Incamake:
1. Uburyo bwo kuvomesha no gukwirakwiza
2. Umuti wo gusiba amafi
3. Ingufu zigabanya ubukana
4. Inyongeramusaruro zikora filime
5. Irwanya ingese, irwanya ubwandu n'ibihumyo
6. Izindi nyongeramusaruro
1 Uburyo bwo gutosesha no gukwirakwiza:
Amarangi ashingiye ku mazi akoresha amazi nk'ikintu gishongesha cyangwa gikwirakwiza amazi, kandi amazi afite amashanyarazi menshi, bityo amarangi ashingiye ku mazi ahora ahamye bitewe no guhumeka kw'amashanyarazi iyo amashanyarazi afatanye. Byongeye kandi, muri sisitemu yo gutwikira amazi, akenshi haba hari polymer na surfactants zitari ionic, zihambira ku buso bw'umubumbe w'ibara, zigatuma amazi ahagarara neza kandi zigatuma amazi ahagarara neza. Kubwibyo, amarangi ashingiye ku mazi n'imiyoboro bitanga umusaruro uhamye binyuze mu gukorana kw'amarangi ashingiye ku amashanyarazi no guhumeka kw'amazi. Ingorane zayo ni ubudahangarwa buke bwa electrolyte, cyane cyane ku marangi ahendutse.
1.1 Uburyo bwo kogosha
Ibintu bitosesha irangi riva mu mazi bigabanyijemo anionic na nonionic.
Guhuza ibikoresho byo kunywesha n'ibikoresho byo gutatanya bishobora gutanga umusaruro mwiza. Ingano y'ibikoresho byo kunywesha muri rusange ni bike kuri buri gihumbi. Ingaruka mbi zabyo ni ifuro no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi bw'agapira ko gutwikira.
Imwe mu miterere y’ibintu bitose ni ugusimbuza buhoro buhoro ibintu bitose bya polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO cyangwa APE), kuko bituma imisemburo y’abagabo igabanuka mu mbeba kandi ikabangamira imikorere y’imisemburo. Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers ikoreshwa cyane nk’ibinyabutabire mu gihe cyo gupomera emulsion.
Ibyuma by’ubumara bw’impanga nabyo ni ibintu bishya. Ni molekile ebyiri zifatanye n’imashini igabanya ubumara. Ikintu kigaragara cyane ku bimera by’impanga by’impanga ni uko urwego rw’ingenzi rwa micelle (CMC) ruri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’ibyuma by’impanga by’impanga by’impanga “bifite ingirabuzima fatizo imwe”, bigakurikirwa n’imikorere myiza cyane. Nka TEGO Twin 4000, ni surfactant ya siloxane y’impanga y’impanga, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kudahindagurika no gukurura ifuro.
Air Products yateje imbere imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y’ibinyabuzima bya Gemini. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y’ibinyabuzima gakondo ifite umurizo udafite aho uhuriye n’amazi n’umutwe udafite aho uhuriye n’amazi, ariko iyi miti mishya ifite amatsinda abiri adafite aho ahuriye n’amazi n’amatsinda abiri cyangwa atatu adafite aho ahuriye n’amazi, ari yo miti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y’ibinyabuzima byinshi, izwi nka acetylene glycols, ibicuruzwa nka EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Uduce duto two gukwirakwiza
Ibikoresho byo gusiga irangi rya latex bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bine: ibisiga irangi rya fosfeti, ibisiga irangi rya polyacid homopolymer, ibisiga irangi rya polyacid copolymer n'ibindi bisiga irangi.
Imashini zikwirakwiza fosifate zikoreshwa cyane ni polyphosphates, nka sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, umusaruro wa BK Giulini Chemical Company mu Budage), potasiyumu tripolyphosphate (KTPP) na tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Uburyo ikora ni ugutuza electrostatic repulsion binyuze mu guhuza hydrogen na chemical. Akamaro kayo ni uko ingano yayo ari nto, hafi 0.1%, kandi igira ingaruka nziza zo gukwirakwira ku marangi n'ibirungo bidafite umwimerere. Ariko kandi hari ibibura: kimwe, hamwe no kuzamura pH n'ubushyuhe, polyphosphate irangirika byoroshye, bigatuma iguma nabi mu bubiko igihe kirekire; Kudashonga neza mu buryo buciriritse bigira ingaruka ku irangi rya latex rirabagirana.
Fosfeti ester dispersants ni uruvange rwa monoesters, diesters, alcohols zisigaye na aside fosforike.
