Ukwakheka kwezinto eziluhlaza zezityalo

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo, kodwa ukwakheka kwazo okusisiseko akunamahluko mkhulu, ikakhulu zenziwe ngeswekile kunye nezingafakwanga swekile.

Izinto ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zinomxholo owahlukileyo wecandelo ngalinye. Oku kulandelayo kwazisa ngokufutshane izinto ezintathu eziphambili zezityalo:

I-ether yeseli, i-lignin kunye ne-hemicellulose.

1.3 Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo

1.3.1.1 Iseli

I-Cellulose yi-polysaccharide enkulu eyenziwe yi-D-glucose ene-β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Yeyona indala kwaye ininzi emhlabeni.

I-polymer yendalo. Ulwakhiwo lwayo lweekhemikhali ludla ngokumelwa yifomula yolwakhiwo lweHaworth kunye nefomula yolwakhiwo lwesihlalo, apho i-n liqondo le-polysaccharide polymerization.

I-Cellulose Carbohydrate Xylan

arabinoxylan

i-glucuronide xylan

i-glucuronide arabinoxylan

i-glucomannan

IGalactoglucomannan

arabinogalactan

Isitatshi, i-pectin kunye nezinye iishukela ezinyibilikayo

izinto ezingezizo iicarbohydrate

i-lignin

Ii-Extract Lipids, iiLignols, iiNitrogenous Compounds, iiInorganic Compounds

I-Hemicellulose Polyhexopolypentose Polymannose Polygalactose

IiTerpenes, ii-resin acids, ii-fatty acids, ii-sterols, ii-aromatic compounds, ii-tannins

izinto zezityalo

1.4 Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali ze-cellulose

1.3.1.2 I-Lignin

Iyunithi esisiseko ye-lignin yi-phenylpropane, edityaniswa ziibhondi ze-CC kunye neebhondi ze-ether.

uhlobo lwepolymer. Kwisakhiwo sesityalo, umaleko ophakathi kweeseli uqulethe uninzi lwe-lignin,

Umxholo wangaphakathi kweseli wehlile, kodwa umxholo we-lignin wanda kumaleko angaphakathi odonga lwesibini. Njengento ephakathi kweseli, i-lignin kunye ne-hemifibrils

Zidibene zigcwalisa phakathi kweemicu ezincinci zodonga lweseli, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisa udonga lweseli lwezicubu zesityalo.

1.5 Ii-monomers zesakhiwo seLignin, ngokulandelelana kwazo: i-p-hydroxyphenylpropane, i-guaiacyl propane, i-syringyl propane kunye ne-coniferyl alcohol

1.3.1.3 I-Hemicellulose

Ngokungafaniyo ne-lignin, i-hemicellulose yi-heteropolymer eyenziwe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-monosaccharides.

Iintlobo zeeswekile kunye nokubakho okanye ukungabikho kwamaqela e-acyl zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-glucomannan, i-arabinosyl (4-O-methylglucuronic acid)-xylan,

I-Galactosyl glucomannan, i-4-O-methylglucuronic acid xylan, i-arabinosyl galactan, njl. njl. kwi,

Amashumi amahlanu ekhulwini ezicubu zomthi yi-xylan, ephezu komphezulu we-cellulose microfibrils kwaye idibene neefayibha.

Zenza uthungelwano lweeseli ezidityaniswe ngokuqinileyo.

1.4 Injongo yophando, ukubaluleka kunye nomxholo ophambili wesi sihloko

1.4.1 Injongo kunye nokubaluleka kophando

Injongo yolu phando kukukhetha iintlobo ezintathu ezimeleyo ngohlalutyo lwezinto ezithile zezityalo ezikrwada.

I-cellulose ikhutshwa kwizinto zezityalo. Khetha i-etherifying agent efanelekileyo, kwaye usebenzise i-cellulose ekhutshiweyo ukuze utshintshe umqhaphu oza kufakelwa i-ether kwaye ulungiswe ukuze kulungiselelwe i-fiber.

I-Vitamin ether. I-cellulose ether elungisiweyo isetyenziswe ekuprintweni kwedayi esebenzayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni iziphumo zokuprinta zithelekiswa ukuze kufunyanwe okungakumbi.

