Akwai nau'ikan kayan amfanin gona da yawa, amma ainihin abun da ke cikinsu ba shi da bambanci sosai, galibi ya ƙunshi sukari da wanda ba sukari ba.
Kayan amfanin gona daban-daban suna da abubuwan da ke cikin kowanne sashi daban-daban. Mai zuwa ya gabatar da manyan sassa uku na kayan amfanin gona:
Cellulose ether, lignin da hemicellulose.
1.3 Tsarin asali na kayan amfanin gona
1.3.1.1 Cellulose
Cellulose wani sinadari ne mai yawan ƙwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi D-glucose tare da haɗin β-1,4 glycosidic. Shi ne mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan abubuwa a duniya.
Polymer na halitta. Tsarin sinadaransa yawanci ana wakilta shi da tsarin Haworth da tsarin tsarin kujera, inda n shine matakin polymerization na polysaccharide.
Cellulose Carbohydrate Xylan
arabinoxylan
glucuronide xylan
glucuronide arabinoxylan
glucomannan
Galactoglucomannan
arabinogalactan
Sitaci, pectin da sauran sukari masu narkewa
abubuwan da ba su da carbohydrate
lignin
Cire Lipids, Lignols, Nitrogenous Compounds, Inorganic Compounds
Hemicellulose Polyhexopolypentose Polymannose Polygalactose
Terpenes, resin acid, fatty acids, sterols, aromatic mahadi, tannins
kayan shuka
1.4 Tsarin sinadarai na cellulose
1.3.1.2 Layin
Babban sinadarin lignin shine phenylpropane, wanda daga nan ake haɗa shi da haɗin CC da haɗin ether.
nau'in polymer. A cikin tsarin shuka, layin ƙwayoyin halitta ya ƙunshi mafi yawan lignin,
Yawan sinadarin lignin ya ragu, amma yawan sinadarin lignin ya ƙaru a cikin ɓangaren ciki na bangon sakandare. A matsayin sinadaran da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, lignin da hemifibrils
Tare suke cika tsakanin ƙananan zare na bangon tantanin halitta, ta haka ne suke ƙarfafa bangon tantanin halitta na ƙwayar shuka.
1.5 Nau'ikan tsarin lignin, a cikin tsari: p-hydroxyphenylpropane, guaiacyl propane, syringyl propane da coniferyl alcohol
1.3.1.3 Hemicellulose
Ba kamar lignin ba, hemicellulose wani nau'in heteropolymer ne wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan monosaccharides daban-daban. A cewar waɗannan
Ana iya raba nau'ikan sukari da kasancewar ko rashin rukunin acyl zuwa glucomannan, arabinosyl (4-O-methylglucuronic acid)-xylan,
Galactosyl glucomannan, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid xylan, arabinosyl galactan, da sauransu,
Kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na kyallen katako shine xylan, wanda ke saman ƙwayoyin cellulose microfibrils kuma yana da alaƙa da zare.
Suna samar da hanyar sadarwa ta ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka fi haɗin kai da juna.
1.4 Manufar bincike, mahimmanci da kuma babban abun ciki na wannan batu
1.4.1 Manufar da mahimmancin binciken
Manufar wannan binciken ita ce a zaɓi nau'ikan halittu guda uku masu wakiltar su ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin wasu kayan amfanin gona.
Ana cire cellulose daga kayan shuka. Zaɓi maganin da ya dace na etherifying, sannan a yi amfani da cellulose da aka cire don maye gurbin audugar da za a tace ta a kuma gyara ta don shirya zare.
An yi amfani da sinadarin cellulose ether da aka shirya a cikin bugun fenti mai amsawa, kuma a ƙarshe an kwatanta tasirin bugawa don ƙarin bayani.
Kwayoyin Cellulose don manna fenti mai amsawa.
Da farko dai, binciken wannan batu ya magance matsalar sake amfani da kayan amfanin gona da kuma gurɓatar muhalli na sharar kayan amfanin gona zuwa wani mataki.
A lokaci guda, an ƙara wata sabuwar hanya zuwa tushen cellulose. Na biyu, ana amfani da sodium chloroacetate da 2-chloroethanol waɗanda ba su da guba sosai a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da etherifying,
Maimakon sinadarin chloroacetic acid mai guba sosai, an shirya cellulose ether kuma an shafa shi a kan manna fenti mai amsawa a masana'anta na auduga, da kuma sodium alginate.
Binciken da ake yi kan maye gurbin magunguna yana da wani mataki na jagora, kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a aikace da kuma ƙimar tunani.
Liginin da aka narkar da shi a bangon fiber
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1.4.2 Abubuwan bincike
1.4.2.1 Cire cellulose daga albarkatun ƙasa na shuka
Da farko, ana aunawa da kuma nazarin sassan albarkatun ƙasa na shuka, sannan a zaɓi samfuran albarkatun ƙasa guda uku masu wakiltar shuka don fitar da zare.
Bitamin. Sannan, an inganta tsarin fitar da cellulose ta hanyar cikakken maganin alkali da acid. A ƙarshe, UV
An yi amfani da na'urar duban sha, FTIR da XRD don daidaita samfuran.
1.4.2.2 Shiri na cellulose ethers
Ta amfani da cellulose na itacen Pine a matsayin kayan da aka samar, an riga an yi masa magani da alkali mai ƙarfi, sannan aka yi amfani da gwajin orthogonal da gwajin abu ɗaya,
Tsarin shirye-shiryenCMC, HECda kuma HECMC an inganta su bi da bi.
An gano ƙwayoyin cellulose da aka shirya ta hanyar FTIR, H-NMR da XRD.
1.4.2.3 Amfani da man shafawa na cellulose ether
An yi amfani da nau'ikan cellulose ethers guda uku da sodium alginate a matsayin manne na asali, kuma an gwada ƙimar samuwar manne, ƙarfin riƙe ruwa da kuma daidaiton sinadarai na manne na asali.
An kwatanta ainihin halayen manne guda huɗu na asali dangane da kaddarorin da kwanciyar hankali na ajiya.
Ta amfani da nau'ikan cellulose ethers guda uku da sodium alginate a matsayin manna na asali, saita manna launi na bugawa, gudanar da bugu mai amsawa, wuce teburin gwaji
Kwatanta ukuƙwayoyin cellulose kuma
Buga kaddarorin sodium alginate.
1.4.3 Binciken kirkire-kirkire
(1) Juya sharar gida zuwa taska, cire sinadarin cellulose mai tsafta daga sharar shuka, wanda ke ƙara wa tushen cellulose ƙarfi.
Wata sabuwar hanya, kuma a lokaci guda, zuwa wani mataki, tana magance matsalar sake amfani da kayan da aka yi da sharar gida da gurɓatar muhalli; da kuma inganta zare
Hanyar cirewa.
(2) Tantancewa da matakin maye gurbin sinadaran etherifying cellulose, magungunan etherifying da aka saba amfani da su kamar chloroacetic acid (mai guba sosai), ethylene oxide (yana haifar da
Ciwon daji), da sauransu sun fi cutarwa ga jikin ɗan adam da muhalli. A cikin wannan takarda, ana amfani da sodium chloroacetate da 2-chloroethanol waɗanda suka fi dacewa da muhalli a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da etherification.
Maimakon chloroacetic acid da ethylene oxide, ana shirya cellulose ethers. (3) Ana amfani da cellulose ether da aka samu a cikin zanen auduga mai amsawa, wanda ke ba da wani tushe don binciken madadin sodium alginate.
koma zuwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-25-2024