Soo Koobid:
1. Wakiilka qoynta iyo kala firdhinta
2. Defoamer
3. Dhumuceeye
4. Waxyaabaha lagu daro sameynta filimada
5. Wakiilka ka hortagga daxalka, ka hortagga caariyaysiga iyo ka hortagga algae
6. Waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro
1 Wakiilka qoynta iyo kala firdhinta:
Dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan waxay u isticmaalaan biyaha sidii dareere ama dhexdhexaad kala firdhisan, biyuhuna waxay leeyihiin joogto dielectric ah oo weyn, sidaa darteed dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan waxaa inta badan xasiliya ka-hortagga electrostatic-ka marka lakabka labanlaabka ah ee korontada ku shaqeeya uu is dulsaaro. Intaa waxaa dheer, nidaamka dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan, waxaa badanaa jira polymers iyo surfactants aan ionic ahayn, kuwaas oo ku nuuga dusha sare ee buuxinta midabka, taasoo sameysa caqabad steric ah oo xasilisa kala firdhinta. Sidaa darteed, rinjiyada biyaha ku salaysan iyo emulsions waxay gaaraan natiijooyin deggan iyada oo loo marayo ficilka wadajirka ah ee ka-hortagga electrostatic-ka iyo caqabadda steric-ka. Qasaareheedu waa iska caabinta electrolyte-ka oo liidata, gaar ahaan electrolytes-ka qiimaha sare leh.
1.1 Wakiilka qoynta
Walxaha qoynta ee dahaarka biyaha waxaa loo qaybiyaa anionic iyo nonionic.
Isku darka wakiilka qoynta iyo wakiilka kala firdhiya ayaa gaari kara natiijooyin ku habboon. Tirada wakiilka qoynta guud ahaan waa dhowr kunkiiba. Saameyntiisa taban waa xumbo iyo yaraynta iska caabbinta biyaha ee filimka dahaadhka.
Mid ka mid ah isbeddellada horumarinta ee wakiilada qoynta ayaa ah in si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelo wakiilada qoynta polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO ama APE), sababtoo ah waxay keenaysaa hoos u dhaca hoormoonada labka ah ee jiirka waxayna faragelisaa endocrine. Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa emulsifiers inta lagu jiro polymerization emulsion.
Twin surfactants sidoo kale waa horumarro cusub. Waa laba molecules amphiphilic ah oo ay isku xidhaan spacer. Astaamaha ugu caansan ee surfactants-ka mataanaha ah ayaa ah in fiirsashada micelle ee muhiimka ah (CMC) ay ka badan tahay amar cabbir ka hooseeya kan surfactants-kooda "hal-unug", oo ay ku xigto hufnaan sare. Sida TEGO Twin 4000, waa surfactant siloxane mataanaha ah, waxayna leedahay sifooyin xumbo iyo defoaming ah oo aan degganayn.
Alaabooyinka Hawada waxay soo saareen Gemini surfactants. Surfactants-ka dhaqameedku waxay leeyihiin dabo hydrophobic ah iyo madax hydrophilic ah, laakiin surfactant-kan cusub wuxuu leeyahay laba kooxood oo hydrophilic ah iyo laba ama saddex kooxood oo hydrophobic ah, kaas oo ah surfactant badan oo shaqeynaya, oo loo yaqaan acetylene glycols, alaabada sida EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Kala-bixiyaha
Kala-bixiyayaasha rinjiga latex waxa loo qaybiyaa afar qaybood: kala-bixiyayaasha fosfate, kala-bixiyayaasha homopolymer-ka polyacid, kala-bixiyayaasha copolymer-ka polyacid iyo kala-bixiyayaasha kale.
Kala-firdhiyaha fosfate-ka ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa polyphosphates, sida sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, oo ka soo baxda Shirkadda Kiimikada BK Giulini ee Jarmalka), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) iyo tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Habka ficilkiisu waa inuu xasiliyo ka-hortagga elektaroonigga ah iyada oo loo marayo isku-xidhka haydarojiin iyo nuugista kiimikada. Faa'iidada ay leedahay ayaa ah in qiyaasta ay yar tahay, qiyaastii 0.1%, waxayna leedahay saameyn kala-firdhis wanaagsan oo ku saabsan midabada aan dabiiciga ahayn iyo buuxinta. Laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira cillado: midka, oo ay weheliso kor u kaca qiimaha pH iyo heerkulka, polyphosphate si fudud ayaa loo hydrolyzed, wuxuu sababaa xasilloonida kaydinta muddada-dheer oo xun; Kala-firdhinta aan dhammaystirnayn ee dhexdhexaadka ah waxay saameyn doontaa dhalaalka rinjiga latex dhalaalaya.
