Whakarāpopototanga:
1. Kaihoko whakamakuku me te marara
2. Kaiwhakakore Huka
3. Whakamātotoru
4. Ngā tāpiringa hanga-kiriata
5. Ārai-waikura, ārai-koriri me te ārai-pūkohu
6. Ētahi atu tāpiringa
1 Kaiwhakamākū me te kaiwhakamakuku:
Ka whakamahia e ngā paninga wai-wai te wai hei whakarewa, hei reo marara rānei, ā, he nui te pūmau dielectric o te wai, nō reira ka whakauhia ngā paninga wai-wai e te pana hiko ina taupatupatu te paparanga takirua hiko. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te pūnaha paninga wai-wai, he maha ngā polymer me ngā surfactants kore-ionic, e piri ana ki te mata o te whakakī tae, ka hanga he aukati steric me te whakau i te marara. Nō reira, ka tutuki i ngā peita wai-wai me ngā emulsions ngā hua pumau mā te mahi tahi o te pana hiko me te aukati steric. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga ko te ātete electrolyte ngoikore, inā koa mō ngā electrolytes utu nui.
1.1 Kaiwhakamākū
Kua wehea ngā mea whakamakuku mō ngā paninga wai ki te anionic me te nonionic.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te kaiāwhina whakamakuku me te kaiāwhina marara ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hua tino pai. Ko te nui o te kaiāwhina whakamakuku he torutoru noa iho i roto i te mano. Ko tōna pānga kino ko te pupuhi me te whakaiti i te ātete wai o te kiriata paninga.
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga o ngā kaihoko whakamakuku ko te whakakapi mārire i ngā kaihoko whakamakuku polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO, APE rānei), nā te mea ka whakaitihia ngā homoni tāne i roto i ngā kiore, ā, ka whakararuraru hoki i te endocrine. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether hei emulsifier i te wā e whakapūhuitia ana te emulsion.
He whanaketanga hou anō hoki ngā matū horoi māhanga. He ngota amphiphilic e rua e honoa ana e te mokowā. Ko te āhuatanga tino kitea o ngā matū horoi pūtau-māhanga ko te iti iho o te kukū micelle matua (CMC) i te nui o ō rātou matū horoi "pūtau-kotahi", ā, he tino pai te whai hua. Pērā i te TEGO Twin 4000, he matū horoi siloxane pūtau-māhanga, ā, he āhua pahuka kore pumau, he āhua whakakore huka hoki.
Kua whakawhanakehia e Air Products ngā matū horoi Gemini. He hiku hydrophobic me te upoko hydrophilic ngā matū horoi tuku iho, engari e rua ngā rōpū hydrophilic me ngā rōpū hydrophobic e rua, e toru rānei ngā rōpū hydrophobic o tēnei matū horoi hou, he matū horoi maha-mahi, e mōhiotia ana ko te acetylene glycols, he hua pēnei i a EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Kaiwhakamarara
E whā ngā wāhanga o ngā mea whakamarara mō te peita rapa: ngā mea whakamarara phosphate, ngā mea whakamarara homopolymer polyacid, ngā mea whakamarara copolymer polyacid me ētahi atu mea whakamarara.
Ko ngā mea whakamarara phosphate e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā polyphosphates, pērā i te sodium hexametaphosphate, te sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, hua o te Kamupene Matū BK Giulini i Tiamana), te potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) me te tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Ko te tikanga o tana mahi he whakaū i te aukati hiko mā te here hauwai me te mimiti matū. Ko tōna painga he iti te horopeta, tata ki te 0.1%, ā, he pai te pānga whakamarara ki ngā tae me ngā whakakī kore-ora. Engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki: ko tētahi, me te pikinga ake o te uara pH me te pāmahana, ka ngāwari te waikura o te polyphosphate, ka kino te pumau rokiroki mō te wā roa; ka pā te korenga o te wairewa i roto i te reo ki te kanapa o te peita rapa kanapa.
Ko ngā kaiwhakaranu phosphate ester he ranunga o ngā monoesters, ngā diesters, ngā waipiro toenga me te waikawa phosphoric.
Ka whakaūngia ngā horahanga tae e ngā kaiwhakarewa phosphate ester, tae atu ki ngā tae tauhohe pērā i te konutea waikura. I roto i ngā hanganga peita kanapa, ka whakapai ake i te kanapa me te ngāwari ki te horoi. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu tāpiringa whakamakuku me te horapa, kāore te tāpiritanga o ngā kaiwhakarewa phosphate ester e pā ki te matotoru KU me te ICI o te paninga.
