Nhazi nke ihe eji emepụta ihe ọkụkụ

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ihe eji emepụta ihe ọkụkụ, mana ihe mejupụtara ha dị obere, nke bụ shuga na nke na-abụghị shuga.

Ihe dị iche iche e ji osisi rụọ nwere ihe dị iche iche dị na ihe ọ bụla. Ihe ndị a na-akọwapụta ihe atọ bụ isi nke ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ:

Cellulose ether, lignin na hemicellulose.

1.3 Nhazi bụ isi nke ihe eji emepụta ihe ọkụkụ

1.3.1.1 Cellulose

Cellulose bụ polysaccharide macromolecular nke mejupụtara D-glucose nwere njikọ β-1,4 glycosidic. Ọ bụ nke kacha ochie ma dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ụwa.

Polymer eke. A na-ejikarị usoro nhazi Haworth na usoro nhazi oche egosipụta nhazi kemịkalụ ya, ebe n bụ ogo nke polysaccharide polymerization.

Cellulose Carbohydrate Xylan

arabinoxylan

glucuronide xylan

glucuronide arabinoxylan

glucomannan

Galactoglucomannan

arabinogalactan

Starch, pectin na shuga ndị ọzọ a na-agbaze

ihe ndị na-abụghị carbohydrate

lignin

Wepụta Lipids, Lignols, Nitrogenous Compounds, Inorganic Compounds

Hemicellulose Polyhexopolypentose Polymannose Polygalactose

Terpenes, resin acids, fatty acids, sterols, aromatic compounds, tannins

ihe osisi

1.4 Nhazi kemịkalụ nke cellulose

1.3.1.2 Njikọ

Isi ihe dị na lignin bụ phenylpropane, nke a na-ejikọta ya na njikọ CC na njikọ ether.

ụdị polima. N'ime usoro osisi ahụ, oyi akwa dị n'etiti sel nwere ọtụtụ lignin,

Ọdịnaya dị n'ime sel ahụ belatara, mana ọnụọgụ lignin mụbara n'ime akwa dị n'ime mgbidi nke abụọ. Dịka ihe dị n'ime sel, lignin na hemifibrils

Ha na-ejupụta n'etiti eriri dị nro nke mgbidi sel, si otú a na-eme ka mgbidi sel nke anụ ahụ osisi sie ike.

1.5 Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke lignin, n'usoro: p-hydroxyphenylpropane, guaiacyl propane, syringyl propane na mmanya coniferyl

1.3.1.3 Hemicellulose

N'adịghị ka lignin, hemicellulose bụ heteropolymer nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị monosaccharides dị iche iche. Dịka ndị a si kwuo

Enwere ike kewaa ụdị shuga na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị otu acyl n'ime glucomannan, arabinosyl (4-O-methylglucuronic acid)-xylan,

Galactosyl glucomannan, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid xylan, arabinosyl galactan, wdg. na,

Pasent iri ise nke anụ ahụ osisi bụ xylan, nke dị n'elu microfibrils cellulose ma jikọọ ya na eriri.

Ha na-etolite netwọk nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị jikọtara onwe ha nke ọma.

1.4 Ebumnuche nyocha, mkpa na isi ihe dị na isiokwu a

1.4.1 Ebumnuche na mkpa nke nnyocha ahụ

Ebumnuche nke nnyocha a bụ ịhọrọ ụdị atọ na-anọchite anya ha site na nyocha nke ihe mejupụtara ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.

A na-esi n'ihe osisi wepụta cellulose. Họrọ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ime ka ihe dị n'ime ya dị ọcha, jiri cellulose ewepụtara dochie owu ahụ ka e wee mee ka ọ dị ọcha ma gbanwee ya iji kwadebe eriri.

Vitamin ether. E tinyere cellulose ether e kwadebere na mbipụta agba na-emegharị ahụ, ma n'ikpeazụ, e jiri mmetụta mbipụta tụnyere ya iji chọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ.

Cellulose ethers maka mmetọ agba na-emegharị ahụ.

