Nchịkọta:
1. Ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri ma na-agbasa
2. Defoamer
3. Ihe na-eme ka ọkpụrụkpụ sie ike
4. Ihe mgbakwunye na-emepụta fim
5. Ihe na-egbochi ire ere, ihe na-egbochi eruru na ihe na-egbochi algae
6. Ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ
1 Ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri ma na-agbasa:
Mkpuchi mmiri na-eji mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ ihe mgbasa, mmiri nwekwara nnukwu ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ mkpuchi mmiri na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike site na mweghachi electrostatic mgbe oyi akwa abụọ nke eletriki na-ejikọta ọnụ. Na mgbakwunye, na sistemụ mkpuchi mmiri, enwere ọtụtụ polymers na non-ionic surfactants, nke a na-etinye n'elu ihe na-eme ka agba dị nro, na-emepụta ihe mgbochi steric ma na-eme ka mgbasa ahụ sie ike. Ya mere, agba na emulsions nke mmiri na-enweta nsonaazụ kwụsiri ike site na njikọ nke mweghachi electrostatic na mgbochi steric. Ihe ọghọm ya bụ enweghị ike iguzogide electrolyte, karịsịa maka electrolytes dị ọnụ ala.
1.1 Ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri
A na-ekewa ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri maka mkpuchi mmiri n'ime anionic na nonionic.
Njikọta nke ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri na ihe na-agbasa nwere ike nweta nsonaazụ kacha mma. Ọnụọgụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri bụ ole na ole n'ime puku. Mmetụta ọjọọ ya bụ ịfụ ụfụfụ ma belata iguzogide mmiri nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ.
Otu n'ime usoro mmepe nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri bụ iji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO ma ọ bụ APE), n'ihi na ọ na-eduga na mbelata nke homonụ nwoke na oke ma na-egbochi endocrine. A na-ejikarị Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers eme ihe dị ka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri n'oge emulsion polymerization.
Ejima surfactants bụkwa ihe ọhụrụ e mepụtara. Ọ bụ molekul amphiphilic abụọ nke spacer jikọtara. Ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke ejima surfactants bụ na oke micelle concentration (CMC) dị ala karịa nke surfactants "otu mkpụrụ ndụ" ha, nke na-esochi ya arụmọrụ dị elu. Dịka TEGO Twin 4000, ọ bụ ejima siloxane surfactant, ma nwee ụfụfụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha.
Ngwaahịa Air emepụtala Gemini surfactants. Ndị na-eme surfactants ọdịnala nwere ọdụ hydrophobic na isi hydrophilic, mana surfactant ọhụrụ a nwere otu hydrophilic abụọ na otu hydrophobic abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, nke bụ surfactant multifunctional, nke a maara dị ka acetylene glycols, ngwaahịa dịka EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Ihe na-ekesa ihe
E kewara ihe ndị na-ekesa agba latex ụzọ anọ: ihe ndị na-ekesa phosphate, ihe ndị na-ekesa homopolymer polyacid, ihe ndị na-ekesa polyacid copolymer na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekesa.
Ihe ndị na-ekesa phosphate kachasị eji eme ihe bụ polyphosphates, dịka sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, ngwaahịa nke BK Giulini Chemical Company na Germany), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) na tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Usoro ọrụ ya bụ ime ka mmeghachi omume electrostatic sie ike site na njikọ hydrogen na mmịpụta kemịkalụ. Uru ya bụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ dị ala, ihe dị ka 0.1%, ọ nwekwara mmetụta mgbasa dị mma na agba na ihe ndị na-ejupụta na inorganic. Mana enwerekwa ụkọ: nke, yana mmụba nke uru pH na okpomọkụ, polyphosphate na-eme ka ọ dị mfe hydrolyzed, na-akpata nkwụsi ike nchekwa ogologo oge ọjọọ; Mgbaze zuru oke na ọkara ga-emetụta agba latex na-egbuke egbuke.
Ihe ndị na-ekesa phosphate ester bụ ngwakọta nke monoesters, diesters, residual alcohols na phosphoric acid.
Ndị na-ekesa phosphate ester na-eme ka mgbasa nke pigment dịgide, gụnyere pigments ndị na-emegharị ahụ dịka zinc oxide. N'ime usoro agba gloss, ọ na-eme ka gloss na nhicha dịkwuo mma. N'adịghị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri na mgbasa ndị ọzọ, mgbakwunye nke phosphate ester dispersants anaghị emetụta viscosity KU na ICI nke mkpuchi ahụ.
