Izinti zemvelo ziyizinto ezinamathelayo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukene, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-glue yezilwane, i-vegetable glue kanye ne-mineral glue. I-Animal glue ihlanganisa i-skin glue, i-bone glue, i-shellac, i-casein glue, i-albumin glue, i-fish bladder glue, njll.; i-vegetable glue ihlanganisa isitashi, i-dextrin, i-rosin, i-gum arabic, irabha yemvelo, njll.; i-mineral glue ihlanganisa i-mineral wax, i-asphalt Wait. Ngenxa yemithombo yayo eminingi, intengo ephansi kanye nobuthi obuphansi, isetshenziswa kabanzi efenisha, ukubopha izincwadi, ukupakisha kanye nokucubungula izinto ezenziwe ngezandla.
ingcina yesitashi
Ngemva kokuba inhlaka yesitashi ingene ekhulwini lama-21, ukusebenza kahle kwemvelo kwezinto kuzoba yisici esiyinhloko sezinto ezintsha. Isitashi siwumthombo wemvelo ovuselelekayo ongenabuthi, ongenangozi, ongabizi kakhulu, obolayo futhi onobungane nemvelo. Sisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izimboni ze-inhlaka emhlabeni buyathuthuka ngendlela yokonga amandla, izindleko eziphansi, akukho monakalo omkhulu, ukujiya okuphezulu kanye nokungabi naso isinyibilikisi.
Njengohlobo lomkhiqizo wokuvikela imvelo oluhlaza, i-starch glue idonsele ukunaka okukhulu kanye nokunaka okukhulu embonini yokunamathisela. Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-starch glue, amathuba okunamathela kwe-starch axutshwe yi-corn starch athembisa, futhi ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa yikona okubaluleke kakhulu.
Muva nje, isitashi njengesinamathelisi sisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yephepha neyephepha, njengokuvalwa kwekhathoni nekhathoni, ukulebula, ukunamathela nge-plane gluing, izimvilophu ezinamathelayo, ukubopha izikhwama zephepha ezinezingqimba eziningi, njll.
Izinamathiseli eziningana ezivamile zesitashi zethulwa ngezansi:
I-oxidized starch adhesive adhesive
I-gelatizer eyenziwe ngengxube yesitashi esishintshiwe enezinga eliphansi le-polymerization equkethe iqembu le-aldehyde neqembu le-carboxyl kanye namanzi ngaphansi kwesenzo se-oxidant ngokushisa noma i-gelatizing emazingeni okushisa egumbi iyi-starch anamathiselwe. Ngemva kokuba isitashi sesi-oxidized, kwakheka isitashi esi-oxidized esinokuncibilika kwamanzi, ukumanzisa kanye nokunamathela.
Inani le-oxidant lincane, izinga le-oxidation alanele, inani eliphelele lamaqembu amasha asebenzayo akhiqizwa yisitashi liyancipha, i-viscosity ye-glue iyanda, i-viscosity yokuqala iyancipha, ukugeleza kwayo kuphansi. Inethonya elikhulu ku-acidity, ukucaca kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxyl kwe-glue.
Njengoba isikhathi sokuphendula siqhubeka isikhathi eside, izinga lokushiswa kwe-oxidation liyakhula, okuqukethwe kweqembu le-carboxyl kuyanda, futhi i-viscosity yomkhiqizo iyancipha kancane kancane, kodwa ukucaca kuya ngokuya kuba ngcono.
I-starch adhesive esterified ingcina
Izinamathiseli zesitashi eziqinisiwe ziyizinamathiseli zesitashi ezingaboli, ezinikeza isitashi amaqembu amasha asebenzayo ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-esterification phakathi kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl ama-molecule esitashi nezinye izinto, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinamathiseli zesitashi. Ngenxa yokuxhumanisa okuyingxenye kwesitashi esiqinisiwe, ngakho-ke i-viscosity iyakhula, ukuzinza kwesitoreji kungcono, izakhiwo zokumelana nomswakama kanye nokulwa namagciwane ziyathuthukiswa, futhi ungqimba lwe-adhesive lungamelana nesenzo esiphakeme nesiphansi nesihlukile.
Ingcina yesitashi ehlanganisiwe
Ukufakelwa kwesitashi ukusebenzisa izindlela zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ukwenza uchungechunge lwama-molecule wesitashi lukhiqize ama-free radicals, futhi lapho uhlangana nama-polymer monomers, kwakheka ukusabela kochungechunge. Uchungechunge oluseceleni oluhlanganiswe nama-polymer monomers lukhiqizwa kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwesitashi.
