi biyu ko uku masu kama da hydrophobic, wanda shine surfactant mai aiki da yawa, wanda aka sani da acetylene glycols, kamar su EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Mai Rarrabawa
An raba masu rarraba fenti na latex zuwa rukuni huɗu: masu rarraba phosphate, masu rarraba homopolymer na polyacid, masu rarraba polyacid copolymer da sauran masu rarrabawa.
Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen rarraba sinadarin phosphate sune polyphosphates, kamar sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, samfurin Kamfanin BK Giulini Chemical Company a Jamus), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) da tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Tsarin aikinsa shine daidaita tururin lantarki ta hanyar haɗa hydrogen da kuma shakar sinadarai. Amfaninsa shine cewa yawansa yana da ƙasa, kusan 0.1%, kuma yana da kyakkyawan tasirin watsawa akan launuka marasa tsari da abubuwan cikawa. Amma kuma akwai ƙarancin: wanda, tare da ƙaruwar ƙimar pH da zafin jiki, polyphosphate yana da sauƙin narkewa, yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ajiya na dogon lokaci; Rashin narkewar abinci a matsakaici zai shafi sheƙin fenti mai sheƙi na latex.
Masu rarraba sinadarin phosphate ester sune gaurayen monoesters, diesters, residual alcohols da phosphoric acid.
Masu rarraba sinadarin phosphate ester suna daidaita watsawar launuka, gami da launuka masu amsawa kamar zinc oxide. A cikin tsarin fenti mai sheƙi, yana inganta sheƙi da tsaftacewa. Ba kamar sauran ƙarin abubuwan da ke ƙara jika da warwatsewa ba, ƙarawar masu rarraba sinadarin phosphate ester ba ya shafar danko na KU da ICI na murfin.
Mai rarraba sinadarin polyacid homopolymer, kamar Tamol 1254 da Tamol 850, Tamol 850 homopolymer ne na methacrylic acid. Mai rarraba sinadarin polyacrylate copolymer, kamar Orotan 731A, wanda shine copolymer na diisobutylene da maleic acid. Halayen waɗannan nau'ikan masu rarrabawa guda biyu sune suna samar da ƙarfi mai sha ko kuma toshewa a saman pigments da fillers, suna da tsawon sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin halitta don samar da hanawar sikari, kuma suna da ƙarfin narkewar ruwa a ƙarshen sarkar, kuma wasu ana ƙara su da ƙarfin lantarki don cimma sakamako mai dorewa. Don sa mai rarrabawa ya sami kyakkyawan warwatsewa, dole ne a sarrafa nauyin kwayoyin halitta sosai. Idan nauyin kwayoyin halitta ya yi ƙanƙanta, ba za a sami isasshen cikas na sikari ba; idan nauyin kwayoyin halitta ya yi yawa, flocculation zai faru. Ga masu rarraba sinadarin polyacrylate, ana iya cimma mafi kyawun tasirin warwatsewa idan matakin polymerization shine 12-18.
Sauran nau'ikan masu rarrabawa, kamar AMP-95, suna da suna na sinadarai na 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Ƙungiyar amino tana shawagi a saman ƙwayoyin da ba su da sinadarai, kuma ƙungiyar hydroxyl tana faɗaɗa zuwa ruwa, wanda ke taka rawa wajen daidaita ta hanyar hana sikari. Saboda ƙaramin girmanta, toshewar sikari tana da iyaka. AMP-95 galibi mai kula da pH ne.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, binciken da aka yi kan masu wargazawa ya shawo kan matsalar flocculation da babban nauyin kwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa, kuma ci gaban babban nauyin kwayoyin halitta yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa. Misali, babban mai wargazawa mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta EFKA-4580 wanda aka samar ta hanyar polymerization na emulsion an ƙera shi musamman don rufin masana'antu na ruwa, wanda ya dace da watsawar launukan halitta da na halitta, kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga ruwa.
Ƙungiyoyin amino suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da launuka da yawa ta hanyar haɗin acid-base ko hydrogen. An kula da mai watsa sinadarin block copolymer tare da aminoacrylic acid a matsayin rukunin connector.
Mai warwatsewa tare da dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate a matsayin rukunin anga
Ana amfani da ƙarin sinadarin Tego Dispers 655 a cikin fenti na mota da aka yi da ruwa ba wai kawai don daidaita launukan ba, har ma don hana foda na aluminum yin tasiri da ruwa.
Saboda damuwar muhalli, an ƙirƙiro sinadaran jika da wargazawa masu lalacewa, kamar su sinadaran jika da wargazawa na EnviroGem AE series, waɗanda su ne sinadaran jika da wargazawa marasa kumfa.
2 defoamer:
Akwai nau'ikan na'urorin cire fenti na gargajiya da aka yi da ruwa, waɗanda gabaɗaya aka raba su zuwa rukuni uku: na'urorin cire fenti na man ma'adinai, na'urorin cire foam na polysiloxane da sauran na'urorin cire foam.