Kala firdhiyaha fosfate ester waa isku darka monoesters, diesters, alcohols haraadi ah iyo fosforic acid.
Kala firdhiyaha fosfate ester waxay xasiliyaan kala firdhiyaha midabka, oo ay ku jiraan midabyada falgalka ah sida zinc oxide. Qaababka rinjiga dhalaalaya, waxay hagaajisaa dhalaalka iyo nadiifinta. Si ka duwan waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro qoynta iyo kala firdhinta, ku darista kala firdhiyaha fosfate ester saameyn kuma yeelato dahaarka KU iyo ICI ee dahaarka.
Kala-baxa isku-dhafka ah ee polyacid, sida Tamol 1254 iyo Tamol 850, Tamol 850 waa homopolymer oo ka mid ah methacrylic acid. Kala-baxa isku-dhafka ah ee polyacid copolymer, sida Orotan 731A, kaas oo ah copolymer diisobutylene iyo maleic acid. Astaamaha labada nooc ee kala-baxa ah ayaa ah inay soo saaraan nuugid xooggan ama ku xidhitaan dusha sare ee midabada iyo buuxinta, waxay leeyihiin silsilado molecular oo dheer si ay u sameeyaan caqabad steric ah, waxayna leeyihiin milmi biyo ah dhammaadka silsiladda, qaarna waxaa lagu kabaa dib-u-celin elektrostatic ah si loo gaaro natiijooyin deggan. Si kala-baxa looga dhigo mid si fiican u kala-baxa, miisaanka molecular waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa. Haddii miisaanka molecular uu aad u yar yahay, waxaa jiri doona caqabad ku filan oo steric ah; haddii miisaanka molecular uu aad u weyn yahay, flocculation ayaa dhici doona. Kala-baxa polyacrylate, saameynta kala-baxa ugu fiican ayaa la gaari karaa haddii heerka polymerization uu yahay 12-18.
Noocyada kale ee kala firdhiyaha, sida AMP-95, waxay leeyihiin magac kiimiko ah oo ah 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Kooxda amino-ku waxay ku nuugtaa dusha sare ee walxaha aan dabiiciga ahayn, kooxda hydroxyl-na waxay ku fidsan tahay biyaha, taas oo door xasilin ah ka ciyaarta iyada oo loo marayo caqabadda steric. Cabbirkeeda yar awgeed, caqabadda steric-gu waa xaddidan tahay. AMP-95 inta badan waa nidaamiye pH ah.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, cilmi-baarista ku saabsan kala firdhiyeyaasha ayaa ka gudubtay dhibaatada kala firdhinta oo ay keento miisaanka sare ee molecular-ka, horumarinta miisaanka sare ee molecular-kana waa mid ka mid ah isbeddellada. Tusaale ahaan, kala firdhiyaha miisaanka sare ee molecular-ka EFKA-4580 ee ay soo saarto emulsion polymerization waxaa si gaar ah loogu sameeyay dahaarka warshadaha ee ku salaysan biyaha, oo ku habboon kala firdhinta midabka dabiiciga ah iyo kan aan organic-ga ahayn, waxayna leedahay iska caabin biyo oo wanaagsan.
Kooxaha amino waxay leeyihiin xiriir wanaagsan oo u dhexeeya midabyo badan iyada oo loo marayo isku-xidhka aashitada ama haydarojiin. Kala-baxa baloogga copolymer-ka oo leh aminoacrylic acid oo ah kooxda xidhitaanka ayaa la fiiro gaar ah la siiyay.
Kala firdhiye leh dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate oo ah koox isku xidha
Qalabka lagu daro qoynta iyo kala firdhinta ee Tego Dispers 655 waxaa loo isticmaalaa rinjiyeynta baabuurta biyaha lagu shubo, ma aha oo kaliya in lagu jiheeyo midabada laakiin sidoo kale si looga hortago in budada aluminiumku ay la falgasho biyaha.