Ko te kaiwhakarewa homopolymer polyacid, pērā i te Tamol 1254 me te Tamol 850, ko te Tamol 850 he homopolymer o te waikawa methacrylic. Ko te kaiwhakarewa copolymer polyacid, pērā i te Orotan 731A, he copolymer o te diisobutylene me te waikawa maleic. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ēnei momo kaiwhakarewa e rua ko te kaha o te mimiti, te piri rānei ki te mata o ngā tae me ngā whakakī, he roa ake ngā mekameka ngota hei hanga i te aukati steric, ā, he wairewa wai i ngā pito o te mekameka, ā, ko ētahi ka tāpirihia e te aukati hiko hei whakatutuki i ngā hua pumau. Kia pai ai te horapa o te kaiwhakarewa, me tino whakahaere te taumaha ngota. Mena he iti rawa te taumaha ngota, kāore e ranea te aukati steric; ki te nui rawa te taumaha ngota, ka puta te flocculation. Mō ngā kaiwhakarewa polyacrylate, ka taea te whakatutuki i te pānga horapa pai rawa atu mena ko te tohu o te polymerization he 12-18.
Ko ētahi atu momo kaiwhakamarara, pērā i te AMP-95, he ingoa matū ko te 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Ka piri te rōpū amino ki te mata o ngā matūriki kore-waro, ā, ka toro atu te rōpū hydroxyl ki te wai, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakaū mā te aukati steric. Nā te iti o te rahi, he iti noa te aukati steric. Ko te AMP-95 te nuinga o te wā he kaiwhakahaere pH.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua wikitoria te rangahau mō ngā kaiwhakamarara i te raruraru o te flocculation i puta mai i te taumaha ngota teitei, ā, ko te whanaketanga o te taumaha ngota teitei tētahi o ngā au. Hei tauira, ko te kaiwhakamarara taumaha ngota teitei EFKA-4580 i hangaia mā te polymerization emulsion he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā paninga ahumahi wai-pūtake, he pai mō te whakamararatanga tae waro me te kore-waro, ā, he pai te ātete ki te wai.
He pai te hononga o ngā rōpū amino ki ngā tae maha mā te hononga waikawa-pūtake, te hononga hauwai rānei. Kua arohia te poraka copolymer e whakamarara ana ki te waikawa aminoacrylic hei rōpū punga.
Kaiwhakamarara me te dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate hei rōpū punga
E whakamahia ana te tāpiri whakamakuku me te horapa a Tego Dispers 655 ki ngā peita waka wai, ehara i te mea hei whakahāngai i ngā tae anake, engari hei ārai hoki i te tauhohenga o te paura konumohe ki te wai.
Nā ngā āwangawanga taiao, kua whakawhanakehia ngā kaihoko mākū me te horapa pirau-koiora, pērā i ngā kaihoko mākū me te horapa pūtau-rua raupapa EnviroGem AE, he iti nei te huka o ngā kaihoko mākū me te horapa.
2 kaiwhakakore pahuka:
He maha ngā momo whakakore huka peita wai tuku iho, e toru ngā momo: ngā whakakore huka hinu kohuke, ngā whakakore huka polysiloxane me ētahi atu whakakore huka.
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā peita whakakore pahuka hinu kohuke, ko te nuinga mō ngā peita rapa papatahi me ngā peita rapa kanapa-haurua.
He iti te kukū o te mata o ngā polysiloxane defoamers, he kaha ki te tango pahuka me te ārai pahuka, ā, kāore e pā ki te kanapa, engari ki te whakamahia hē, ka puta he hapa pēnei i te mimiti o te kiriata paninga me te ngoikore o te kaha ki te paninga anō.
Kāore e hototahi ngā whakarewa peita wai tuku iho ki te wāhanga wai hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakarewa i te pahuka, nō reira he ngawari ki te whakaputa i ngā hapa mata i roto i te kiriata paninga.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakawhanakehia ngā taputapu whakakore pahuka taumata-ngota.
He pūmua tēnei ārai-huka i hangaia mā te hono tika i ngā matū hohe ārai-huka ki te matū kawe. He rōpū hydroxyl whakamakuku kei roto i te mekameka ngota o te pūmua, ka tohatohahia te matū hohe whakakore-huka huri noa i te ngota, kāore e ngāwari te whakakotahi i te matū hohe, ā, he pai te hototahi ki te pūnaha paninga. Ko ēnei momo whakakore-huka taumata-ngota ko ngā hinu kohuke — raupapa FoamStar A10, kei roto-te-silicon — raupapa FoamStar A30, me ngā pūmua kore-silicon, kore-hinu — raupapa FoamStar MF.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo, ka whakamahia e tēnei kaiwhakakore pahuka taumata-ngota ngā pūhui whetu super-grafted hei surfactants kāore e hototahi, ā, kua tutuki ngā hua pai i roto i ngā tono paninga wai. Ko te kaiwhakakore pahuka taumata-ngota Air Products i pūrongohia e Stout et al. he kaihoko whakahaere pahuka me te kaiwhakakore pahuka e hangai ana ki te acetylene glycol me ngā āhuatanga whakamakuku e rua, pērā i te Surfynol MD 20 me te Surfynol DF 37.