Ana amfani da na'urorin cire kumfa na man ma'adinai akai-akai, galibi a cikin fenti na latex mai faɗi da rabin sheki.
Na'urorin defoam na Polysiloxane suna da ƙarancin tashin hankali a saman, ƙarfin defoam mai ƙarfi da hana kumfa, kuma ba sa shafar sheƙi, amma idan aka yi amfani da su ba daidai ba, za su haifar da lahani kamar raguwar fim ɗin rufewa da rashin iya sake shafa fenti.
Na'urorin busar da fenti na gargajiya da aka yi da ruwa ba su dace da matakin ruwa ba don cimma manufar busar da fenti, don haka yana da sauƙi a sami lahani a saman fim ɗin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙirƙiro na'urorin defoam na matakin ƙwayoyin halitta.
Wannan sinadarin hana kumfa wani nau'in polymer ne da aka samar ta hanyar dasa abubuwa masu aiki kai tsaye a kan sinadarin mai ɗaukar kaya. Sarkar kwayoyin halittar polymer tana da rukunin hydroxyl mai jikewa, sinadarin mai aiki yana rarrabawa a kusa da kwayar, sinadarin mai aiki ba shi da sauƙin tattarawa, kuma dacewa da tsarin rufewa yana da kyau. Irin waɗannan sinadarai masu aiki a matakin kwayoyin sun haɗa da man ma'adinai - jerin FoamStar A10, jerin FoamStar A30 masu ɗauke da silicon, da jerin polymers marasa silicon, waɗanda ba masu mai ba - jerin FoamStar MF.
An kuma ruwaito cewa wannan na'urar defoamer mai matakin kwayoyin halitta tana amfani da polymers masu girman gaske waɗanda aka haɗa su a matsayin surfactants marasa jituwa, kuma ta sami sakamako mai kyau a aikace-aikacen shafi na ruwa. Rahoton da Stout et al. suka bayar shine wakilin sarrafa kumfa mai tushen acetylene glycol kuma mai defoamer tare da kaddarorin jika, kamar Surfynol MD 20 da Surfynol DF 37.
Bugu da ƙari, domin biyan buƙatun samar da rufin sifili-VOC, akwai kuma na'urorin defoam marasa VOC, kamar Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, da sauransu.
Masu kauri guda 3:
Akwai nau'ikan masu kauri da yawa, waɗanda a halin yanzu ake amfani da su sune cellulose ether da abubuwan da suka samo asali, masu kauri da alkali mai narkewa (HASE) da masu kauri da polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether da abubuwan da ya samo asali
Kamfanin Union Carbide ne ya fara samar da sinadarin Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) a masana'antu a shekarar 1932, kuma yana da tarihin fiye da shekaru 70. A halin yanzu, sinadarin cellulose ether da abubuwan da ya samo asali sun haɗa da hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) da xanthan gum, da sauransu, waɗannan sinadaran da ba sa ɗauke da sinadarin ionic ba ne, kuma suna cikin sinadaran da ba sa ɗauke da sinadarin ruwa. Daga cikinsu, HEC ita ce mafi yawan amfani da ita a fenti mai latex.
Cellulose mai gyaran hydrophobic (HMHEC) yana gabatar da ƙaramin adadin rukunin alkyl masu dogon sarka a kan kashin bayan cellulose mai hydrophilic don zama mai kauri, kamar Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Tasirin kaurinsa yana kama da na masu kauri cellulose ether masu nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta mafi girma. Yana inganta danko da matakin ICI, kuma yana rage tashin hankali a saman, kamar tashin hankali a saman HEC yana kusan 67mN/m, kuma tashin hankali a saman HMHEC shine 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Mai kauri mai kumburin Alkali
An raba masu kauri masu kumburin alkali zuwa rukuni biyu: masu kauri masu kumburin alkali marasa haɗuwa (ASE) da masu kauri masu kumburin alkali masu haɗuwa (HASE), waɗanda sune masu kauri masu haɗuwa. ASE mara alaƙa shine emulsion na kumburin alkali na polyacrylate. Associative HASE shine emulsion na kumburin alkali na polyacrylate wanda aka gyara ta hanyar hydrophobic.
3.3. Mai kauri na polyurethane da kuma mai kauri wanda ba polyurethane ba wanda aka gyara ta hanyar hydrophobic
Mai kauri na Polyurethane, wanda aka sani da HEUR, wani polymer ne mai narkewar ruwa wanda aka gyara shi da sinadarin polyurethane mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, wanda ke cikin mai kauri na non-ionic. HEUR ya ƙunshi sassa uku: ƙungiyar hydrophobic, sarkar hydrophilic da ƙungiyar polyurethane. Ƙungiyar hydrophobic tana taka rawa a cikin haɗin gwiwa kuma ita ce abin da ke da mahimmanci wajen kauri, yawanci oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, da sauransu. Sarkar hydrophilic na iya samar da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, waɗanda ake amfani da su galibi sune polyethers, kamar polyoxyethylene da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta HEUR tana daɗaɗa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin polyurethane, kamar IPDI, TDI da HMDI. Siffar tsarin masu kauri na haɗin gwiwa ita ce ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic ne ke ƙare su. Duk da haka, matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic a ƙarshen wasu HEURs da ake da su a kasuwa ya yi ƙasa da 0.9, kuma mafi kyawun shine 1.7 kawai. Ya kamata a sarrafa yanayin amsawa sosai don samun mai kauri na polyurethane tare da rarraba nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai kunkuntar da aiki mai karko. Yawancin HEURs ana haɗa su ta hanyar polymerization na mataki-mataki, don haka HEURs da ake samu a kasuwa gabaɗaya cakuda ne na faɗaɗɗen nauyin kwayoyin halitta.
