Kapangidwe ka zipangizo zopangira zomera

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zopangira zomera, koma kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono, makamaka shuga ndi shuga.

Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zopangira zomera zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili mu gawo lililonse. Zotsatirazi zikufotokoza mwachidule zigawo zitatu zazikulu za zipangizo zopangira zomera:

Cellulose ether, lignin ndi hemicellulose.

1.3 Kapangidwe koyambira ka zinthu zopangira zomera

1.3.1.1 Selosi

Cellulose ndi polysaccharide yaikulu yopangidwa ndi D-glucose yokhala ndi ma β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Ndi yakale kwambiri komanso yochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Polima yachilengedwe. Kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala nthawi zambiri kamaimiridwa ndi njira yopangira kapangidwe ka Haworth ndi njira yopangira kapangidwe ka mpando, pomwe n ndiye mulingo wa polymerization ya polysaccharide.

Cellulose Chakudya Xylan

arabinoxylan

glucuronide xylan

glucuronide arabinoxylan

glucomannan

Galactoglucomannan

arabinogalactan

Wowuma, pectin ndi shuga wina wosungunuka

zigawo zopanda chakudya

lignin

Mafuta Ochotsa, Ma Lignols, Ma Nitrogenous Compounds, Ma Inorganic Compounds

Hemicellulose Polyhexopolypentose Polymannose Polygalactose

Terpenes, ma resin acid, mafuta acids, sterols, mankhwala onunkhira, ma tannins

zomera

1.4 Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a cellulose

1.3.1.2 Lignin

Gawo loyambira la lignin ndi phenylpropane, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi ma CC bond ndi ma ether bond.

mtundu wa polima. Mu kapangidwe ka chomera, gawo la pakati pa maselo lili ndi lignin yambiri,

Kuchuluka kwa mkati mwa maselo kunachepa, koma kuchuluka kwa lignin kunawonjezeka mkati mwa khoma lachiwiri. Monga chinthu cholumikizirana ndi maselo, lignin ndi hemifibrils

Pamodzi zimadzaza pakati pa ulusi wofewa wa khoma la selo, motero zimalimbitsa khoma la selo la minofu ya chomera.

1.5 Lignin structural monomers, motsatira: p-hydroxyphenylpropane, guaiacyl propane, syringyl propane ndi coniferyl alcohol

1.3.1.3 Hemicellulose

Mosiyana ndi lignin, hemicellulose ndi heteropolymer yopangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya monosaccharides.

Mitundu ya shuga ndi kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa magulu a acyl zitha kugawidwa m'magulu monga glucomannan, arabinosyl (4-O-methylglucuronic acid)-xylan,

Galactosyl glucomannan, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid xylan, arabinosyl galactan, ndi zina zotero. mu,

Makumi asanu pa zana a minofu ya nkhuni ndi xylan, yomwe ili pamwamba pa cellulose microfibrils ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi ulusi.

Amapanga netiweki ya maselo omwe amalumikizana kwambiri.

1.4 Cholinga cha kafukufuku, kufunika kwake, ndi zomwe zili munkhaniyi

1.4.1 Cholinga ndi kufunika kwa kafukufukuyu

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndi kusankha mitundu itatu yoyimira kudzera mu kusanthula zigawo za zipangizo zina zopangira zomera.

Selulosi imachotsedwa ku zomera. Sankhani chinthu choyenera chotenthetsera, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito selulosi yochotsedwayo kuti mulowe m'malo mwa thonje lomwe liyenera kutenthetsera ndi kusinthidwa kuti mukonze ulusi.

Vitamini ether. Cellulose ether yokonzedwayo idagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza utoto wosinthika, ndipo pomaliza pake zotsatira zake zosindikizira zidayerekezeredwa kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Ma ether a cellulose a ma phala osindikizira utoto wosinthika.

Choyamba, kafukufuku wa nkhaniyi wathetsa vuto la kugwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe kwa zinyalala za zomera mpaka pamlingo winawake.