Sababo la xiriira walaacyada deegaanka, waxaa la sameeyay wakiillo qoyn iyo kala firdhiya oo baaba'aya, sida wakiilada qoynta iyo kala firdhiya ee taxanaha EnviroGem AE, kuwaas oo ah wakiillo qoyn iyo kala firdhiya xumbo yar.
2 defoamer:
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ah rinji-ka-saareyaal dhaqameed oo ku salaysan biyaha, kuwaas oo guud ahaan loo qaybiyay saddex qaybood: kuwa ka saara saliidda macdanta, kuwa ka saara polysiloxane iyo kuwa kale ee ka saara.
Qalabka ka saara saliidda macdanta ayaa si caadi ah loo isticmaalaa, badanaa rinjiyada latex ee siman iyo kuwa nus-dhalaalaya.
Qalabka nadiifinta polysiloxane waxay leeyihiin xiisad hoose oo dusha sare ah, awoodo qalajin xoog leh iyo ka hortagga xumbo, mana saameeyaan dhalaalka, laakiin marka si khaldan loo isticmaalo, waxay sababi doonaan cillado sida yaraanta filimka dahaadhka iyo dib u dahaadhida oo liidata.
Makiinadaha rinjiga ee ku salaysan biyaha ee dhaqameedku ma la jaan qaadi karaan marxaladda biyaha si loo gaaro ujeeddada lagu nadiifinayo, sidaa darteed way fududahay in lagu soo saaro cillado dusha sare ah filimka dahaadhka.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, waxaa la sameeyay defoamers heer-molecular ah.
Wakiilkan ka hortagga xumbada waa polymer laga sameeyay iyadoo si toos ah loogu tallaalayo walxaha firfircoon ee ka hortagga xumbada walaxda side. Silsiladda molecular-ka ee polymer-ku waxay leedahay koox hydroxyl qoyan, walaxda firfircoon ee ka hortagga xumbada waxay ku baahsan tahay molecule-ka, walaxda firfircoon ma fududa in la isku daro, isla markaana waafajinta nidaamka dahaarka waa mid wanaagsan. Xumbada heerka molecular-ka noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah saliidaha macdanta - taxanaha FoamStar A10, taxanaha silicon-ka - taxanaha FoamStar A30, iyo polymers-ka aan silicon-ka ahayn, kuwa aan saliidda-ka ahayn - taxanaha FoamStar MF.
Waxaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay in defoamer-kan heerka molecular-ka ah uu isticmaalo polymers-ka xiddigaha ee aadka loo jarjaray sida surfactants aan iswaafaqsanayn, wuxuuna natiijooyin wanaagsan ka gaaray codsiyada dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan. Defoamer-ka heerka molecular-ka ee Air Products oo ay soo sheegeen Stout et al. waa wakiil xakameyn xumbo ku salaysan acetylene glycol iyo defoamer oo leh labadaba sifooyin qoyn ah, sida Surphynol MD 20 iyo Surphynol DF 37.
Intaa waxaa dheer, si loo daboolo baahiyaha soo saarista dahaarka eber-VOC, waxaa sidoo kale jira defoamers-ka aan VOC lahayn, sida Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, iwm.
3 Qaro-dheereyaal:
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhumuc-dheerayaal ah, oo hadda si caadi ah loo isticmaalo waa cellulose ether iyo dhumuc-dheerayaalkeeda, dhumuc-dheereyaasha alkali-swellable (HASE) iyo dhumuc-dheereyaasha polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether iyo waxyaabaha uu ka soo saaro
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) waxaa markii ugu horreysay warshad ahaan u soo saartay Shirkadda Union Carbide sannadkii 1932, waxayna leedahay taariikh ka badan 70 sano. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha cellulose ether iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa waxaa ugu badan yihiin hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) iyo xanthan xanjo, iwm., kuwani waa dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha aan ionic ahayn, waxayna sidoo kale ka tirsan yihiin dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha aan la xiriirin marxaladda biyaha. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, HEC waa kan ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo rinjiga latex.