Polyacid homopolymer dispersant, dịka Tamol 1254 na Tamol 850, Tamol 850 bụ homopolymer nke methacrylic acid. Polyacid copolymer dispersant, dịka Orotan 731A, nke bụ copolymer nke diisobutylene na maleic acid. Àgwà nke ụdị dispersants abụọ a bụ na ha na-emepụta adsorption siri ike ma ọ bụ ịkwado n'elu pigments na ihe ndị na-ejupụta, nwee ogologo agbụ molekul iji mepụta mgbochi steric, ma nwee mmiri na-agbaze na nsọtụ yinye, ụfọdụ na-agbakwunyekwa site na electrostatic repulsion iji nweta nsonaazụ kwụsiri ike. Iji mee ka dispersant ahụ nwee ezigbo mgbasa, a ga-achịkwa oke ibu molekul. Ọ bụrụ na oke ibu molekul dị obere, agaghị enwe ihe mgbochi steric zuru oke; ọ bụrụ na oke ibu molekul dị oke ibu, flocculation ga-eme. Maka polyacrylate dispersants, enwere ike nweta mmetụta mgbasa kachasị mma ma ọ bụrụ na ogo nke polymerization bụ 12-18.
Ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekesa ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka AMP-95, nwere aha kemịkalụ nke 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. A na-etinye otu amino ahụ n'elu ihe ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, otu hydroxyl na-agbasakwa ruo na mmiri, nke na-arụ ọrụ kwụsiri ike site na mgbochi steric. N'ihi obere nha ya, mgbochi steric pere mpe. AMP-95 bụ isi ihe na-achịkwa pH.
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nnyocha e mere gbasara ndị na-ekesa ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị irè, nke a na-akpọkwa "flocculation" nke nwere nnukwu ibu molekul, mmepe nke nnukwu ibu molekul bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-emekarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mepụtara EFKA-4580 nke na-ekesa ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha nke emulsion polymerization mepụta maka mkpuchi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nke dabara adaba maka mgbasa nke agba organic na nke inorganic, ma nwee ezigbo iguzogide mmiri.
Otu amino nwere ezigbo njikọ maka ọtụtụ agba site na njikọ acid-base ma ọ bụ hydrogen. A lebarala anya na ihe na-agbasa blọk copolymer na aminoacrylic acid dị ka otu ihe na-ejikọ ya.
Ihe na-agbasa ihe na dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate dị ka otu ihe nkwado
A na-eji Tego Dispers 655 eme ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri na mgbasa nke agba ụgbọ ala na-agbagharị agbagharị, ọ bụghị naanị iji mee ka agba ndị ahụ dị mma, kamakwa iji gbochie ntụ aluminom ka ọ ghara imeghachi omume na mmiri.
N'ihi nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, emepụtala ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma na-agbasa, dịka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma na-agbasa nke ọma na EnviroGem AE series twin-cell, nke bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obere ma na-agbasa nke ọma.
2 defoamer:
E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ihe eji agba agba agba nke e ji mmiri mee, nke a na-ekewa n'ime ụdị atọ: ihe eji agba agba mmanụ ala, ihe eji agba agba polysiloxane na ihe eji agba agba ndị ọzọ.
A na-ejikarị ihe na-eme ka mmanụ ala dị ọcha, ọkachasị na agba latex dị larịị na nke na-egbuke egbuke.
Ihe mkpuchi Polysiloxane nwere obere nrụgide elu, ikike ịgbaze na igbochi ụfụfụ siri ike, ha anaghịkwa emetụta gloss, mana ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya nke ọma, ha ga-ebute ntụpọ dịka mbelata nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ na enweghị ike ịchaghachi ya.
Ihe mkpuchi agba ọdịnala nke e ji mmiri mee adịghị ekwekọ na usoro mmiri iji mezuo ebumnuche nke iwepụ agba, yabụ ọ dị mfe imepụta ntụpọ elu na ihe mkpuchi ahụ.
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, emepụtala ihe na-eme ka a ghara ịchọta ihe ndị ...