Richey da abokan aikinsa sun yi amfani da sinadarin fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (PAT, adadin matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin halitta 30000, matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin halitta 60000) don gano cewa a cikin yawan 0.02% (nauyi), matakin tarin micelle na Acrysol RM-825 da PAT ya kai kimanin 6. Ƙarfin da ke tsakanin mai kauri da saman barbashi na latex ya kai kimanin 25 KJ/mol; yankin da kowace ƙwayar PAT mai kauri ke mamaye a saman barbashi na latex ya kai kimanin 13 nm2, wanda yake kusan yankin da sinadarin Triton X-405 ke mamaye shi sau 14 fiye da 0.9 nm2. Mai kauri polyurethane mai haɗawa kamar RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, da sauransu.
Ci gaban masu kauri polyurethane masu alaƙa da muhalli ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai. Misali, BYK-425 wani mai kauri polyurethane ne wanda ba shi da urea da aka gyara shi da VOC da APEO. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 da 3060 sune. Wannan mai kauri polyurethane ne wanda ba shi da VOC da APEO.
Baya ga masu kauri masu laushi kamar na polyurethane da aka bayyana a sama, akwai kuma masu kauri masu kama da na comb-like associative polyurethane. Abin da ake kira haɗin comb association polyurethane thickener yana nufin akwai ƙungiyar hydrophobic mai kama da pendant a tsakiyar kowace ƙwayar kauri. Irin waɗannan masu kauri kamar SCT-200 da SCT-275 da sauransu.
Mai kauri mai kauri mai kama da hydrophobic (mai kauri mai kama da ethoxylated aminoplast—HEAT) yana canza amino resin na musamman zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu masu kama da hydrophobic, amma amsawar waɗannan wuraren amsawa guda huɗu ya bambanta. A cikin ƙarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic na yau da kullun, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu kawai da aka toshe na hydrophobic, don haka mai kauri mai kama da hydrophobic wanda aka gyara ba shi da bambanci da HEUR, kamar Optiflo H 500. Idan an ƙara ƙarin ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic, kamar har zuwa 8%, ana iya daidaita yanayin amsawa don samar da amino thickeners tare da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da aka toshe da yawa. Tabbas, wannan kuma mai kauri ne na tsefe. Wannan mai kauri mai kama da hydrophobic wanda aka gyara na hydrophobic zai iya hana ɗankowar fenti faɗuwa saboda ƙara yawan surfactants da glycol solvents lokacin da aka ƙara daidaiton launi. Dalili shine cewa ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic masu ƙarfi na iya hana bushewa, kuma ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da yawa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi. Irin waɗannan masu kauri kamar Optiflo TVS.
Mai kauri mai hana ruwa (HMPE) Aikin mai kauri mai hana ruwa (hydrophobic) yayi kama da HEUR, kuma samfuran sun haɗa da Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 da NHS300 na Hercules.
Tsarin kaurinsa shine tasirin haɗin hydrogen da haɗin ƙungiyoyin ƙarshe. Idan aka kwatanta da masu kauri na gama gari, yana da kyawawan halayen hana daidaitawa da hana sag. Dangane da bambance-bambancen rabe-raben rukunonin ƙarshe, ana iya raba masu kauri na polyurea da aka gyara zuwa nau'i uku: masu kauri na polyurea mai ƙarancin polarity, masu kauri na polyurea mai matsakaicin polarity da masu kauri na polyurea mai yawan polarity. Ana amfani da biyun farko don shafa mai kauri na tushen narkewa, yayin da masu kauri na polyurea mai yawan polarity za a iya amfani da su don shafa mai tushen narkewa mai yawan polarity da kuma shafa mai tushen ruwa. Kayayyakin kasuwanci masu kauri na polyurea mai ƙarancin polarity, matsakaici polarity da babban polarity sune BYK-411, BYK-410 da BYK-420 bi da bi.
Polyamide kakin zuma da aka gyara wani ƙari ne na rheological wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar shigar da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic kamar PEG cikin sarkar kwayoyin halitta na kakin amide. A halin yanzu, ana shigo da wasu samfuran kuma galibi ana amfani da su don daidaita tsarin thixotropy da inganta aikin anti-thixotropy.
Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-22-2022