Cellulose-ka Hydrophobically modified (HMHEC) wuxuu soo bandhigayaa tiro yar oo ah kooxo alkyl ah oo silsilad dheer leh oo ku yaal laf-dhabarta hydrophilic ee cellulose si ay u noqdaan dhumuc-saaxiibtinimo, sida Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Saamayntiisa dhumuc-sarraynta waxay la mid tahay tan dhumuc-sareyaasha ether-ka cellulose ee leh miisaan molecular oo aad u weyn. Waxay hagaajisaa nuugista iyo heerka ICI, waxayna yareysaa xiisadda dusha sare, sida xiisadda dusha sare ee HEC waa qiyaastii 67mN/m, xiisadda dusha sare ee HMHEC waa 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Dhumucda alkali-bararsan
Dhumuceeyayaasha qaro weyn ee alkali-bararka leh waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba qaybood: Dhumuceeyayaasha qaro weyn ee alkali-bararka leh (ASE) iyo Dhumuceeyayaasha qaro weyn ee alkali-bararka leh (HASE), kuwaas oo ah Dhumuceeyayaasha anionic. ASE-ga aan la xiriirin waa Dhumuceeyaha bararka alkali-bararka leh ee polyacrylate. Associative HASE waa Dhumuceeyaha bararka alkali-bararka leh ee polyacrylate oo hydrophobic ahaan wax laga beddelay.
3.3. Dhumuceeyaha Polyurethane iyo dhumuciyaha aan polyurethane ahayn ee wax laga beddelay si hydrophobic ah
Dhumuceeyaha Polyurethane, oo loo yaqaan HEUR, waa polymer-ka biyaha ku milma ee polyurethane-ka ee kooxda hydrophobic-ka ah ee la beddelay, kaas oo ka tirsan dhumuceeyaha aan ionic ahayn ee isku-dhafka ah. HEUR wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex qaybood: kooxda hydrophobic, silsiladda hydrophilic iyo kooxda polyurethane. Kooxda hydrophobic-ga waxay door ka ciyaartaa xiriirka waana qodobka go'aamiya dhumucda, badanaa oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, iwm. Silsiladda hydrophilic waxay bixin kartaa xasillooni kiimiko iyo xasillooni dheellitir, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo waa polyethers, sida polyoxyethylene iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa. Silsiladda molecular-ka ee HEUR waxaa dheereeya kooxaha polyurethane, sida IPDI, TDI iyo HMDI. Astaamaha qaab-dhismeedka ee dhumuceeyayaasha isku-dhafka ah ayaa ah inay joojiyaan kooxaha hydrophobic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka beddelka kooxaha hydrophobic-ka ee labada daraf ee qaar ka mid ah HEUR-yada ganacsiga laga heli karo waa ka hooseeya 0.9, kan ugu fiicanna waa 1.7 oo keliya. Xaaladaha falcelinta waa in si adag loo xakameeyo si loo helo dhumuceeyaha polyurethane oo leh qaybin miisaan molecular ah oo cidhiidhi ah iyo waxqabad deggan. Inta badan HEUR-yada waxaa lagu sameeyaa polymerization-ka tallaabo-tallaabo ah, sidaa darteed HEUR-yada ganacsi ahaan laga heli karo guud ahaan waa isku-darka miisaanno ballaaran oo molecular ah.
Richey et al. waxay isticmaaleen isku-dhafka pyrene ee fluorescent tracer (PAT, tirada celceliska miisaanka molecular 30000, miisaanka celceliska miisaanka molecular 60000) si ay u ogaadaan in marka la isku daro 0.02% (miisaanka), heerka isku-darka micelle ee Acrysol RM-825 iyo PAT uu ahaa qiyaastii 6. Tamarta isku-xirka ee u dhaxaysa dhumuc-dhejinta iyo dusha sare ee walxaha latex waa qiyaastii 25 KJ/mol; aagga ay ku jiraan molecule kasta oo dhumuc-dhejinta PAT ee dusha sare ee walxaha latex waa qiyaastii 13 nm2, taas oo ku saabsan aagga uu ku jiro wakiilka qoyaanka Triton X-405 14 jeer ka badan 0.9 nm2. Isku-dhafka polyurethane ee isku-dhafka ah sida RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, iwm.