Sisebenzisa isici sokuthi womabili ama-molecule e-polyethylene kanye ne-starch anamaqembu e-hydroxyl, izibopho ze-hydrogen zingakhiwa phakathi kwama-molecule e-polyvinyl alcohol kanye ne-starch, adlala indima "yokuxhunyelelwa" phakathi kwama-molecule e-polyvinyl alcohol kanye ne-starch, ukuze i-starch adhesive etholakele ibe nezakhiwo ezinhle zokunamathela, ukugeleza kanye nokulwa nokuqandisa.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-starch glue iyi-polymer yemvelo, intengo yayo iphansi, ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinambitheki, futhi ayinakho ukungcola emvelweni, ngakho-ke iye yacwaningwa kabanzi futhi yasetshenziswa. Muva nje, i-starch glue isetshenziswa kakhulu ephepheni, ezindwangu zikakotini, ezimvilophini, emalebula, kanye nasekhadibhodini elihlanganisiwe.
Ingcina yeseli
Ama-derivative e-cellulose e-ether asetshenziswa njengezinamathelisi afaka phakathi i-methyl cellulose, i-ethyl cellulose, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose, i-carboxymethyl cellulose kanye nenye i-ethyl cellulose (EC): iyi-A thermoplastic, engancibiliki emanzini, i-nonionic cellulose alkyl ether.
Iqinile kahle ngamakhemikhali, imelana ne-alkali eqinile, ivikela kahle ugesi kanye ne-rheology yemishini, futhi inezici zokugcina amandla nokuguquguquka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi. Ihambisana kalula ne-wax, i-resin, i-plasticizer, njll., njengephepha, irabha, isikhumba, nezinamathiselo zezindwangu.
I-Methyl cellulose (CMC): i-ionic cellulose ether. Embonini yezindwangu, i-CMC ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sesitashi sekhwalithi ephezulu njenge-ejenti yokulinganisa izindwangu. Izindwangu ezimbozwe nge-CMC zingandisa ubumnene futhi zithuthukise kakhulu izakhiwo zokunyathelisa nokudaya. 'Embonini yokudla, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ayisikhilimu ekhilimu engezwe nge-CMC zinokuqina okuhle kwesimo, kulula ukuyifaka umbala, futhi akulula ukuyithambisa. Njengesinamathelisi, isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinti, amabhokisi ephepha, izikhwama zephepha, iphepha lodonga kanye nokhuni lokwenziwa.
I-cellulose esterokuphuma kukho: ikakhulukazi i-nitrocellulose kanye ne-cellulose acetate. I-Nitrocellulose: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cellulose nitrate, okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-nitrogen ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-10% no-14% ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene e-esterification.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ukotini womlilo, osetshenziswe ekwenziweni kwempuphu yezibhamu engenantuthu kanye ne-colloidal. Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-collodion. Ayincibiliki emanzini, kodwa iyancibilika ku-solvent exubile ye-ethyl alcohol ne-ether, kanti ikhambi yi-collodion. Ngenxa yokuthi i-solvent ye-collodion iyahwamuka futhi yakhe ifilimu eqinile, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvala amabhodlela, ukuvikela amanxeba kanye ne-celluloid yokuqala yepulasitiki emlandweni.
Uma inani elifanele le-alkyd resin lingezwa njengesiguquli futhi inani elifanele le-camphor lisetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqinisa, liba yi-nitrocellulose adhesive, evame ukusetshenziselwa iphepha lokubopha, indwangu, isikhumba, ingilazi, insimbi kanye nezinto zobumba.
I-Cellulose acetate: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cellulose acetate. Uma kukhona i-sulfuric acid catalyst, i-cellulose ixutshwa nengxube ye-acetic acid kanye ne-ethanol, bese kufakwa i-dilute acetic acid ukuze kufakwe i-hydrolyze umkhiqizo ezingeni elifunekayo le-esterification.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-nitrocellulose, i-cellulose acetate ingasetshenziswa ukwakha izinamathiseli ezisekelwe ku-solvent ukuze zibophe imikhiqizo yepulasitiki efana nezibuko namathoyizi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-cellulose nitrate, inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-viscosity nokuqina, kodwa inokumelana okuncane kwe-asidi, ukumelana nomswakama kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu.
inhlaka yephrotheni
I-adhesive yephrotheni uhlobo lwe-adhesive yemvelo enezinto eziqukethe amaprotheni njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa. I-adhesive ingenziwa nge-protein yezilwane kanye ne-protein yemifino. Ngokusho kwephrotheni esetshenzisiwe, ihlukaniswe nge-protein yezilwane (i-fen glue, i-gelatin, i-complex protein glue, kanye ne-albumin) kanye ne-protein yemifino (i-bean gum, njll.). Ngokuvamile inokuqina okuphezulu kwesibopho uma yomile futhi isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ifenisha kanye nasekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yokhuni. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kwayo nokushisa kanye nokumelana namanzi kubi, okuthi i-adhesive yephrotheni yezilwane ibaluleke kakhulu.