Fosfeti ester dispersants zituza ikwirakwira ry’amabara, harimo n’amabara akoreshwa nka zinc oxide. Mu irangi ry’urumuri, rituma irangi rirushaho kuba ryiza kandi rikaryoha. Bitandukanye n’ibindi bikoresho bitosesha cyangwa bigatanya, kongeramo fosfeti ester dispersants ntibigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwa KU na ICI bw’igitambaro.
Imashini ikwirakwiza aside homopolymer ya polyacid, nka Tamol 1254 na Tamol 850, Tamol 850 ni homopolymer ya aside methacrylic. Imashini ikwirakwiza aside copolymer ya polyacid, nka Orotan 731A, ikaba ari copolymer ya diisobutylene na aside maleic. Ibiranga ubwo bwoko bubiri bw'imashini ni uko zitanga uburyo bukomeye bwo kunyuzamo cyangwa gufata ku buso bw'amabara n'ibiyizuza, zifite iminyururu miremire ya molekile kugira ngo zikore sterike ibangamira, kandi zifite amazi ashongesha ku mpera z'umunyururu, kandi zimwe zongerwaho no kwirukana electrostatic kugira ngo zigere ku musaruro uhamye. Kugira ngo imashini ikwirakwiza igire ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza neza, uburemere bwa molekile bugomba kugenzurwa neza. Niba uburemere bwa molekile ari buto cyane, nta mbogamizi ihagije ya sterike izabaho; niba uburemere bwa molekile ari bunini cyane, hazahinduka flocculation. Ku imashini zikwirakwiza polyacrylate, ingaruka nziza yo gukwirakwiza ishobora kugerwaho niba urwego rwa polymerization ari 12-18.
Ubundi bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire, nka AMP-95, bufite izina rya shimi rya 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Itsinda rya amino rishyirwa ku buso bw'uduce tudafite umwimerere, naho itsinda rya hydroxyl rigera mu mazi, bigira uruhare mu gutuma ibintu bihora bihindagurika binyuze mu kubangamira steric. Bitewe n'uko ari ruto, kubangamira steric biragabanuka. AMP-95 ahanini ni umugenzuzi wa pH.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi ku binyabutabire byatsinze ikibazo cyo gukururuka kw'ibinyabutabire biterwa n'uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile, kandi iterambere ry'uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile ni kimwe mu bintu bigezweho. Urugero, ikinyabutabire kinini cya molekile EFKA-4580 cyakozwe na emulsion polymerization cyakozwe by'umwihariko ku bijyanye no gusiga irangi rishingiye ku mazi, gikwiriye gukwirakwizwa mu binyabutabire by'umwimerere n'ibidafite ireme, kandi gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi neza.
Amatsinda ya amino afite isano nziza n'amabara menshi binyuze mu guhuza aside-base cyangwa hydrogen. Itsinda rigabanya aside aminoacrylic nk'itsinda rifata ibintu ryitaweho.
Itsinda rishinzwe gukwirakwiza ibintu hamwe na dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate nk'itsinda rifata
Inyongeramusaruro ya Tego Dispers 655 ikoreshwa mu irangi ry’imodoka riva mu mazi, atari mu rwego rwo kwerekeza ibara gusa, ahubwo no mu rwego rwo gukumira ifu ya aluminiyumu gukorana n’amazi.
Bitewe n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije, hakozwe ibintu bishobora kubora no gukwirakwiza amazi, nka EnviroGem AE series twin-cells wetting and dispersing agents, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu bigabanya ifuro no gukwirakwiza amazi.
2 icyuma gikuraho ubushyuhe:
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho gakondo byo gusukura amarangi bishingiye ku mazi, muri rusange bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibikoresho byo gusukura amavuta y'ubutare, ibikoresho byo gusukura polysiloxane n'ibindi bikoresho byo gusukura amarangi.
Amavuta yo gukaraba amavuta y'ubutare akunze gukoreshwa cyane cyane mu irangi rya latex ritambitse n'irifite ibara ry'urumuri.
Imashini zikuraho ubushyuhe za Polysiloxane zifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ubushyuhe buke, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukuraho ubushyuhe no gukumira ifuro, kandi ntizigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe, ariko iyo zikoreshejwe nabi, zitera inenge nko kugabanuka kw'ishusho yo gusiga no kudasubiramo ubushyuhe.
Uburyo gakondo bwo gukaraba irangi bushingiye ku mazi ntibujyanye n'uburyo amazi akoreshwa kugira ngo bugere ku ntego yo gukaraba, bityo biroroshye ko habaho inenge zo hejuru mu gice cyo gusiga irangi.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakozwe ibikoresho byo gupima imiterere y’uturemangingo.
