Kev Txheeb Xyuas:
1. Tus neeg sawv cev ntub thiab tawg
2. Tshuaj ua npuas ncauj
3. Cov khoom ua kom tuab
4. Cov tshuaj ntxiv rau zaj duab xis
5. Tiv thaiv xeb, tiv thaiv pwm thiab tiv thaiv algae tus neeg sawv cev
6. Lwm yam khoom ntxiv
1 Tus neeg sawv cev ntub thiab tawg:
Cov txheej txheej dej siv dej ua cov kuab tshuaj lossis cov khoom sib kis, thiab dej muaj qhov dielectric loj, yog li cov txheej txheej dej feem ntau ruaj khov los ntawm electrostatic repulsion thaum cov txheej hluav taws xob ob txheej sib tshooj. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cov txheej txheej dej, feem ntau muaj cov polymers thiab cov surfactants tsis-ionic, uas tau adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov xim filler, tsim cov steric hindrance thiab ruaj khov qhov dispersion. Yog li ntawd, cov xim thiab emulsions dej ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ruaj khov los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm electrostatic repulsion thiab steric hindrance. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tsis kam electrolyte, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov electrolytes kim heev.
1.1 Tus neeg sawv cev ntub dej
Cov neeg sawv cev ntub dej rau cov txheej txheem dej tau muab faib ua anionic thiab nonionic.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj ntub dej thiab cov tshuaj tawg tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj ntub dej yog ob peb rau ib txhiab. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog ua npuas dej thiab txo qhov tsis kam dej ntawm cov zaj duab xis txheej.
Ib qho ntawm cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntub dej yog maj mam hloov cov neeg sawv cev ntub dej polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO lossis APE), vim tias nws ua rau txo cov tshuaj hormones txiv neej hauv nas thiab cuam tshuam nrog endocrine. Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers yog siv dav ua emulsifiers thaum lub sijhawm emulsion polymerization.
Cov tshuaj surfactants ntxaib kuj yog cov kev tsim kho tshiab. Nws yog ob lub molecule amphiphilic txuas nrog los ntawm ib lub spacer. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj surfactants ntxaib-cell yog tias qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (CMC) yog ntau dua li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua li ntawm lawv cov "ib-cell" surfactants, ua raws li kev ua haujlwm siab. Xws li TEGO Twin 4000, nws yog ib qho tshuaj surfactant ntxaib cell siloxane, thiab muaj cov khoom ua npuas tsis ruaj khov thiab defoaming.
Cov Khoom Siv Huab Cua tau tsim Gemini surfactants. Cov surfactants ib txwm muaj tus Tsov tus tw hydrophobic thiab lub taub hau hydrophilic, tab sis cov surfactant tshiab no muaj ob pawg hydrophilic thiab ob lossis peb pawg hydrophobic, uas yog cov surfactant ntau yam, hu ua acetylene glycols, cov khoom xws li EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Cov tshuaj yaj tawm
Cov tshuaj dispersants rau cov xim latex raug muab faib ua plaub pawg: phosphate dispersants, polyacid homopolymer dispersants, polyacid copolymer dispersants thiab lwm yam dispersants.
Cov tshuaj phosphate dispersants uas siv dav tshaj plaws yog polyphosphates, xws li sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, khoom ntawm BK Giulini Chemical Company hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) thiab tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog los tswj lub zog electrostatic los ntawm kev sib txuas hydrogen thiab kev nqus tshuaj. Nws qhov zoo yog tias cov tshuaj tsawg, txog li 0.1%, thiab nws muaj cov nyhuv dispersion zoo rau cov xim inorganic thiab cov khoom sau. Tab sis kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo: ib qho, nrog rau kev nce pH thiab kub, polyphosphate yooj yim hydrolyzed, ua rau kev ruaj khov khaws cia mus sij hawm ntev tsis zoo; Kev yaj tsis tiav hauv nruab nrab yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov ci ntawm cov xim latex ci.
Cov tshuaj phosphate ester dispersants yog cov sib xyaw ntawm monoesters, diesters, residual alcohols thiab phosphoric acid.
Cov tshuaj phosphate ester dispersants ua kom cov xim dispersions ruaj khov, suav nrog cov xim reactive xws li zinc oxide. Hauv cov xim gloss, nws txhim kho qhov gloss thiab kev ntxuav. Tsis zoo li lwm cov khoom ntxiv rau kev ntub thiab kev sib kis, kev ntxiv cov phosphate ester dispersants tsis cuam tshuam rau KU thiab ICI viscosity ntawm cov txheej.