Iglue yephrotheni yesoya: Iphrotheni yemifino ayiyona nje into ebalulekile yokudla eluhlaza, kodwa futhi inezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa emikhakheni engeyona yokudla. Yasungulwa ngezinamathiselo zephrotheni yesoya, kusukela ngo-1923, uJohnson wafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi lezinamathiselo zephrotheni yesoya.
Ngo-1930, i-soybean protein phenolic resin board adhesive (DuPont Mass Division) yayingasetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yamandla okubopha abuthakathaka kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngenxa yokwanda kwemakethe yokunamathela, i-asidi yemithombo kawoyela yomhlaba wonke kanye nokungcola kwemvelo kuye kwadonsela ukunaka, okwenza imboni yokunamathela yacabanga kabusha ngokunamathela okusha kwemvelo, okwaholela ekutheni ukunamathela kwamaprotheni kabhontshisi kube yindawo ethandwayo yocwaningo futhi.
I-adhesive yesoya ayinabo ubuthi, ayinambitheki, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa inokumelana namanzi okubi. Ukwengeza u-0.1% ~ 1.0% (ubuningi) wezinto ezixhumanisayo njenge-thiourea, i-carbon disulfide, i-tricarboxymethyl sulfide, njll. kungathuthukisa ukumelana namanzi, futhi kwenze izinamathiselo zokubopha izinkuni kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-plywood.
Iglue yamaprotheni ezilwane: Iglue yezilwane isetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yefenisha kanye nokucubungula izinkuni. Imikhiqizo evame ukusetshenziswa ifaka ifenisha efana nezihlalo, amatafula, amakhabethe, amamodeli, amathoyizi, izimpahla zemidlalo kanye nama-decker.
Izinti zezilwane ezintsha eziwuketshezi ezinokuqukethwe okuqinile okungu-50-60% zifaka phakathi izinhlobo ezishesha ukuphola kanye nezishesha ukuphola, ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni amaphaneli ohlaka lwamakhabethe e-hardboard, ukuhlanganiswa kwekhaya elihambayo, ama-laminate aqinile, kanye nezinye izilwane ezishisayo ezingabizi kakhulu. I-glue encane nephakathi idinga izikhathi zokunamathisela.
Iglue yezilwane uhlobo oluyisisekelo lweglue olusetshenziswa kumatheyiphu okunamathela. Lawa matheyiphu angasetshenziswa ezikhwameni zokuthengisa ezilula ezivamile kanye namatheyiphu asindayo njengokuvala noma ukupakishwa kwefayibha eqinile namabhokisi ahlanganisiwe okuthunyelwa lapho kudingeka khona imisebenzi esheshayo yemishini kanye namandla aphezulu ahlala isikhathi eside.
Ngalesi sikhathi, inani leglue yamathambo likhulu, futhi iglue yesikhumba ivame ukusetshenziswa yodwa noma ihlanganiswe neglue yamathambo. Ngokusho kwe-Coating Online, iglue esetshenziswayo ngokuvamile yakhiwe ngokuqukethwe okuqinile okungaba ngu-50%, futhi ingaxutshwa ne-dextrin ku-10% kuya ku-20% we-glue eyomile, kanye nenani elincane le-ejenti yokumanzisa, i-plasticizer, i-gel inhibitor (uma kudingeka).
I-Adhesive (60~63℃) ivame ukuxutshwa nopende ephepheni elingemuva, futhi inani lokufakwa kwe-solid ngokuvamile lingu-25% wesisindo sesisekelo sephepha. Itheyiphu emanzi ingomiswa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka ngama-roller afudumele ngomusi noma ngama-air direct heater alungisekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kweglue yezilwane kuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwe-sandpaper kanye ne-gauze abrasives, usayizi kanye nokufakwa kwendwangu nephepha, kanye nokubopha izincwadi nomagazini.
Ingcina ye-tannin
I-Tannin iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo equkethe amaqembu e-polyphenolic, etholakala kabanzi esiqwini, emagxolweni, ezimpandeni, emaqabungeni nasezithelo zezitshalo. Ngokuyinhloko ivela ezingcezu zamagxolo okucubungula ukhuni kanye nezitshalo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-tannin. I-tannin, i-formaldehyde namanzi kuyaxutshwa futhi kufudunyezwe ukuze kutholakale i-tannin resin, bese kufakwa i-ejenti yokwelapha kanye ne-filler, bese kuthi i-tannin adhesive itholakale ngokuyixuba ngokulinganayo.