Hei tāpiritanga, hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hanga paninga kore-VOC, kei reira anō ngā kaiwhakakore pahuka kore-VOC, pērā i te Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, me ētahi atu.
3 Ngā Whakamātotoru:
He maha ngā momo whakamātotoru, ko ngā momo whakamātotoru e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā ko te cellulose ether me ōna momo whakamātotoru, ngā whakamātotoru ka taea te pupuhi te kawakawa hono (HASE) me ngā whakamātotoru polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Te etere cellulose me ōna hua
I hangaia tuatahitia te Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) e te Kamupene Union Carbide i te tau 1932, ā, neke atu i te 70 tau te roa o tōna hītori. I tēnei wā, ko ngā mea whakamātotoru o te cellulose ether me ōna hua ko te hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), te methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), te ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), te methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), te methyl cellulose (MC) me te xanthan gum, me ētahi atu. He mea whakamātotoru kore-ionic ēnei, ā, nō roto hoki i ngā mea whakamātotoru kore-hononga wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te HEC te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te peita rapa.
Mā te cellulose whakarerekētia ā-wai (HMHEC) ka tāpirihia he iti noa iho o ngā rōpū alkyl ā-wai mekameka roa ki runga i te tuara ā-wai o te cellulose hei hanga i tētahi whakamātotoru hononga, pērā i te Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. He rite tonu tōna pānga whakamātotoru ki te whakamātotoru ā-cellulose ether he nui ake te taumaha ngota. Ka whakapai ake i te matotoru me te whakataurite o te ICI, ā, ka whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata, pērā i te taumahatanga o te mata o te HEC he tata ki te 67mN/m, ā, ko te taumahatanga o te mata o te HMHEC he 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Whakamātotoru ka pupuhi-kawakawa
E rua ngā wāhanga o ngā whakamātotoru pupuhi-kawakawa: ngā whakamātotoru pupuhi-kawakawa kore-honohono (ASE) me ngā whakamātotoru pupuhi-kawakawa hono-honohono (HASE), arā, he whakamātotoru anionic. Ko te ASE kore-honohono he whakapūtanga pupuhi kawakawa polyacrylate. Ko te HASE hono-honohono he whakapūtanga pupuhi kawakawa polyacrylate kua whakarerekētia ki te wai.
3.3. Whakamātotoru polyurethane me te whakamātotoru kore-polyurethane kua whakarerekētia ki te wai
Ko te whakamātotoru polyurethane, e kiia nei ko te HEUR, he polymer wai-wairewa polyurethane ethoxylated kua whakarerekētia ki te rōpū hydrophobic, nō roto i te whakamātotoru hononga kore-ionic. E toru ngā wāhanga o te HEUR: te rōpū hydrophobic, te mekameka hydrophilic me te rōpū polyurethane. He mahi hononga tā te rōpū hydrophobic, ā, ko ia te mea whakatau mō te whakamātotoru, ko te nuinga ko te oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, me ētahi atu. Ka taea e te mekameka hydrophilic te whakarato i te pumau matū me te pumau matotoru, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā polyethers, pērā i te polyoxyethylene me ōna hua. Ka whakawhānuihia te mekameka ngota o te HEUR e ngā rōpū polyurethane, pērā i te IPDI, TDI me te HMDI. Ko te āhuatanga hanganga o ngā whakamātotoru hononga ko te whakamutua e ngā rōpū hydrophobic. Heoi, ko te nui o te whakakapinga o ngā rōpū hydrophobic i ngā pito e rua o ētahi HEUR e wātea ana i te hokohoko he iti iho i te 0.9, ā, ko te mea pai rawa atu ko te 1.7 anake. Me tino whakahaere ngā tikanga tauhohenga kia whiwhi ai i te whakamātotoru polyurethane me te tohatoha taumaha ngota whaiti me te mahi pumau. Ko te nuinga o ngā HEUR ka hangaia mā te whakapūhuitanga i ia taahiraa, nō reira ko ngā HEUR e wātea ana i te hokohoko he ranunga o ngā taumaha ngota whānui.
