Ko ngā piripiri taiao he piripiri e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ō tātou oranga. E ai ki ngā puna rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki te piripiri kararehe, te piripiri huawhenua me te piripiri kohuke. Kei roto i te piripiri kararehe te piripiri kiri, te piripiri wheua, te piripiri shellac, te piripiri casein, te piripiri albumin, te piripiri pūkahukahu ika, me ētahi atu; kei roto i te piripiri huawhenua te māngaro, te dextrin, te rosin, te kapia arabic, te rapa taiao, me ētahi atu; kei roto i te piripiri kohuke te ware pi kohuke, te uku. Nā te nui o ōna puna, te utu iti me te iti o te paitini, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taonga whare, te here pukapuka, te takai me te tukatuka mahi-a-ringa.
piripiri māngaro
I muri i te urunga o te piripiri māngaro ki te rautau 21, ka noho te mahi pai o te rauemi hei āhuatanga nui o te rauemi hou. He rauemi taiao whakahou kore-paitini te māngaro, he kore-kino, he iti te utu, he pirau-koiora, he hoa hoki ki te taiao. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā ahumahi maha. Ina koa i ngā tau tata nei, kei te whanake haere te hangarau whakaputa ahumahi piripiri o te ao i te huarahi ki te penapena pūngao, te utu iti, te kore kino, te matotoru teitei, me te kore whakarewa.
Hei momo hua tiaki taiao matomato, kua aro nui te umanga piripiri māngaro ki te piripiri māngaro. Mō te whakamahinga me te whanaketanga o ngā piripiri māngaro, he pai te tūmanako ka waikurahia ngā piripiri māngaro e te māngaro kānga, ā, ko te rangahau me te whakamahinga te mea tino pai.
I ngā wā tata nei, ko te māngaro hei piripiri e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pepa me ngā hua pepa, pērā i te hiri kātene me te kātene, te tapanga, te whakapiri papatahi, te whakapiri i ngā kōpaki, te here pēke pepa maha-paparanga, me ētahi atu.
Kei raro nei ētahi piri māngaro noa:
Piripiri māngaro kua waikurahia
Ko te gelatinizer i hangaia mai i te ranunga o te māngaro kua whakarerekētia me te iti o te polymerization kei roto te rōpū aldehyde me te rōpū carboxyl me te wai i raro i te mahi a te oxidant mā te whakamahana, te gelatinizing rānei i te pāmahana rūma, he piripiri māngaro kua utaina. I muri i te waikura o te māngaro, ka hangaia te māngaro kua waikura me te wairewa wai, te makuku me te piri.
He iti te nui o te waikura, kāore i te rawaka te nui o te waikura, ka heke te nui katoa o ngā rōpū mahi hou e hangaia ana e te māngaro, ka piki ake te matotoru o te piri, ka heke te matotoru tuatahi, ā, he ngoikore te rere. He nui tōna pānga ki te waikawa, te māramatanga me te ihirangi hydroxyl o te piri.
Ka roa te wā tauhohenga, ka piki ake te nui o te waikura, ka piki ake te ihirangi o te rōpū carboxyl, ā, ka heke haere te matotoru o te hua, engari ka pai haere te mārama.
Piripiri māngaro kua whakaesterihia
Ko ngā piri mārika esterified he piri mārika kore-pirau, e whakawhiwhi ana i ngā rōpū mahi hou ki te mārika mā te tauhohenga esterification i waenga i ngā rōpū hydroxyl o ngā ngota mārika me ētahi atu matū, ā, ka whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā piri mārika. Nā te hononga-wāhanga o te mārika esterified, ka piki ake te matotoru, ka pai ake te pumau o te rokiroki, ka pai ake ngā āhuatanga ātete-makuku me te ārai-huaketo, ā, ka taea e te paparanga piri te tu atu i te mahi teitei me te iti me te mahi rerekē.
Piripiri māngaro kua honoa
Ko te honotanga o te māngaro he whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-tinana me ngā tikanga matū hei hanga i te mekameka ngota māngaro kia puta ai ngā rauropi kore utu, ā, ina tūtaki ki ngā monomer polymer, ka puta he tauhohenga mekameka. Ka puta he mekameka taha i hangaia mai i ngā monomer polymer i runga i te mekameka matua māngaro.