I-tannin adhesive inokumelana okuhle nokushisa nomswakama ukuguga, futhi ukusebenza kwe-gluing wood kufana nokusebenza kwe-phenolic adhesive. Isetshenziswa kakhulu eku-gluing wood, njll.
inhlaka ye-lignin
I-Lignin ingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zokhuni, futhi okuqukethwe kwayo kuqukethe cishe u-20-40% wokhuni, okwesibili ngemuva kwe-cellulose. Kunzima ukukhipha i-lignin ngqo okhunini, futhi umthombo oyinhloko uketshezi lwemfucuza ye-pulp, olucebile kakhulu ngezinsizakusebenza.
I-Lignin ayisetshenziswa njenge-glue yodwa, kodwa i-polymer ye-phenolic resin etholakala ngesenzo seqembu le-phenolic le-lignin ne-formaldehyde njenge-glue. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana namanzi, ingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa ne-isopropane epoxy isocyanate elayishiwe ngendandatho, i-stupid phenol, i-resorcinol nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe. Izinamathiseli ze-Lignin zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni i-plywood kanye ne-particleboard. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity yayo iphezulu futhi umbala ujulile, futhi ngemva kokuthuthukiswa, ububanzi bokusetshenziswa bungandiswa.
I-gum yesi-Arabhu
I-Gum arabic, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acacia gum, iyi-exudate evela emndenini we-wild locust. Iqanjwe ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwayo okwandayo emazweni ase-Arab. I-Gum arabic yakhiwe kakhulu ngama-polysaccharides anesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule kanye nama-glycoprotein e-acacia anesisindo esiphezulu sama-molecule. Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle kwe-gum arabic, ukwakheka kulula kakhulu, akudingi ukushisa noma ukusheshisa. I-Gum Arabic yoma ngokushesha okukhulu. Ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni amalensi optical, izitembu zokunamathisela, ukunamathisela amalebula ophawu lokuhweba, ukubopha ukupakisha ukudla kanye nokuphrinta nokudaya.
Ingcina engaphili
Izinamathiseli ezakhiwe ngezinto ezingaphili, njenge-phosphates, i-phosphates, i-sulfates, usawoti we-boron, i-metal oxides, njll., zibizwa ngokuthi izinamathiseli ezingaphili. Izici zazo:
(1) Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, kungamelana nokushisa okungu-1000 ℃ noma ngaphezulu:
(2) Izakhiwo ezinhle zokulwa nokuguga:
(3) Ukuncipha okuncane
(4) Ukuphuka okukhulu. I-modulus enwebekayo iphakeme kakhulu kuneyezinto zokunamathisela eziphilayo:
(5) Ukumelana namanzi, ukumelana ne-asidi kanye ne-alkali kuphansi.
Uyazi? Izinamathelisi zinezinye izindlela ngaphandle kokunamathela.
Ukulwa nokugqwala: Amapayipi omusi emikhumbi ambozwe kakhulu nge-aluminium silicate kanye ne-asbestos ukuze kufezwe ukufudumala, kodwa ngenxa yokuvuza noma ukubanda nokushisa okushintshanayo, kukhiqizwa amanzi abandayo, aqongelela odongeni lwangaphandle lwamapayipi omusi aphansi; futhi amapayipi omusi avezwa ekushiseni okuphezulu isikhathi eside, usawoti oncibilikayo. Indima yokugqwala kodonga lwangaphandle inzima kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izinamathiseli zochungechunge lwengilazi yamanzi zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokumboza ungqimba olungezansi lwe-aluminium silicate ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba olunesakhiwo esifana ne-enamel. Ekufakweni kwemishini, izingxenye zivame ukuboshwa ngamabholidi. Ukuchayeka emoyeni isikhathi eside kumadivayisi aboshwe kungabangela ukugqwala kwe-cravice. Enkambisweni yomsebenzi wemishini, ngezinye izikhathi amabholidi ayakhululwa ngenxa yokudlidliza okukhulu.
Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, izingxenye ezixhumanisayo zingahlanganiswa nezinamathiselo ezingaphili ekufakweni kwemishini, bese zixhunywa ngamabhawodi. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokudlala indima ekuqiniseni, kodwa futhi kungadlala indima ekulweni nokugqwala.