Ii-ether ze-cellulose ze-pastes zokuprinta idayi esebenzayo.

Okokuqala, uphando lwale ngxaki lusombulule ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo lwenkunkuma yezinto ezikrwada zezityalo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.

Kwangaxeshanye, indlela entsha yongezwa kumthombo we-cellulose. Okwesibini, i-sodium chloroacetate engenabungozi kangako kunye ne-2-chloroethanol zisetyenziswa njengee-etherifying agents,

Endaweni ye-chloroacetic acid enobuthi kakhulu, i-cellulose ether yalungiswa yaza yafakwa kwi-cotton fabric reactive dye printing paste, kunye ne-sodium alginate.

Uphando malunga nezinto ezithatha indawo lunesikhokelo esithile, kwaye lunentsingiselo enkulu esebenzayo kunye nexabiso elibalulekileyo.

I-Fiber Wall Lignin Enyibilikisiweyo I-Lignin Ii-Macromolecules Cellulose

9

1.4.2 Umxholo wophando

1.4.2.1 Ukukhupha i-cellulose kwizinto eziluhlaza zezityalo

Okokuqala, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo ziyalinganiswa kwaye zihlalutywe, kwaye kukhethwa izinto ezintathu ezimele izityalo ukuze kukhutshwe ifayibha.

Iivithamini. Emva koko, inkqubo yokukhupha i-cellulose yaphuculwa ngonyango olupheleleyo lwe-alkali kunye ne-asidi. Ekugqibeleni, i-UV

I-spectroscopy yokufunxa, i-FTIR kunye ne-XRD zisetyenzisiwe ukunxulumanisa iimveliso.

1.4.2.2 Ukulungiswa kwee-ether ze-cellulose

Kusetyenziswa i-pine wood cellulose njengezinto eziluhlaza, yanyangwa kwangaphambili nge-concentrated alkali, kwaza kwasetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-orthogonal kunye novavanyo lwe-single factor,

Iinkqubo zokulungiselelaI-CMC, I-HECkunye ne-HECMC zenziwe ngcono ngokulandelelanayo.

Ii-ether ze-cellulose ezilungisiweyo zaziphawulwa yi-FTIR, i-H-NMR kunye ne-XRD.

1.4.2.3 Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cellulose ether paste

Iintlobo ezintathu ze-cellulose ethers kunye ne-sodium alginate zasetyenziswa njengee-paste zokuqala, kwaye izinga lokwakheka kwe-paste, amandla okugcina amanzi kunye nokuhambelana kweekhemikhali kwee-paste zokuqala kwavavanywa.

Iimpawu ezisisiseko zeentlama ezine zokuqala zithelekiswa ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu kunye nozinzo lokugcina.

Sebenzisa iintlobo ezintathu ze-cellulose ethers kunye ne-sodium alginate njenge-paste yokuqala, lungiselela i-printing color paste, wenze i-reactive dye printing, uphumelele itafile yovavanyo.

Uthelekiso lwezintathuii-ether ze-cellulose kwaye

Iipropati zokuprinta ze-sodium alginate.

1.4.3 Amanqaku ophando oluyintsha

(1) Ukuguqula inkunkuma ibe yingcebo, kukhupha i-cellulose ecocekileyo kakhulu kwinkunkuma yezityalo, nto leyo eyongeza kumthombo we-cellulose

Indlela entsha, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, isombulula ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto ezingafunekiyo zezityalo kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo; kwaye iphucula ifayibha

Indlela yokukhupha.

(2) Uvavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokutshintshwa kwee-agents ze-cellulose etherifying, ezisetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-chloroacetic acid (enobungozi kakhulu), i-ethylene oxide (ebangela

Umhlaza), njl. ziyingozi ngakumbi emzimbeni womntu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Kweli phepha, i-sodium chloroacetate enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye ne-2-chloroethanol zisetyenziswa njengee-etherification agents.

Endaweni ye-chloroacetic acid kunye ne-ethylene oxide, kulungiswa ii-cellulose ethers. (3) I-cellulose ether efunyenweyo isetyenziswa kwi-cotton fabric reactive dye printing, enika isiseko esithile sophando lwezinto ezithatha indawo ye-sodium alginate.

ibhekisele ku.