Isishwankathelo:
1. Iarhente yokumanzisa neyokusasaza
2. Isicoci se-Defoamer
3. Isiqinisi
4. Izongezo ezenza ifilimu
5. I-arhente yokulwa nokugqwala, ukungunda kunye nokulwa nolwelwe
6. Ezinye izongezo
1 Isixhobo sokumanzisa nokusasaza:
Iingubo ezisekelwe emanzini zisebenzisa amanzi njengesinyibilikisi okanye isixhobo sokusasaza, kwaye amanzi ane-dielectric constant enkulu, ngoko ke iingubo ezisekelwe emanzini ziqiniswa kakhulu yi-electrostatic repulsion xa umaleko ombane ophindwe kabini ugqithana. Ukongeza, kwinkqubo yokusonga esekwe emanzini, kuhlala kukho iipolymers kunye nee-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic, ezifunxwa kumphezulu we-pigment filler, zenze i-steric obstruction kwaye zizinzise i-dispersion. Ke ngoko, iipeyinti ezisekelwe emanzini kunye nee-emulsions zifumana iziphumo ezizinzileyo ngesenzo esidibeneyo se-electrostatic repulsion kunye ne-steric obstruction. Ingxaki yayo kukunganyamezeli kakuhle kwe-electrolyte, ngakumbi kwii-electrolytes ezibiza kakhulu.
1.1 Isixhobo sokumanzisa
Izinto ezimanzisa izinto ezisetyenziswa emanzini zahlulwe zibe yi-anionic kunye ne-nonion.
Ukudibanisa i-agent yokumanzisa kunye ne-agent yokusasazeka kunokufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo. Ubungakanani be-agent yokumanzisa ngokubanzi bumbalwa kwiwaka. Isiphumo sayo esibi kukugqwala nokunciphisa ukumelana namanzi kwefilimu yokugquma.
Enye yeendlela zophuhliso lwee-wetting agents kukutshintsha kancinci kancinci ii-wetting agents ze-polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO okanye APE), kuba zikhokelela ekunciphiseni iihomoni zamadoda kwiimpuku kwaye ziphazamisana ne-endocrine. Ii-Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengeemulsifiers ngexesha le-emulsion polymerization.
Ii-surfactants ezimbini nazo zizinto ezintsha ezenzekayo. Zii-molecule ezimbini ezihlala emanzini abandayo ezidityaniswe yi-spacer. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwee-surfactants ze-twin-cell kukuba i-critical micelle concentration (CMC) ingaphantsi kakhulu kune-surfactants yazo "zeseli enye", ilandelwa kukusebenza kakuhle. Njenge-TEGO Twin 4000, yi-surfactant ye-twin cell siloxane, kwaye ineempawu ze-foam ezingazinzanga kunye ne-defoaming.
Iimveliso zoMoya ziphuhlise ii-surfactants zeGemini. Ii-surfactants zemveli zinomsila ongafihli manzi kunye nentloko engafihli manzi, kodwa le surfactant intsha inamaqela amabini angafihli manzi kunye namaqela amabini okanye amathathu angafihli manzi, okuyi-surfactant esebenza ngeendlela ezininzi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-acetylene glycols, iimveliso ezifana ne-EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 Isisasazi
Izisasazi zepeyinti yelatex zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezine: izisasazi zephosphate, izisasazi zepolyacid homopolymer, izisasazi zepolyacid copolymer kunye nezinye izisasazi.
Ii-phosphate dispersants ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-polyphosphates, ezifana ne-sodium hexametaphosphate, i-sodium polyphosphate (iCalgon N, imveliso ye-BK Giulini Chemical Company eJamani), i-potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) kunye ne-tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Indlela esebenza ngayo kukuzinzisa ukugxothwa kwe-electrostatic ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen bonding kunye ne-chemical adsorption. Inzuzo yayo kukuba idosi iphantsi, malunga ne-0.1%, kwaye inefuthe elihle lokusasazeka kwii-pigments kunye ne-fillers ezingaphiliyo. Kodwa kukho neziphene: enye, kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso le-pH kunye nobushushu, i-polyphosphate inyibilika ngokulula, ibangela uzinzo lokugcina ixesha elide; Ukungagqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwi-medium kuya kuchaphazela ukukhanya kwepeyinti ye-latex ekhazimlayo.
Ii-phosphate ester dispersants ziindibaniselwano ze-monoesters, i-diesters, i-residual alcohols kunye ne-phosphoric acid.
Izisasazi ze-phosphate ester ziqinisa ukusasazeka kwe-pigment, kuquka ii-pigment ezisabelayo ezifana ne-zinc oxide. Kwi-gloss paint formulations, iphucula ukuqaqamba nokucoceka. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izongezo zokumanzisa nokusasazeka, ukongezwa kwezisasazi ze-phosphate ester akuchaphazeli i-KU kunye ne-ICI viscosity yengubo.