I-Biomedical: Ukwakheka kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-hydroxyapatite bioceramic kuseduze nengxenye engaphili yethambo lomuntu, kunokuhambisana okuhle kwezinto eziphilayo, kungakha isibopho esiqinile samakhemikhali nethambo, futhi kuyinto efanelekile yokufaka esikhundleni sezicubu eziqinile.
Kodwa-ke, i-modulus ejwayelekile ye-elastic ye-HA implants elungiselelwe iphezulu futhi amandla ayo aphansi, futhi umsebenzi awufaneleki. I-phosphate glass adhesive iyakhethwa, bese i-HA eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlanganiswa ndawonye ekushiseni okuphansi kune-sintering yendabuko ngesenzo se-adhesive, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise i-elastic modulus futhi iqinisekise umsebenzi wezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Cohesion Technologies Ltd. imemezele ukuthi ithuthukise i-Coseal sealant engasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni inhliziyo futhi isetshenziswe ngempumelelo emtholampilo. Ngokusebenzisa amacala angu-21 okuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo eYurophu, kwatholakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Coseal surgery kunciphisa kakhulu ukunamathela kokuhlinzwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela. Izifundo zokuqala zezokwelapha ezalandela zibonise ukuthi i-Coseal sealant inamandla amakhulu ekuhlinzeni inhliziyo, izifo zabesifazane kanye nesisu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinamathelisi kwezokwelapha kwaziwa njengendawo entsha yokukhula embonini yezinamathelisi. Inamathelisi esakhiwo esakhiwe nge-epoxy resin noma i-polyester engagcwali.
Kubuchwepheshe bokuzivikela: Imikhumbi-ngwenya engabonakali ingenye yezimpawu zokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yasemanzini. Indlela ebalulekile yokufihla imikhumbi-ngwenya ukubeka amathayili athinta umsindo egobolondweni lomkhumbi-ngwenya. Ithayili elithinta umsindo uhlobo lwerabha elinezici ezithinta umsindo.
Ukuze kufezwe inhlanganisela eqinile yethayela lokuvimba umsindo kanye nepuleti lensimbi lodonga lwesikebhe, kubalulekile ukuthembela ku-glue. Isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezempi: ukulungiswa kwethangi, ukuhlanganiswa kwesikebhe sezempi, amabhomu okukhanya ezindiza zempi, ukubopha ungqimba lokuvikela ukushisa kwekhanda le-missile, ukulungiswa kwezinto zokufihla, ukulwa nobuphekula kanye nokulwa nobuphekula.
Ingabe kuyamangalisa? Ungabheki inhlaka yethu encane, kunolwazi oluningi kuyo.
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-glue
Isikhathi sokusebenza
Isikhathi esiphezulu phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwe-glue kanye nokubhanqa izingxenye okufanele ziboshwe
Isikhathi sokuqala sokuphumula
Isikhathi Sokususa Amandla Sivumela Amandla Anele Okuphatha Izibopho, kufaka phakathi Ukuhambisa Izingxenye Ezivela Ezintweni Ezihlanganisiwe
isikhathi sokuphulukiswa okugcwele
Isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo zokugcina zemishini ngemva kokuxuba okunamathelayo
isikhathi sokugcina
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, inhlaka isengakwazi ukugcina izakhiwo zayo zokuphatha kanye nesikhathi sokugcina amandla ashiwo.
amandla esibopho
Ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle, ukucindezeleka okudingekayo ukwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-glue kanye ne-adherend engxenyeni ye-glue kubhidlike noma eduze kwayo
Amandla okucheba
Amandla okucheba abhekisela emandleni okucheba angase amelane nendawo yokubopha yeyunithi lapho ingxenye yokubopha yonakele, futhi iyunithi yayo ivezwa nge-MPa (N/mm2)
Amandla okudonsa angalingani
Umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu ongathwalwa yijoyinti uma ingaphansi kwamandla okudonsa angalingani, ngoba umthwalo ugxile kakhulu emaphethelweni amabili noma onqenqemeni olulodwa lwesendlalelo sokunamathela, futhi amandla angobude beyunithi kunendawo yeyunithi, futhi iyunithi ingu-KN/m
Amandla Okudonsa
Amandla okudonsa, aziwa nangokuthi amandla okudonsa afanayo kanye namandla okudonsa amahle, abhekisela emandleni okudonsa ngeyunithi ngayinye lapho ukunamathela konakaliswa amandla, futhi iyunithi ivezwa ku-MPa (N/mm2).
amandla okuxebuka
Amandla okuhluba umthwalo omkhulu ngobubanzi beyunithi ngayinye ongamelana lapho izingxenye eziboshiwe zihlukaniswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezichaziwe zokuhluba, futhi iyunithi yayo ivezwa ku-KN/m
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-25-2024