Ihe na-egbochi ụfụfụ a bụ polima e ji aka kpụọ ihe ndị na-egbochi ụfụfụ ozugbo n'ime ihe na-ebu ya. Usoro molekul nke polima ahụ nwere otu hydroxyl mmiri mmiri, ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha na-agbasa gburugburu molekul ahụ, ihe na-arụ ọrụ adịghị mfe ịchịkọta, ndakọrịta ya na sistemụ mkpuchi ahụ dịkwa mma. Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha na-agụnye mmanụ mineral - usoro FoamStar A10, nke nwere silicon - usoro FoamStar A30, na usoro polima na-abụghị silicon, nke na-abụghị mmanụ - usoro FoamStar MF.
A kọkwara na defoamer ọkwa molekul a na-eji polima kpakpando a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ dị ka surfactants na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ, ma nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ na ojiji mkpuchi dabere na mmiri. Stout et al. kọrọ na Air Products bụ ihe na-achịkwa ụfụfụ dabere na acetylene glycol na defoamer nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri, dịka Surphynol MD 20 na Surphynol DF 37.
Tinyere nke ahụ, iji gboo mkpa nke imepụta mkpuchi efu-VOC, enwerekwa ihe mkpuchi na-enweghị VOC, dịka Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, wdg.
Ihe mkpuchi atọ:
E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a bụ cellulose ether na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ (HASE) na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether na ihe ndị sitere na ya
Ụlọ ọrụ Union Carbide mepụtara Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) na mbụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1932, ọ dịkwa ihe karịrị afọ 70. Ugbu a, ihe ndị na-eme ka cellulose ether na ihe ndị sitere na ya sie ike gụnyere hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) na xanthan gum, wdg. Ndị a bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri sie ike na-adịghị ion, ha sokwa na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri sie ike na-adịghị ejikọta ha. N'ime ha, HEC bụ ihe a na-ejikarị agba latex eme.
Cellulose nke a gbanwere n'ụzọ hydrophobic (HMHEC) na-ewebata obere ìgwè alkyl ogologo-chain hydrophobic na azụ̀ hydrophilic nke cellulose ka ha bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ihe dị arọ, dịka Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Mmetụta ya dị ka nke cellulose ether thickeners nwere nnukwu ibu molekul. Ọ na-eme ka viscosity na ọkwa nke ICI ka mma, ma na-ebelata nrụgide elu, dịka nrụgide elu nke HEC dị ihe dị ka 67mN/m, nrụgide elu nke HMHEC dịkwa 55-65mN/m.
3.2 Ihe na-eme ka ihe dị arọ nke Alkali na-agbasa
E kewara ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ime ụdị abụọ: ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (ASE) na ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (HASE), bụ́ ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (ASE), bụ́ ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (ASE), nke na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (ASE). Ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (ASE) bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (polyacrylate alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ. Ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (Associative HASE) bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka alkali jupụta n'ọkpụkpụ (hydrophobic) nke a gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe.
3.3. Ihe mkpuchi polyurethane na ihe mkpuchi polyurethane nke agbanwere nke ọma
Ihe mkpuchi polyurethane, nke a na-akpọ HEUR, bụ polymer mmiri-agbaze nke polyurethane nke ethoxylated otu hydrophobic gbanwere, nke bụ nke ihe mkpuchi na-abụghị ionic associative thickener. HEUR nwere akụkụ atọ: otu hydrophobic, yinye hydrophilic na otu polyurethane. Otu hydrophobic na-arụ ọrụ njikọ ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịka nká, nke na-abụkarị oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, wdg. Agbụ hydrophilic nwere ike inye nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ na nkwụsi ike viscosity, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ polyethers, dị ka polyoxyethylene na ihe ndị sitere na ya. A na-agbatị usoro molekul nke HEUR site na otu polyurethane, dị ka IPDI, TDI na HMDI. Njirimara nhazi nke ihe mkpuchi associative bụ na otu hydrophobic na-akwụsị ha. Agbanyeghị, ogo nke nnọchi nke otu hydrophobic na nsọtụ abụọ nke ụfọdụ HEURs dị na azụmahịa dị ala karịa 0.9, ihe kacha mma bụ naanị 1.7. A ga-achịkwa ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume nke ọma iji nweta polyurethane thickener nwere nkesa dị warara nke molekul na arụmọrụ kwụsiri ike. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ HEUR site na iji usoro polymerization nke nzọụkwụ, yabụ HEUR ndị dị n'ahịa na-abụkarị ngwakọta nke ibu molekul sara mbara.