Nthawi yomweyo, njira yatsopano imawonjezeredwa ku gwero la cellulose. Kachiwiri, sodium chloroacetate ndi 2-chloroethanol zomwe sizili ndi poizoni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotenthetsera,

M'malo mwa asidi woopsa kwambiri wa chloroacetic, ether ya cellulose inakonzedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa thonje lopangidwa ndi utoto wosinthika, ndi sodium alginate.

Kafukufuku wokhudza zinthu zolowa m'malo mwa mankhwala ali ndi chitsogozo china chake, komanso ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu komanso phindu lofunikira.

Ulusi wa Khoma Lignin Wosungunuka Lignin Macromolecules Cellulose

9

1.4.2 Zomwe zili mu kafukufuku

1.4.2.1 Kuchotsa cellulose kuchokera ku zinthu zopangira zomera

Choyamba, zigawo za zipangizo zopangira zomera zimayesedwa ndi kufufuzidwa, ndipo zipangizo zitatu zoyimira zomera zimasankhidwa kuti zichotse ulusi.

Mavitamini. Kenako, njira yochotsera cellulose inakonzedwa bwino pochiza bwino alkali ndi asidi. Pomaliza, UV

Kuzindikira ma absorption spectroscopy, FTIR ndi XRD zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwirizanitsa zinthuzo.

1.4.2.2 Kukonzekera kwa ma ether a cellulose

Pogwiritsa ntchito cellulose ya paini ngati zinthu zopangira, idakonzedwa kale ndi alkali yokhazikika, kenako kuyesa kwa orthogonal ndi kuyesa kwa single factor kunagwiritsidwa ntchito,

Njira zokonzekeraCMC, HECndipo HECMC idakonzedwa bwino motsatana.

Ma ether a cellulose okonzedwa anali ndi FTIR, H-NMR ndi XRD.

1.4.2.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito phala la ether la cellulose

Mitundu itatu ya ma ether a cellulose ndi sodium alginate zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma phala oyambirira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe a phala, mphamvu yosungira madzi, komanso kugwirizana kwa mankhwala kwa ma phala oyambirira kunayesedwa.

Makhalidwe oyambira a ma phala anayi oyambirira anayerekezeredwa poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe ndi kukhazikika kwa kusungirako.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya ma ether a cellulose ndi sodium alginate ngati phala loyambirira, konzani phala la mtundu wosindikizira, chitani kusindikiza kwa utoto wochitapo kanthu, pambanani tebulo loyesera

Kuyerekeza kwa atatuethers a cellulose ndi

Kapangidwe ka sodium alginate kosindikiza.

1.4.3 Mfundo zatsopano zofufuzira

(1) Kusandutsa zinyalala kukhala chuma, kutulutsa cellulose yoyera kwambiri kuchokera ku zinyalala za zomera, zomwe zimawonjezera magwero a cellulose

Njira yatsopano, komanso nthawi yomweyo, mpaka pamlingo winawake, imathetsa vuto la kugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala za zomera ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe; ndipo imawongolera ulusi

Njira yochotsera.

(2) Kuwunika ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zosinthira zinthu zothira cellulose, zinthu zothira ether zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga chloroacetic acid (yoopsa kwambiri), ethylene oxide (yomwe imayambitsa

Khansa), ndi zina zotero, ndizoopsa kwambiri pa thupi la munthu ndi chilengedwe. Mu pepalali, sodium chloroacetate ndi 2-chloroethanol zomwe ndi zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera kutentha.

M'malo mwa chloroacetic acid ndi ethylene oxide, ma cellulose ether amakonzedwa. (3) Cellulose ether yomwe yapezeka imagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza utoto wochita kupanga ndi nsalu ya thonje, zomwe zimapereka maziko enaake ofufuzira zinthu zolowa m'malo mwa sodium alginate.

tchulani.