Cov tshuaj polyacid homopolymer dispersant, xws li Tamol 1254 thiab Tamol 850, Tamol 850 yog homopolymer ntawm methacrylic acid. Polyacid copolymer dispersant, xws li Orotan 731A, uas yog copolymer ntawm diisobutylene thiab maleic acid. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom dispersants no yog tias lawv tsim cov adsorption muaj zog lossis anchoring ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov pigments thiab fillers, muaj cov saw molecular ntev dua los ua steric hindrance, thiab muaj dej solubility ntawm cov saw kawg, thiab qee qhov tau ntxiv los ntawm electrostatic repulsion kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ruaj khov. Yuav kom ua rau cov dispersant muaj kev sib kis zoo, qhov hnyav molecular yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis. Yog tias qhov hnyav molecular me dhau, yuav tsis muaj kev sib kis steric txaus; yog tias qhov hnyav molecular loj dhau, flocculation yuav tshwm sim. Rau polyacrylate dispersants, qhov zoo tshaj plaws dispersion effect tuaj yeem ua tiav yog tias qib ntawm polymerization yog 12-18.
Lwm hom dispersants, xws li AMP-95, muaj lub npe tshuaj lom neeg ntawm 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Cov amino pawg raug adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom inorganic, thiab cov hydroxyl pawg txuas mus rau dej, uas ua lub luag haujlwm ruaj khov los ntawm kev cuam tshuam steric. Vim nws me me, kev cuam tshuam steric yog txwv. AMP-95 feem ntau yog tus tswj pH.
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj dispersants tau kov yeej qhov teeb meem ntawm flocculation uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov hnyav molecular siab, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm qhov hnyav molecular siab yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj dispersant hnyav molecular siab EFKA-4580 tsim los ntawm emulsion polymerization yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam hauv dej, tsim nyog rau cov organic thiab inorganic pigment dispersion, thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv dej zoo.
Cov pawg amino muaj kev sib raug zoo rau ntau cov xim los ntawm kev sib txuas acid-base lossis hydrogen. Cov block copolymer dispersant nrog aminoacrylic acid ua pawg anchoring tau raug them sai sai rau.
Dispersant nrog dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate ua pawg anchoring
Tego Dispers 655 cov tshuaj ntxiv rau kev ntub thiab tawg yog siv rau hauv cov xim tsheb uas ntws hauv dej tsis yog tsuas yog kom tig cov xim xwb tab sis kuj tiv thaiv cov hmoov txhuas kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog dej.
Vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog ib puag ncig, cov tshuaj ua kom cov dej noo thiab cov khoom tawg tau tsim tawm, xws li EnviroGem AE series twin-cell wetting thiab dispersing agents, uas yog cov tshuaj ua kom cov dej noo thiab cov khoom tawg tsawg.
2 tshuaj defoamer:
Muaj ntau hom tshuaj pleev xim uas siv dej ua ib txwm muaj, feem ntau muab faib ua peb pawg: cov roj av ua kom cov tshuaj ua npuas, cov tshuaj ua npuas polysiloxane thiab lwm yam tshuaj ua npuas.
Cov tshuaj ua npuas dej uas muaj roj av feem ntau siv, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov xim pleev xim tiaj tus thiab ib nrab ci ntsa iab.
Cov tshuaj polysiloxane defoamers muaj qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw qis, muaj peev xwm ua kom cov npuas dej thiab tiv thaiv cov npuas dej muaj zog, thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov ci ntsa iab, tab sis thaum siv tsis raug, lawv yuav ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li kev ntsws ntawm cov zaj duab xis txheej thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab tsis zoo.
Cov xim pleev xim uas siv dej ua ib txwm tsis sib haum nrog cov dej theem kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua npuas dej, yog li nws yooj yim los tsim cov qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw hauv zaj duab xis txheej.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov tshuaj defoamers molecular-level tau tsim tawm.
Tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kev ua npuas no yog ib qho polymer uas tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua npuas rau ntawm cov khoom nqa. Cov saw hlau molecular ntawm cov polymer muaj ib pawg hydroxyl ntub dej, cov tshuaj ua npuas faib nyob ib puag ncig lub molecule, cov tshuaj ua npuas tsis yooj yim sib sau ua ke, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lub kaw lus txheej txheem zoo. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua npuas qib molecular suav nrog cov roj av - FoamStar A10 series, silicon-muaj - FoamStar A30 series, thiab cov polymers tsis yog silicon, tsis yog roj - FoamStar MF series.