I-polyacid homopolymer dispersant, efana neTamol 1254 kunye neTamol 850, iTamol 850 yi-homopolymer ye-methacrylic acid. I-polyacid copolymer dispersant, efana ne-Orotan 731A, eyi-copolymer ye-diisobutylene kunye ne-maleic acid. Iimpawu zezi ntlobo zimbini ze-dispersants kukuba zivelisa i-adsorption enamandla okanye i-anchoring kumphezulu wee-pigment kunye ne-fillers, zine-molecular chains ezinde zokwenza i-steric violation, kwaye zinokunyibilika kwamanzi kwiziphelo ze-chain, kwaye ezinye zongezwa yi-electrostatic repulsion ukuze kufezekiswe iziphumo ezizinzileyo. Ukuze i-dispersant ibe ne-dispersibility entle, ubunzima be-molecular kufuneka bulawulwe ngokungqongqo. Ukuba ubunzima be-molecular buncinci kakhulu, akuyi kubakho steric violation eyaneleyo; ukuba ubunzima be-molecular bukhulu kakhulu, kuya kwenzeka i-flocculation. Kwi-polyacrylate dispersants, isiphumo esihle sokusasazeka sinokufezekiswa ukuba i-degree ye-polymerization yi-12-18.
Ezinye iintlobo zezisasazi, ezifana ne-AMP-95, zinegama lekhemikhali elithi 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Iqela le-amino lifunxwa phezu kwamasuntswana angaphiliyo, kwaye iqela le-hydroxyl lifikelela emanzini, adlala indima yokuzinzisa ngokusebenzisa isithintelo se-steric. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci, isithintelo se-steric silinganiselwe. I-AMP-95 ikakhulu yi-pH regulator.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga nee-dispersants luye loyisa ingxaki ye-flocculation ebangelwa bubunzima obukhulu beemolekyuli, kwaye uphuhliso lobunzima obukhulu beemolekyuli yenye yeendlela ezithandwayo. Umzekelo, i-dispersant ephezulu yeemolekyuli i-EFKA-4580 eveliswa yi-emulsion polymerization yenzelwe ngokukodwa ii-coating zamashishini ezisekelwe emanzini, ezifanelekileyo kwi-organic kunye ne-inorganic pigment dispersion, kwaye inokumelana kakuhle namanzi.
Amaqela e-amino anobuhlobo obuhle kwiipigment ezininzi ngokusebenzisa i-acid-base okanye i-hydrogen bonding. I-block copolymer dispersant ene-aminoacrylic acid njengeqela elixhasayo iye yanikwa ingqalelo.
Isinyibilikisi esine-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate njengeqela elinamathelayo
I-Tego Dispers 655 eyongeziweyo yokumanzisa nokusasaza isetyenziswa kwiipeyinti zeemoto ezisetyenziswa emanzini kungekuphela nje ukuqondisa imibala kodwa nokuthintela umgubo we-aluminiyam ukuba ungadibani namanzi.
Ngenxa yenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo, kuye kwaveliswa ii-arhente zokumanzisa nezokusasaza ezinokubola, ezifana nee-arhente zokumanzisa nezokusasaza ze-EnviroGem AE series twin-cell, ezizii-arhente zokumanzisa nezokusasaza eziphantsi kwegwebu.
2 isicoci sefoam:
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-defoamers zemveli ezisekelwe emanzini, ezahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezintathu: ii-defoamers ze-mineral oil, ii-polysiloxane defoamers kunye nezinye ii-defoamers.
Ii-defoamers zeoyile yeminerali zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulu kwiipeyinti zelatex ezithe tyaba nezicwebezelayo.
Ii-polysiloxane defoamers zinoxinzelelo oluphantsi lomphezulu, amandla amakhulu okususa i-foam kunye nokuthintela i-foam, kwaye azichaphazeli i-gloss, kodwa xa zisetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga, ziya kubangela iziphene ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwefilimu yokugquma kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kokufaka i-coat.
Ii-defoamers zepeyinti ezisekelwe emanzini zemveli azihambelani nesigaba samanzi ukufezekisa injongo yokususa i-foaming, ngoko ke kulula ukuvelisa iziphene zomphezulu kwifilimu yokugquma.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwaveliswa ii-defoamers ze-molecular-level.
Le arhente yokuthintela ukufutha yipolymer eyenziwe ngokufaka ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezisebenzayo zokuthintela ukufutha kwinto ethwala. Ikhonkco lemolekyuli yepolymer lineqela le-hydroxyl elimanzi, into esebenzayo yokuthintela ukufutha isasazwa ijikeleze imolekyuli, into esebenzayo ayilula ukuyihlanganisa, kwaye ukuhambelana nenkqubo yokugquma kulungile. Ezi zixhobo zokuthintela ukufutha ezikwinqanaba lemolekyuli ziquka iioyile zeminerali — uthotho lweFoamStar A10, oluqulathe isilicon — uthotho lweFoamStar A30, kunye neepolymer ezingezizo zesilicon, ezingezizo zeoyile — uthotho lweFoamStar MF.