Mā te whakamahi i te āhuatanga o ngā rōpū hydroxyl o te polyethylene me te māngaro, ka taea te hanga hononga hauwai i waenga i te waipiro polyvinyl me ngā ngota māngaro, e mahi ana i te mahi "hononga" i waenga i te waipiro polyvinyl me ngā ngota māngaro, kia pai ake ai te piri, te rere me te ārai-huka o te piripiri māngaro kua whiwhihia.
Nā te mea he piripiri pūmua tūturu te piripiri māngaro, he iti te utu, kāore he paitini, kāore hoki he reka, ā, kāore he poke ki te taiao, nō reira kua whānuitia te rangahau me te whakamahi. Nō nā tata nei, ko te nuinga o ngā piripiri māngaro e whakamahia ana i roto i te pepa, i ngā papanga miro, i ngā envelopa, i ngā tapanga, me te kātene kōpikopiko.
Piripiri cellulose
Ko ngā matūriki cellulose ether e whakamahia ana hei piripiri ko te methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose me ētahi atu ethyl cellulose (EC): he matūriki thermoplastic, wai-kore-rewa, nonionic cellulose alkyl ether.
He pai te pumau matū, he kaha te ātete ki te kawakore, he pai te whakamarumaru hiko me te rheology miihini, ā, he āhuatanga o te pupuri i te kaha me te ngāwari i ngā pāmahana teitei me te iti. He ngāwari te hototahi ki te ware pi, te kapia, te plasticizer, me ētahi atu, pērā i te pepa, te rapa, te hiako, ngā piripiri mō ngā kakahu.
Mētoru pūtau (CMC): te etera cellulose ionic. I roto i te umanga kakahu, ka whakamahia te CMC hei whakakapi i te māngaro kounga teitei hei kaihoko rahi mō ngā papanga. Ka taea e ngā papanga kua pania ki te CMC te whakanui ake i te ngawari me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga tā me te tae. 'I roto i te umanga kai, he pai te pumau o te āhua o ngā momo aihikirīmi kirīmi kua tāpirihia ki te CMC, he ngāwari ki te tae, ā, kāore e ngāwari ki te whakangawari. Hei piripiri, ka whakamahia hei hanga kokopi, pouaka pepa, putea pepa, pepapātū me te rakau horihori.
Ester cellulosengā hua: ko te nuinga ko te nitrocellulose me te cellulose acetate. Nitrocellulose: E mōhiotia ana ko te cellulose nitrate, ko tōna ihirangi hauota kei waenga i te 10% me te 14% nā runga i ngā taumata rerekē o te esterification.
Ko te nui o te ihirangi e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te miro ahi, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga paura pū kore paowa me te paura korori. Ko te iti o te ihirangi e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te korori. Kāore e wairewa i roto i te wai, engari ka wairewa i roto i te whakarewa whakauru o te waipiro etil me te etera, ā, ko te otinga he korori. Nā te mea ka mimiti te whakarewa korori ka hanga he kiriata pakari, he maha tonu te whakamahinga mō te kati pounamu, te tiaki patunga me te celluloid kirihou tuatahi i roto i te hītori.
Ki te tāpirihia he nui e tika ana o te kapia alkyd hei whakarerekētanga, ā, ki te whakamahia hoki he nui e tika ana o te camphor hei whakapakeke, ka huri hei piripiri nitrocellulose, e whakamahia ana mō te here i te pepa, te kakahu, te hiako, te karāhe, te konganuku me ngā uku.
Te ātete cellulose: E mōhiotia ana ko te ātete cellulose. I te aroaro o tētahi whakakorikori waikawa whanariki, ka whakakorikoria te cellulose ki te ranunga o te waikawa acetic me te etanoru, kātahi ka tāpirihia te waikawa acetic waimeha hei whakakōkō i te hua ki te taumata e hiahiatia ana o te whakahāngaitanga.