Iyi antifoaming agent ni polymer ikorwa no gushyira ibintu birwanya foaming ku kintu gitwara. Uruhererekane rwa molekile rwa polymer rufite itsinda rya hydroxyl ritose, ibintu birwanya foaming active bikwirakwira hirya no hino muri molekile, ibintu birwanya foaming ntabwo byoroshye kubiteranya, kandi bihura neza na sisitemu yo gusiga ni byiza. Ibyo bintu birwanya foaming urwego rwa molekile birimo amavuta y'ubutare - FoamStar A10 series, silicon-containing - FoamStar A30 series, na polymer zitari silicon, zitari petroli - FoamStar MF series.
Byavuzwe kandi ko iyi defoamer yo ku rwego rwa molekile ikoresha polymeri z’inyenyeri zashyizwemo cyane nk’ibintu bidahuye, kandi yageze ku musaruro mwiza mu gukoresha irangi rishingiye ku mazi. Idefoamer yo ku rwego rwa molekile ya Air Products yatangajwe na Stout et al. ni acetylene glycol-based foam control agent na defoamer ifite ubushobozi bwo kunywesha, nka Surfynol MD 20 na Surfynol DF 37.
Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo habeho ibyifuzo byo gukora irangi rya zero-VOC, hari n'ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bidafite VOC, nka Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, n'ibindi.
Ibikoresho 3 binini:
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire, ubu bikunze gukoreshwa ni eteri ya selulose n'ibinyabutabire biyikomokaho, ibinyabutabire bivangavanze bya alkali (HASE) n'ibinyabutabire bya polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether n'ibiyikomokaho
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) yakozwe bwa mbere mu nganda na Union Carbide Company mu 1932, kandi ifite amateka y'imyaka irenga 70. Kuri ubu, ibintu bikomeza ubushyuhe bwa cellulose ether n'ibiyikomokaho birimo hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) na xanthan gum, nibindi, ibi ni ibintu bikomeza ubushyuhe bitari ioni, kandi ni bimwe mu bintu bikomeza ubushyuhe bitari bifitanye isano n'amazi. Muri byo, HEC ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu irangi rya latex.
Selulose yahinduwe mu mazi (HMHEC) ishyiramo ingano nto y'amatsinda ya alkyl ahora anyura mu mazi ku mugongo wa selulose uhora unyura mu mazi kugira ngo ibe igikoresho cyo gukurura, nka Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Ingaruka zayo zo gukurura zigereranywa n'iz'ibinini bya ether bya selulose bifite uburemere bunini bwa molekile. Inoza ubukana n'uburinganire bwa ICI, kandi ikagabanya ubukana bw'ubuso, nko kuba ubukana bw'ubuso bwa HEC bugera kuri 67mN/m, naho ubukana bw'ubuso bwa HMHEC bugera kuri 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Imashini igabanya ubushyuhe ikoresheje alkali
Ibikoresho bigabanya alkali bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: ibikoresho bigabanya alkali (ASE) n'ibikoresho bigabanya alkali (HASE), ari byo bigabanya anionic. ASE idafitanye isano ni polyacrylate alkali tumba emulsion. Associative HASE ni polyacrylate alkali tumba emulsion ya hydrophobically modified.
3.3. Imashini igabanya ubushyuhe ya polyurethane n'imashini igabanya ubushyuhe yahinduwe mu mazi idakoresha polyurethane
Umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe bwa polyurethane, witwa HEUR, ni polymeri ishonga mu mazi ya polyurethane ihinduka hydrophobic group-modified ethoxylated polyurethane, ikaba ari iya hydrophobic associative thickener non-ionic associative thickener. HEUR igizwe n'ibice bitatu: hydrophobic group, hydrophilic chain na polyurethane group. Hydrophobic group igira uruhare mu guhuza kandi ni yo mpamvu ikomeye yo kubyimba, akenshi oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, nibindi. Umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe ushobora gutanga ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire no kudahinduka kw'ubushyuhe, ibikunze gukoreshwa ni polyethers, nka polyoxyethylene n'ibikomoka kuri yo. Uruhererekane rwa molekuli ya HEUR rwongerwaho n'amatsinda ya polyurethane, nka IPDI, TDI na HMDI. Imiterere y'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ni uko irangirana n'amatsinda arwanya ubushyuhe. Ariko, urwego rwo gusimbuza amatsinda arwanya ubushyuhe ku mpera zombi za HEUR zimwe na zimwe zigurishwa ni hasi ya 0.9, kandi nziza ni 1.7 gusa. Imiterere y'ibisubizo igomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo haboneke hydrophobic thickener ifite uburemere buto bw'uturemangingo kandi ikora neza. HEUR nyinshi zikorwa hakoreshejwe polimeri igenda ihinduka, bityo HEUR zigurishwa muri rusange ni uruvange rw'uburemere bwa molekile bunini.