Kukwaxelwe ukuba le defoamer yenqanaba le-molecular isebenzisa ii-super-grafted star polymers njenge-surfactants ezingahambelaniyo, kwaye ifumene iziphumo ezilungileyo kwizicelo zokugquma ezisekelwe emanzini. I-Air Products molecular-grade defoamer echazwe nguStout et al. yi-acetylene glycol-based foam control agent kunye ne-defoamer eneempawu zokumanzisa, ezifana neSurfynol MD 20 kunye neSurfynol DF 37.
Ukongeza, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuvelisa ii-zero-VOC coatings, kukwakho nee-defoamers ezingenayo i-VOC, ezifana ne-Agitan 315, i-Agitan E 255, njl.
Izinto ezi-3 zokuThibilikisa:
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezithinathi, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku zii-cellulose ether kunye nezithinathi eziphuma kuzo, izithinathi ezidityanisiweyo ze-alkali-swellable (HASE) kunye nezithinathi ze-polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. I-Cellulose ether kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo
I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) yaqala ukuveliswa kwimizi-mveliso yi-Union Carbide Company ngo-1932, kwaye inembali engaphezu kweminyaka engama-70. Okwangoku, izinto ezithina i-cellulose ether kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo ziquka i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), i-methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), i-ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), i-methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), i-methyl cellulose (MC) kunye ne-xanthan gum, njl.njl., ezi zizinto ezithina i-non-ionic, kwaye zikwazezinye zezinto ezithina i-water phase ezingadibaniyo. Phakathi kwazo, i-HEC yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwipeyinti ye-latex.
I-Hydrophobically modified cellulose (HMHEC) ingenisa inani elincinci lamaqela e-alkyl e-hydrophobic alkyl asebenza nge-long-chain kwi-hydrophilic backbone ye-cellulose ukuze ibe yi-associative thickener, njenge-Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100. Isiphumo sayo sokutyeba sifana nese-cellulose ether thickeners ezinobunzima obukhulu be-molecular. Iphucula i-viscosity kunye ne-leveling ye-ICI, kwaye inciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu, njengokuba uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-HEC lumalunga ne-67mN/m, kwaye uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-HMHEC luyi-55-65mN/m.
3.2 Isithambisi esidumbayo se-alkali
Izithambisi ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-alkali zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: izithambisi ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-alkali (ASE) kunye nezithambisi ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-alkali (HASE), ezizithambisi ze-anionic. I-ASE enganxulunyaniswanga yi-polyacrylate alkali dumbing emulsion. I-Associative HASE yi-polyacrylate alkali dumbing emulsion eguquliweyo kwi-hydrophobically.
3.3. I-polyurethane thickener kunye ne-hydrophobically modified non-polyurethane thickener
I-polyurethane thickener, ebizwa ngokuba yi-HEEUR, yi-polymer enyibilikayo emanzini e-hydrophobic group-modified ethoxylated polyurethane, eyinxalenye ye-non-ionic associative thickener. I-HEEUR yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: iqela le-hydrophobic, i-hydrophilic chain kunye neqela le-polyurethane. Iqela le-hydrophobic lidlala indima yokudibanisa kwaye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuqina, ngokuqhelekileyo i-oleyl, i-octadecyl, i-dodecylphenyl, i-nonylphenol, njl. I-hydrophilic chain inokubonelela ngozinzo lweekhemikhali kunye nozinzo lwe-viscosity, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-polyethers, ezifana ne-polyoxyethylene kunye ne-derivatives zayo. I-molecular chain ye-HEEUR yongezwa ngamaqela e-polyurethane, afana ne-IPDI, i-TDI kunye ne-HMDI. Uphawu lwesakhiwo se-associative thickeners kukuba zipheliswa ngamaqela e-hydrophobic. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba lokutshintshwa kwamaqela e-hydrophobic kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-HEURs ezithengiswayo liphantsi kune-0.9, kwaye eyona ilungileyo yi-1.7 kuphela. Iimeko zokusabela kufuneka zilawulwe ngokungqongqo ukuze kufunyanwe i-polyurethane thickener enokusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular obuncinci kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo. Uninzi lwee-HEUR zenziwe nge-stepwise polymerization, ngoko ke ii-HEUR ezithengiswayo ngokubanzi ziyimixube yobunzima beemolekyuli ezibanzi.