Richey na ndị otu ya jiri ihe mkpuchi njikọ fluorescent tracer pyrene (PAT, ọnụọgụ nkezi ibu molekul 30000, nkezi ibu molekul 60000) chọpụta na na mkpokọta nke 0.02% (ibu), ogo nchịkọta micelle nke Acrysol RM-825 na PAT dị ihe dị ka 6. Ike njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mkpuchi na elu nke ihe mkpuchi latex dị ihe dị ka 25 KJ/mol; mpaghara nke ihe mkpuchi PAT ọ bụla bi n'elu ihe mkpuchi latex dị ihe dị ka 13 nm2, nke dị ka mpaghara Triton X-405 wetting agent bi, ugboro 14 nke 0.9 nm2. Ihe mkpuchi polyurethane associative dị ka RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, wdg.
Mmepe nke polyurethane thickeners ndị na-adịghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi abụrụla ihe a na-elebara anya nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, BYK-425 bụ ihe na-eme ka polyurethane thickeners gbanwee VOC na APEO. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 na 3060 bụ ihe na-eme ka polyurethane thickeners sie ike nke na-enweghị VOC na APEO.
Tinyere ihe ndị na-eme ka polyurethane dị nkọ nke a kọwara n'elu, e nwekwara ihe ndị na-eme ka polyurethane dị nkọ nke yiri comb. Ihe a na-akpọ ihe ndị na-eme ka polyurethane dị nkọ nke na-eme ka comb dị ka comb pụtara na e nwere otu hydrophobic dị n'etiti molekul ọ bụla nke na-eme ka thickener dị nkọ. Ihe ndị na-eme ka thickener dị ka SCT-200 na SCT-275 wdg.
Ihe mkpuchi aminoplast a gbanwere site na hydrophobic (ihe mkpuchi aminoplast a gbanwere site na hydrophobic - HEAT) na-agbanwe amino resin pụrụ iche ka ọ bụrụ otu hydrophobic anọ nwere mkpuchi, mana mmeghachi omume nke ebe mmeghachi omume anọ a dị iche. Na mgbakwunye nkịtị nke otu hydrophobic, enwere naanị otu hydrophobic abụọ a kpọchiri akpọchi, yabụ ihe mkpuchi amino hydrophobic a gbanwere agbanwe adịghị iche na HEUR, dị ka Optiflo H 500. Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere otu hydrophobic karịa, dị ka ruo 8%, enwere ike ịgbanwe ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume iji mepụta amino thickeners nwere ọtụtụ otu hydrophobic a kpọchiri akpọchi. N'ezie, nke a bụkwa ihe mkpuchi mbo. Ihe mkpuchi amino a gbanwere site na hydrophobic nwere ike igbochi viscosity agba ka ọ ghara ịda n'ihi mgbakwunye nke nnukwu surfactants na ihe mgbaze glycol mgbe etinyere agba. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na otu hydrophobic siri ike nwere ike igbochi mwepụ, ọtụtụ otu hydrophobic nwekwara njikọ siri ike. Ihe mkpuchi dị ka Optiflo TVS.
Ihe mkpuchi polyether agbanweela nke Hydrophobic (HMPE) Arụmọrụ nke ihe mkpuchi polyether agbanweela nke hydrophobic yiri HEUR, ngwaahịa ndị a gụnyere Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 na NHS300 nke Hercules.
Usoro ya nke ime ka ihe dị arọ bụ mmetụta nke njikọ hydrogen na njikọ nke otu njedebe. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ, ọ nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi nsogbu na ihe ndị na-egbochi sag. Dịka polarity dị iche iche nke otu njedebe si dị, enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea gbanwere ụzọ atọ: ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị ala, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị ala na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị elu. A na-eji abụọ mbụ eme ihe maka mkpuchi ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ, ebe enwere ike iji ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị elu maka mkpuchi ihe dị elu polarity na mkpuchi mmiri. Ngwaahịa azụmaahịa nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị ala, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ medium na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị arọ polyurea dị elu bụ BYK-411, BYK-410 na BYK-420 n'otu n'otu.
Mkpụrụ wax polyamide nke agbanwere agbanwe bụ ihe mgbakwunye rheological nke a na-emepụta site n'itinye otu hydrophilic dị ka PEG n'ime usoro molekul nke wax amide. Ugbu a, a na-ebubata ụfọdụ ụdị ngwaahịa ma ejiri ha mee ihe karịsịa iji gbanwee thixotropy nke sistemụ ahụ ma melite arụmọrụ anti-thixotropy.
Oge ozi: Nọvemba-22-2022