Nke mbụ, nnyocha nke isiokwu a edozila nsogbu nke iji ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe mkpofu ihe ọkụkụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

N'otu oge ahụ, a na-agbakwunye ụzọ ọhụrụ na isi iyi nke cellulose. Nke abụọ, a na-eji sodium chloroacetate na 2-chloroethanol nke na-adịghị egbu egbu dị ka ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha,

Kama chloroacetic acid nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, e tinyere cellulose ether na ákwà owu e ji ákwà owu mee ihe, tinyere sodium alginate.

Nnyocha e mere gbasara ihe nnọchi anya nwere ụfọdụ nduzi, ọ nwekwara nnukwu uru bara uru na uru ntụaka.

Eriri Mgbidi Lignin Agwakọtala Lignin Macromolecules Cellulose

9

1.4.2 Ọdịnaya nyocha

1.4.2.1 Mwepụta nke cellulose site na ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ

Nke mbụ, a na-atụ ma na-enyocha ihe ndị dị na ihe ọkụkụ, a na-ahọpụtakwa ihe osisi atọ a na-anọchite anya ha iji wepụta eriri.

Vitamin. Mgbe ahụ, usoro nke iwepụ cellulose ka mma site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke nke alkali na acid. N'ikpeazụ, UV

E jiri nyocha absorption spectroscopy, FTIR na XRD mee ihe iji jikọta ngwaahịa ndị ahụ.

1.4.2.2 Nkwadebe nke cellulose ethers

Site na iji cellulose osisi pine dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ, e jiri alkali a chịkọtara mee ya tupu oge eruo, e wee jiri nnwale orthogonal na nnwale otu ihe.

Usoro nkwadebe nkeCMC, HECna HECMC ka emechara nke ọma.

E ji FTIR, H-NMR na XRD mara ethers cellulose ether ndị a kwadebere.

1.4.2.3 Itinye ihe ether cellulose n'ọrụ

E jiri ụdị atọ nke cellulose ethers na sodium alginate mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi mbụ, a nwalekwara ọnụego mmepụta ihe mkpuchi ahụ, ikike ijide mmiri na ndakọrịta kemịkalụ nke ihe mkpuchi mbụ ahụ.

E jiri ihe ndị bụ isi nke ihe mmado anọ mbụ tụnyere ihe onwunwe na nkwụsi ike nchekwa.

Site na iji ụdị cellulose ethers atọ na sodium alginate dị ka mado mbụ, hazie mado agba mbipụta, mepụta mbipụta agba mmeghachi omume, gafere tebụl nnwale

Ntụnyere nke atọcellulose ethers na

Njirimara mbipụta nke sodium alginate.

1.4.3 Isi ihe ọhụrụ e ji eme nnyocha

(1) Ịgbanwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ akụ̀, iwepụta cellulose dị ọcha nke ukwuu site na ihe mkpofu osisi, nke na-agbakwụnye na isi iyi nke cellulose

Ụzọ ọhụrụ, ma n'otu oge ahụ, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ọ na-edozi nsogbu nke iji ihe mkpofu osisi na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe ọzọ; ma na-eme ka eriri ahụ ka mma

Usoro mwepụta.

(2) Nnyocha na ọkwa nke nnọchi nke ihe ndị na-eme ka etherifying cellulose dị, ihe ndị na-eme ka etherifying dị ka chloroacetic acid (nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu), ethylene oxide (na-akpata ya)

Ọrịa kansa), wdg. na-emerụ ahụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ahụ nke ọma. N'akwụkwọ a, a na-eji sodium chloroacetate na 2-chloroethanol nke na-anaghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe dị ka ihe etherification.

Kama chloroacetic acid na ethylene oxide, a na-akwadebe cellulose ethers. (3) A na-etinye cellulose ether e nwetara na mbipụta ákwà owu nke na-emegharị agba, nke na-enye ntọala ụfọdụ maka nnyocha nke ihe nnọchi sodium alginate.

zoo aka na.