Ki te whakatauritea ki te nitrocellulose, ka taea te whakamahi i te cellulose acetate hei hanga i ngā piripiri whakarewa hei hono i ngā hua kirihou pērā i ngā mōhiti me ngā taonga takaro. Ki te whakatauritea ki te cellulose nitrate, he tino pai te ātete ki te matotoru me te roa, engari he iti te ātete ki te waikawa, te ātete ki te makuku me te ātete ki te huarere.
kāpia pūmua
He momo piripiri ā-taiao te piripiri pūmua, ā, ko ngā matū kei roto he pūmua hei rauemi matua. Ka taea te hanga piripiri mai i te pūmua kararehe me te pūmua huawhenua. E ai ki te pūmua e whakamahia ana, ka wehea ki te pūmua kararehe (piri fen, te gelatin, piri pūmua matatini, me te albumin) me te pūmua huawhenua (pīni kapia, me ētahi atu). He nui te kaha o te here ina maroke, ā, ka whakamahia ki te hanga taonga me te hanga hua rakau. Heoi, he ngoikore tōna ātete wera me te ātete wai, ā, ko ngā piripiri pūmua kararehe te mea nui ake.
Kāpia pūmua soya: Ehara i te mea he rauemi mata kai nui te pūmua huawhenua, engari he whānuitia hoki ngā whakamahinga i roto i ngā mara ehara i te kai. I whakawhanakehia i runga i ngā kāpia pūmua soya, i te tau 1923, i tono a Johnson mō tētahi patent mō ngā kāpia pūmua soya.
I te tau 1930, kāore i te whānui te whakamahinga o te piripiri papa kapia phenolic pūmua soya (DuPont Mass Division) nā te ngoikore o te kaha o te here me te nui o te utu whakaputa.
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, nā te whānui haere o te mākete piri, kua arohia te waikawa o ngā rauemi hinu o te ao me te parahanga taiao, ā, nā tēnei i whakaaro anō ai te umanga piri ki ngā piri tūturu hou, ā, kua hoki anō te rongonui o ngā piri pūmua pīni soya hei wāhi rangahau.
Kāore he paitini o te piripiri pīni soya, kāore he reka, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, engari he ngoikore te ātete ki te wai. Mā te tāpiri i te 0.1%~1.0% (papatipu) o ngā mea honohono-whakawhiti pērā i te thiourea, te waro disulfide, te tricarboxymethyl sulfide, me ētahi atu, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te wai, ā, ka hanga piripiri mō te here rakau me te hanga papa rakau.
Ngā kāpia pūmua kararehe: Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kāpia kararehe i roto i ngā ahumahi tāonga me te tukatuka rakau. Ko ngā hua e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā tāonga pēnei i ngā tūru, ngā tēpu, ngā kāpata, ngā tauira, ngā taonga takaro, ngā taonga hākinakina me ngā papa tākaro.
Ko ngā kāpia kararehe wai hou, he 50-60% te nui o ngā mea totoka, kei roto ko ngā momo tere-whakamaroke me ngā momo puhoi-whakamaroke, e whakamahia ana hei here i ngā panera anga o ngā kāpata papa mārō, te huihuinga whare nekeneke, ngā papa whakanikoniko uaua, me ētahi atu mea wera iti ake te utu. He wā e hiahiatia ai he kāpia mō ngā piripiri iti me ngā piripiri waenga.
He momo piripiri taketake te kāpia kararehe e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rīpene piripiri. Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei rīpene mō ngā putea hokohoko māmā noa me ngā rīpene taumaha pērā i te hiri, te takai rānei i ngā muka totoka me ngā pouaka kowakawaka mō ngā tuku ina hiahiatia he mahi miihini tere me te kaha piri roa.
I tēnei wā, he nui te nui o te kāpia wheua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ko te kāpia kiri anake, ka whakamahia ngātahi rānei me te kāpia wheua. E ai ki a Coating Online, ko te kāpia e whakamahia ana he mea hanga ki te ihirangi totoka o te 50% pea, ā, ka taea te whakaranu ki te dextrin i te 10% ki te 20% o te papatipu kāpia maroke, me te iti o te kaihoko whakamakuku, te kaiwhakaahua kirihou, te aukati ira (inā hiahiatia).