URichey nabanye basebenzise i-fluorescent tracer pyrene association thickener (i-PAT, inani eliphakathi lobunzima be-molecular 30000, ubunzima obuphakathi bobunzima be-molecular 60000) ukufumanisa ukuba kwi-concentration ye-0.02% (ubunzima), i-micelle aggregation degree ye-Acrysol RM-825 kunye ne-PAT yayimalunga ne-6. Amandla okudibanisa phakathi kwe-thickener kunye nomphezulu wee-particles ze-latex imalunga ne-25 KJ/mol; indawo ehlala i-molecule nganye ye-thickener ye-PAT kumphezulu wee-particles ze-latex imalunga ne-13 nm2, emalunga nendawo ehlala i-Triton X-405 wetting agent izihlandlo ezili-14 kune-0.9 nm2. I-Associative polyurethane thickener efana ne-RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, njl.
Uphuhliso lweziqhoboshi ze-polyurethane ezisebenzisanayo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo lufumene ingqalelo ebanzi. Umzekelo, i-BYK-425 sisiqhoboshi se-polyurethane esiguqulweyo se-urea esingena-VOC kunye ne-APEO. I-Rheolate 210, i-Borchi Gel 0434, i-Tego ViscoPlus 3010, i-3030 kunye ne-3060 zi-Isisiqhoboshi se-polyurethane esidibeneyo esingena-VOC kunye ne-APEO.
Ukongeza kwii-thickeners ze-polyurethane ezidityanisiweyo ezichazwe apha ngasentla, kukwakho nee-thickeners ze-polyurethane ezidityanisiweyo ezifana ne-comb. I-comb association polyurethane thickener ithetha ukuba kukho iqela le-pendant hydrophobic embindini we-molecule nganye ye-thickener. Ezi thickeners ezifana ne-SCT-200 kunye ne-SCT-275 njl.
I-aminoplast thickener eguqulwe nge-hydrophobically (i-hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) itshintsha i-amino resin ekhethekileyo ibe ngamaqela amane ane-capped hydrophobic, kodwa indlela esebenza ngayo la maqela mane e-reaction yahlukile. Kongezweni okuqhelekileyo kwamaqela ane-hydrophobic, kukho amaqela amabini kuphela ane-blocked hydrophobic, ngoko ke i-synthetic hydrophobic modified amino thickener ayifani kakhulu ne-HEUR, njenge-Optiflo H 500. Ukuba kongezwa amaqela amaninzi ane-hydrophobic, afana ne-8%, iimeko ze-reaction zingalungiswa ukuvelisa i-amino thickeners ezinamaqela amaninzi ane-blocked hydrophobic. Ewe, le ikwayi-comb thickener. Le hydrophobic modified amino thickener inokuthintela i-viscosity yepeyinti ukuba ingabikho ngenxa yokongezwa kwenani elikhulu le-surfactants kunye ne-glycol solvents xa kongezwa umbala ofanayo. Isizathu kukuba amaqela anamandla ane-hydrophobic anokuthintela ukutsalwa, kwaye amaqela amaninzi ane-hydrophobic anobudlelwane obuqinileyo. Ezi thickeners ezifana ne-Optiflo TVS.
I-hydrophobic modified polyether thickener (HMPE) Ukusebenza kwe-hydrophobically modified polyether thickener kufana ne-HEUR, kwaye iimveliso ziquka i-Aquaflow NLS200, i-NLS210 kunye ne-NHS300 ye-Hercules.
Indlela yayo yokutyeba yimpembelelo yokubopha i-hydrogen kunye nokudibana kwamaqela esiphelo. Xa ithelekiswa ne-common thickeners, ineempawu ezingcono zokulwa nokwaphuka. Ngokwee-polarity ezahlukeneyo zamaqela esiphelo, i-modified polyurea thickeners inokwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezintathu: i-low polarity polyurea thickeners, i-medium polarity polyurea thickeners kunye ne-high polarity polyurea thickeners. Ezimbini zokuqala zisetyenziselwa ukutyeba i-solvent-based coatings, ngelixa i-high-polarity polyurea thickeners ingasetyenziselwa zombini i-high-polarity solvent-based coatings kunye ne-water-based coatings. Iimveliso zorhwebo ze-low polarity, i-medium polarity kunye ne-high polarity polyurea thickeners yi-BYK-411, BYK-410 kunye ne-BYK-420 ngokwahlukeneyo.
I-slurry ye-wax ye-polyamide eguquliweyo sisongezelelo se-rheological esenziwe ngokungenisa amaqela athanda amanzi anjenge-PEG kwi-molecular chain ye-amide wax. Okwangoku, ezinye iimpawu zingeniswa kwaye zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukulungisa i-thixotropy yenkqubo kunye nokuphucula i-anti-thixotropy. Ukusebenza okuchasene nokuwa.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-22-2022