Kuj tseem muaj kev tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj defoamer molecular-level no siv cov super-grafted star polymers ua cov surfactants tsis sib xws, thiab tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev siv cov txheej txheem dej. Cov tshuaj defoamer molecular-grade Air Products uas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Stout et al. yog cov tshuaj acetylene glycol-based foam control agent thiab defoamer nrog ob qho tib si wetting properties, xws li Surfynol MD 20 thiab Surfynol DF 37.
Ntxiv rau, txhawm rau kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem xoom-VOC, kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj defoamers tsis muaj VOC, xws li Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, thiab lwm yam.
3 Cov Khoom Siv Ua Kom Tuab:
Muaj ntau hom thickeners, tam sim no feem ntau siv yog cellulose ether thiab nws cov derivatives thickeners, associative alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE) thiab polyurethane thickeners (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether thiab nws cov derivatives
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Union Carbide Company hauv xyoo 1932, thiab muaj keeb kwm ntau tshaj 70 xyoo. Tam sim no, cov thickeners ntawm cellulose ether thiab nws cov derivatives feem ntau suav nrog hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) thiab xanthan gum, thiab lwm yam, cov no yog cov thickeners tsis-ionic, thiab kuj yog cov thickeners tsis-cuam tshuam dej theem. Ntawm lawv, HEC yog qhov feem ntau siv hauv cov xim latex.
Hydrophobically modified cellulose (HMHEC) qhia txog me me ntawm cov saw ntev hydrophobic alkyl pawg ntawm cov hydrophilic backbone ntawm cellulose los ua ib qho associative thickener, xws li Natrosol Plus Qib 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Nws cov nyhuv thickening yog sib piv rau cov cellulose ether thickeners nrog cov molecular hnyav loj dua. Nws txhim kho qhov viscosity thiab leveling ntawm ICI, thiab txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw, xws li qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw ntawm HEC yog li 67mN / m, thiab qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw ntawm HMHEC yog 55-65mN / m.
3.2 Cov khoom ua kom tuab uas ua rau alkali o tuaj yeem ua rau tuab
Cov khoom ua kom tuab alkali-swellable muab faib ua ob pawg: cov khoom ua kom tuab alkali-swellable uas tsis yog associative (ASE) thiab cov khoom ua kom tuab alkali-swellable (HASE), uas yog cov khoom ua kom tuab anionic. Cov khoom ua kom tuab uas tsis yog associative ASE yog cov polyacrylate alkali swelling emulsion. Associative HASE yog cov polyacrylate alkali swelling emulsion uas hloov kho hydrophobically.
3.3. Cov khoom siv ua kom tuab polyurethane thiab cov khoom siv ua kom tuab uas tsis yog polyurethane uas hloov kho hydrophobically
Cov tshuaj polyurethane thickener, hu ua HEUR, yog cov tshuaj hydrophobic group-modified ethoxylated polyurethane water-soluble polymer, uas yog cov tshuaj non-ionic associative thickener. HEUR muaj peb ntu: hydrophobic group, hydrophilic chain thiab polyurethane group. Cov hydrophobic group ua lub luag haujlwm sib koom tes thiab yog qhov txiav txim siab rau thickening, feem ntau yog oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, thiab lwm yam. Cov hydrophilic chain tuaj yeem muab kev ruaj khov tshuaj thiab viscosity stability, feem ntau siv yog polyethers, xws li polyoxyethylene thiab nws cov derivatives. Cov molecular saw ntawm HEUR yog txuas ntxiv los ntawm polyurethane groups, xws li IPDI, TDI thiab HMDI. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov associative thickeners yog tias lawv raug xaus los ntawm hydrophobic groups. Txawm li cas los xij, qib ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm hydrophobic groups ntawm ob qho kawg ntawm qee cov HEURs muaj nyob hauv khw yog qis dua 0.9, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsuas yog 1.7. Cov xwm txheej tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis kom tau txais polyurethane thickener nrog qhov faib tawm molecular nqaim thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov. Feem ntau HEURs raug tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm cov kauj ruam polymerization, yog li HEURs uas muaj nyob hauv khw feem ntau yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov qhov hnyav molecular dav.