Horumarinta dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha polyurethane ee deegaanka u fiican ayaa dareen ballaaran laga muujiyay. Tusaale ahaan, BYK-425 waa dhumuc-dhejiye polyurethane ah oo aan lahayn VOC iyo APEO oo laga beddelay urea. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 iyo 3060 waa Waa dhumuc-dhejiye polyurethane ah oo aan lahayn VOC iyo APEO.
Marka laga soo tago dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha polyurethane ee toosan ee kor lagu sharraxay, waxaa sidoo kale jira dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha polyurethane ee isku-dhafan ee shanlada u eg. Waxa loogu yeero isku-dhafka polyurethane ee isku-dhafka ah macnaheedu waa in ay jirto koox hydrophobic ah oo ku taal bartamaha molecule kasta oo dhumuc-dhejiye ah. dhumuc-dhejiyeyaasha sida SCT-200 iyo SCT-275 iwm.
Dhumucda aminoplastic-ka ee hydrophobic ahaan wax laga beddelay (dhumucda aminoplastic-ka ee hydrophobic ahaan wax laga beddelay - HEAT) waxay u beddeshaa amino resin-ka gaarka ah afar kooxood oo hydrophobic ah oo daboolan, laakiin fal-celinta afarta goobood ee fal-celinta ayaa ka duwan. Ku darista caadiga ah ee kooxaha hydrophobic-ka, waxaa jira laba kooxood oo hydrophobic ah oo xanniban, sidaa darteed dhumucda amino ee synthetic-ga ah ee hydrophobic-ka wax laga beddelay ma aha mid aad uga duwan HEUR, sida Optiflo H 500. Haddii kooxo hydrophobic ah oo badan lagu daro, sida ilaa 8%, xaaladaha fal-celinta waa la hagaajin karaa si loo soo saaro dhumucda amino oo leh kooxo hydrophobic ah oo badan oo xanniban. Dabcan, tani sidoo kale waa dhumucda shanlada. Dhumucda amino ee hydrophobic-ka wax laga beddelay waxay ka hortagi kartaa in rinjiga uu hoos u dhaco sababtoo ah ku darista xaddi badan oo surfactants ah iyo dareere glycol ah marka lagu daro isbarbardhigga midabka. Sababtu waxay tahay in kooxaha hydrophobic-ka ee xooggan ay ka hortagi karaan daadinta, kooxo badan oo hydrophobic-ka ahna ay leeyihiin xiriir xooggan. Dhumucda sida Optiflo TVS.
Dhumuceeyaha Polyether-ka ee wax laga beddelay ee Hydrophobic (HMPE) Waxqabadka dhumuceeyaha polyether-ka ee wax laga beddelay ee hydrophobic ahaan wuxuu la mid yahay HEUR, waxaana ka mid ah Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 iyo NHS300 oo ka tirsan Hercules.
Habka dhumucdiisu waa saameynta isku xidhka haydarojiin iyo isku xidhka kooxaha dhammaadka. Marka la barbardhigo dhumucleyda caadiga ah, waxay leedahay sifooyin ka hortag ah degitaan iyo ka-hortagga hoos u dhaca. Sida laga soo xigtay kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha dhammaadka, dhumucleyda polyurea ee wax laga beddelay waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc: dhumucleyda polyurea ee polarity hooseeya, dhumucleyda polyurea ee polarity dhexdhexaadka ah iyo dhumucleyda polyurea ee polarity sare. Labada hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qariyo dahaarka ku salaysan milmida, halka dhumucleyda polyurea ee polarity sare loo isticmaali karo dahaarka ku salaysan milmida sare iyo dahaarka ku salaysan biyaha. Badeecadaha ganacsiga ee dhumucleyda hoose, polarity dhexdhexaadka ah iyo polarity sare ee polyurea waa BYK-411, BYK-410 iyo BYK-420 siday u kala horreeyaan.
Budada wax laga beddelay ee polyamide waa wax lagu daro rheological oo lagu sameeyay iyadoo kooxaha hydrophilic sida PEG lagu soo daro silsiladda molecular ee wax amide. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, noocyada qaar ayaa la soo dhoofiyaa waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo thixotropy-ga nidaamka loona hagaajiyo ka hortagga thixotropy-ga. Waxqabadka ka hortagga thixotropy-ga.
Waqtiga boostada: Noofambar-22-2022