Richey n'abandi bakoresheje fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (PAT, umubare mpuzandengo w'uburemere bwa molekile 30000, uburemere mpuzandengo bw'uburemere bwa molekile 60000) kugira ngo bamenye ko ku kigero cya 0.02% (uburemere), micelle aggregation degree ya Acrysol RM-825 na PAT yari hafi 6. Ingufu zihuza hagati y'ikinyabutabire n'ubuso bw'uduce twa latex ni hafi 25 KJ/mol; agace gakorerwamo na buri molekile ya PAT thickener ku buso bw'uduce twa latex ni hafi 13 nm2, ari byo bingana n'agace gakorerwamo na Triton X-405 wetting agent inshuro 14 z'uburemere bwa 0.9 nm2. Associative polyurethane thickener nka RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, nibindi.
Iterambere ry'ibinyabutabire bya polyurethane bitagira ingaruka ku bidukikije ryitaweho cyane. Urugero, BYK-425 ni ibinyabutabire bya polyurethane bidafite VOC na APEO. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 na 3060 ni ibinyabutabire bya polyurethane bitagira VOC na APEO.
Uretse ibinini bya polyurethane bihuza umurongo byavuzwe haruguru, hari n'ibinini bya polyurethane bihuza nk'ibikingi. Ibyo bita ibikingi bya polyurethane bihuza bivuze ko hari itsinda rya hydrophobic hagati ya buri molecule y'ibikingi. Ibikingi nka SCT-200 na SCT-275 n'ibindi.
Imashini igabanya ubukana bwa aminoplast ihindura imiterere y’amazi (hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) ihindura resin yihariye ya amino mo amatsinda ane afunganye, ariko uburyo iyi miterere y’ahantu hane hagaragaramo ibintu bitandukanye. Mu kongeramo amatsinda agabanya ubukana bwa hydrophobic, hari amatsinda abiri gusa afunganye, bityo imashini igabanya ubukana bwa amino ihindura ubukana bwa synthetic hydrophobic thickener ntabwo itandukanye cyane na HEUR, nka Optiflo H 500. Iyo hongewemo andi matsinda agabanya ubukana bwa hydrophobic, nka 8%, imiterere y’imikorere ishobora guhindurwa kugira ngo hakorwe imashini zigabanya ubukana bwa amino hamwe n’amatsinda menshi afunganye ya hydrophobic. Birumvikana ko iyi nayo ari imashini igabanya ubukana bwa comb. Iyi mashini igabanya ubukana bwa amino ihindura ubukana bwa hydrophobic ishobora gukumira ubukana bw’irangi kugabanuka bitewe no kongeramo ingano nini ya surfactants na glycol solvents iyo hongeweho ibara. Impamvu ni uko amatsinda akomeye agabanya ubukana bwa hydrophobic ashobora gukumira ibura ry’amazi, kandi amatsinda menshi agabanya ubukana bwa hydrophobic afite isano ikomeye. Imashini zigabanya ubukana nka Optiflo TVS.
Imashini igabanya ubushyuhe ya polyether ikoreshwa mu gushonga amazi (HMPE) Imikorere y'imashini igabanya ubushyuhe ya polyether ikoreshwa mu gushonga amazi isa na HEUR, kandi ibicuruzwa birimo Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 na NHS300 bya Hercules.
Uburyo bwo gukurura kwayo ni ingaruka zo guhuza hydrogen n'imikoranire y'amatsinda y'impera. Ugereranyije n'impera zisanzwe, ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya no kurwanya kugwa. Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye y'amatsinda y'impera, impera za polyurea zahinduwe zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: impera za polyurea polarity nke, impera za polyurea polarity nke n'impera za polyurea polarity nyinshi. Ibiri bya mbere bikoreshwa mu gukurura impera zishingiye ku binyabutabire, mu gihe impera za polyurea polarity nyinshi zishobora gukoreshwa ku impera za solvent solvent plaques zishingiye ku binyabutabire byinshi n'impera zishingiye ku mazi. Ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi bya polarity nke, polarity nke n'impera za polyurea plaques nyinshi ni BYK-411, BYK-410 na BYK-420.
Uduce twa polyamide wax slurry twahinduwe ni inyongeramusaruro ya rheological ikorwa binyuze mu kwinjiza amatsinda akunda amazi nka PEG mu ruhererekane rwa molekile ya amide wax. Muri iki gihe, hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe butumizwa mu mahanga kandi bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu guhindura imiterere ya thixotropy y'iyi sisitemu no kunoza imikorere yo kurwanya thixotropy. Kurwanya kugwa kw'amazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-22-2022