Richey et al. siv fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (PAT, tus lej nruab nrab molecular hnyav 30000, qhov hnyav nruab nrab molecular hnyav 60000) los pom tias ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0.02% (qhov hnyav), qhov degree micelle aggregation ntawm Acrysol RM-825 thiab PAT yog li 6. Lub zog sib koom tes ntawm cov thickener thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom latex yog li 25 KJ / mol; thaj chaw uas txhua lub molecule PAT thickener nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom latex yog li 13 nm2, uas yog li thaj chaw uas Triton X-405 wetting agent nyob 14 zaug ntawm 0.9 nm2. Associative polyurethane thickener xws li RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv polyurethane thickeners uas zoo rau ib puag ncig tau txais kev saib xyuas dav dav. Piv txwv li, BYK-425 yog VOC- thiab APEO-dawb urea-modified polyurethane thickener. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 thiab 3060 yog Nws yog cov khoom siv polyurethane thickener uas tsis muaj VOC thiab APEO.
Ntxiv rau cov linear associative polyurethane thickeners uas tau piav qhia saum toj no, kuj tseem muaj cov comb-like associative polyurethane thickeners. Qhov hu ua comb association polyurethane thickener txhais tau tias muaj ib pawg pendant hydrophobic nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm txhua lub molecule thickener. Cov thickeners xws li SCT-200 thiab SCT-275 thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj nplaum aminoplast uas hloov kho hydrophobic (hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) hloov cov amino resin tshwj xeeb mus rau hauv plaub pawg hydrophobic capped, tab sis qhov ua haujlwm ntawm plaub qhov chaw ua haujlwm no txawv. Hauv kev ntxiv cov pab pawg hydrophobic ib txwm muaj, tsuas muaj ob pawg hydrophobic thaiv, yog li cov tshuaj nplaum amino hloov kho hydrophobic tsis txawv ntawm HEUR, xws li Optiflo H 500. Yog tias ntxiv ntau pawg hydrophobic, xws li txog li 8%, cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm tuaj yeem hloov kho kom tsim cov amino thickeners nrog ntau pawg hydrophobic thaiv. Tau kawg, qhov no kuj yog cov tshuaj nplaum sib xyaw. Cov tshuaj nplaum amino hloov kho hydrophobic no tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov viscosity ntawm cov xim los ntawm kev poob vim yog kev ntxiv ntau ntawm surfactants thiab glycol solvents thaum ntxiv xim sib phim. Qhov laj thawj yog tias cov pab pawg hydrophobic muaj zog tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev desorption, thiab ntau pawg hydrophobic muaj kev sib raug zoo. Cov tshuaj nplaum xws li Optiflo TVS.
Hydrophobic modified polyether thickener (HMPE) Kev ua tau zoo ntawm hydrophobically modified polyether thickener zoo ib yam li HEUR, thiab cov khoom suav nrog Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 thiab NHS300 ntawm Hercules.
Nws lub tshuab ua kom tuab yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho tib si hydrogen bonding thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov pab pawg kawg. Piv nrog rau cov thickeners feem ntau, nws muaj cov khoom zoo dua los tiv thaiv kev tawg thiab tiv thaiv kev poob qis. Raws li cov polarities sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg kawg, cov polyurea thickeners hloov kho tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: cov polyurea thickeners polarity qis, cov polyurea thickeners nruab nrab polarity thiab cov polyurea thickeners polarity siab. Ob qho thawj zaug yog siv rau cov txheej txheem thickening uas muaj kuab tshuaj, thaum cov polyurea thickeners siab polarity tuaj yeem siv rau ob qho tib si cov txheej txheem uas muaj kuab tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem dej. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov polarity qis, polarity nruab nrab thiab polarity polyurea thickeners siab yog BYK-411, BYK-410 thiab BYK-420 feem.
Cov tshuaj polyamide wax uas tau hloov kho yog cov khoom siv rheological uas tau tsim los ntawm kev qhia cov pab pawg hydrophilic xws li PEG rau hauv cov saw molecular ntawm amide wax. Tam sim no, qee lub npe tau xa tawm thiab feem ntau yog siv los kho qhov thixotropy ntawm lub kaw lus thiab txhim kho qhov anti-thixotropy. Kev ua tau zoo tiv thaiv kev qaug zog.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Kaum Ib Hlis-22-2022