I whakamahia e Richey me ētahi atu te whakamātotoru hononga pyrene fluorescent tracer (PAT, te tau toharite o te taumaha ngota ngota 30000, te taumaha toharite o te taumaha ngota ngota 60000) kia kitea ai i te kukū o te 0.02% (taumaha), ko te nekehanga whakahiato micelle o Acrysol RM-825 me te PAT he tata ki te 6. Ko te kaha hononga i waenga i te whakamātotoru me te mata o ngā matūriki rapa he tata ki te 25 KJ/mol; ko te horahanga e nohoia ana e ia ngota whakamātotoru PAT i runga i te mata o ngā matūriki rapa he tata ki te 13 nm2, arā, he tata ki te horahanga e nohoia ana e te kaihoko whakamakuku Triton X-405 he 14 ngā wā i te 0.9 nm2. Ko ngā whakamātotoru polyurethane hono pērā i te RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, me ētahi atu.
Kua aro nui te whanaketanga o ngā whakamātotoru polyurethane hono-ā-taiao e pai ana mō te taiao. Hei tauira, ko te BYK-425 he whakamātotoru polyurethane whakarerekētia ki te urea, kāore he VOC me te APEO. Ko te Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 me te 3060 he whakamātotoru polyurethane hono-ā-tinana, kāore he VOC me te APEO.
Haunga ngā whakamātotoru polyurethane hononga rārangi kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei, kei reira anō ngā whakamātotoru polyurethane hononga rite ki te heru. Ko te tikanga o te whakamātotoru polyurethane hononga heru he rōpū wai-whakaaro kei waenganui o ia ngota whakamātotoru. Ko ngā whakamātotoru pēnei i te SCT-200 me te SCT-275 me ētahi atu.
Ka hurihia e te whakamaroke aminoplast kua whakarerekētia ā-wai (hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) te kapia amino motuhake kia whā ngā rōpū hydrophobic kua taupokina, engari he rerekē te tauhohenga o ēnei wāhi tauhohenga e whā. I roto i te tāpiri noa o ngā rōpū hydrophobic, e rua noa ngā rōpū hydrophobic kua āraia, nō reira kāore i te tino rerekē te whakamaroke amino kua whakarerekētia ā-wai hangai mai i te HEUR, pērā i te Optiflo H 500. Mena ka tāpirihia he maha atu ngā rōpū hydrophobic, pērā i te 8%, ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga hei whakaputa i ngā whakamaroke amino me ngā rōpū hydrophobic kua āraia. He pono, he whakamaroke heru anō hoki tēnei. Ka taea e tēnei whakamaroke amino kua whakarerekētia ā-wai te ārai i te hekenga o te matotoru peita nā te tāpiritanga o te nui o ngā surfactants me ngā whakarewa glycol ina tāpirihia te taurite tae. Ko te take he kaha ngā rōpū hydrophobic ka ārai i te mimiti, ā, he kaha te hononga o ngā rōpū hydrophobic maha. Ko ngā whakamaroke pērā i te Optiflo TVS.
Whakamātotoru polyether whakarerekētia wai-whakahē (HMPE) He rite te mahi a te whakamātotoru polyether whakarerekētia wai-whakahē ki te HEUR, ā, ko ngā hua ko Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 me NHS300 o Hercules.
Ko tōna tikanga whakamātotoru he pānga o te here hauwai me te hononga o ngā rōpū pito. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā whakamātotoru noa, he pai ake ōna āhuatanga ārai-tau me te ārai-totoka. E ai ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā pōra o ngā rōpū pito, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā whakamātotoru polyurea kua whakarerekētia kia toru ngā momo: ngā whakamātotoru polyurea pōra iti, ngā whakamātotoru polyurea pōra waenga me ngā whakamātotoru polyurea pōra teitei. Ko ngā mea tuatahi e rua e whakamahia ana mō te whakamātotoru i ngā paninga whakarewa-whakarewa, ko ngā whakamātotoru polyurea pōra teitei ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā paninga whakarewa-whakarewa pōra teitei me ngā paninga wai-whakarewa. Ko ngā hua arumoni o ngā whakamātotoru polyurea pōra iti, pōra waenga me te pōra teitei ko BYK-411, BYK-410 me BYK-420.
Ko te paru ware piroira kua whakarerekētia he tāpiringa rheological i hangaia mā te whakauru i ngā rōpū hydrophilic pēnei i te PEG ki roto i te mekameka ngota o te ware piroira. I tēnei wā, kei te kawemai ētahi waitohu, ā, e whakamahia ana hei whakatika i te thixotropy o te pūnaha me te whakapai ake i te anti-thixotropy. He mahi anti-toru.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 22-2022