Ko te piripiri (60~63℃) ka konatunatua ki te peita i runga i te pepa tautoko, ā, ko te nui o te totoka e 25% o te taumaha o te turanga pepa. Ka taea te whakamaroke i te rīpene mākū i raro i te pēhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā roera whakamahana mamaoa, i ngā whakamahana hau rānei ka taea te whakarite.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā whakamahinga o te kāpia kararehe ko te hanga pepa kirikiri me te whāriki kirikiri, te rahi me te paninga o ngā kakahu me te pepa, me te herea o ngā pukapuka me ngā maheni.
Piripiri tannin
He matū rauropi kei roto ngā rōpū polyphenolic, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te kakau, te kiri rakau, ngā pakiaka, ngā rau me ngā hua o ngā tipu. Ko te nuinga mai i ngā toenga kiri rakau me ngā tipu he nui te tannin. Ka whakaranua te tannin, te formaldehyde me te wai, ka whakamahanahia kia puta ai te kapia tannin, kātahi ka tāpirihia te matū whakaora me te whakakī, ā, ka whiwhi i te piri tannin mā te whakaoho kia ōrite.
He pai te ātete o te piripiri tannin ki te wera me te haumākū, ā, he rite te mahi whakapiri rakau ki te whakapiri phenolic. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia mō te whakapiri rakau, me ētahi atu.
piripiri lignin
Ko te lignin tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o te rakau, ā, e 20-40% o te rakau te nui o te lignin, ko te tuarua ko te cellulose. He uaua ki te tango tika i te lignin mai i te rakau, ā, ko te pūtake matua ko te wai para penupenu, he tino nui ngā rauemi.
Kāore te lignin e whakamahia hei piripiri anake, engari he pūhui kapia phenolic i whiwhihia mai i te mahi a te rōpū phenolic o te lignin me te formaldehyde hei piripiri. Hei whakapai ake i te ātete wai, ka taea te whakamahi tahi me te isopropane epoxy isocyanate kua whakakīia ki te mowhiti, te phenol wairangi, te resorcinol me ētahi atu matū. Ko te nuinga o ngā piripiri lignin e whakamahia ana hei hono i te papa rakau me te papa matūriki. Heoi, he teitei tōna matotoru, he hohonu te tae, ā, i muri i te whakapainga, ka taea te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o te tono.
Kapia Ārapi
Ko te kapia arapi, e mōhiotia ana ko te kapia acacia, he wai i ahu mai i te whānau mawhitiwhiti mohoao. I tapaina tēnei ingoa nā te mea he nui te whakaputanga i ngā whenua Arapi. Ko te nuinga o te kapia arapi he polysaccharides iti te taumaha ngota me ngā glycoprotein acacia taumaha ngota teitei. Nā te pai o te wairewa o te kapia arapi ki te wai, he tino māmā te hanganga, kāore e hiahiatia he wera, he whakatere rānei. Ka tere te maroke o te kapia arapi. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te here i ngā karāhe whatu, te whakapiri i ngā tāmati, te whakapiri i ngā tapanga tohu hokohoko, te here i ngā takai kai me te tā me te tae i ngā āwhina.
Piripiri kore-waro
Ko ngā piripiri i hangaia ki ngā matū kore-waro, pērā i te phosphates, te phosphates, te sulfates, te tote boron, te waikura konganuku, me ētahi atu, ka kiia he piripiri kore-waro. Ko ōna āhuatanga:
(1) Ātete pāmahana teitei, ka taea te tu atu i te pāmahana 1000 ℃, neke atu rānei:
(2) Ngā āhuatanga pai mō te ārai i te koroheketanga:
(3) He iti te whakahekenga
(4) He pakarukaru nui. He teitei ake te kaha o te whakapūmau i tērā o ngā piripiri rauropi:
(5) He ngoikore te ātete ki te wai, te ātete ki te waikawa me te kawakore.
E mōhio ana koe? He atu whakamahinga anō hoki ō ngā whakapiripiri, haunga te piri.
Ārai-waikura: Ko te nuinga o ngā paipa mamaoa o ngā kaipuke he mea hipoki ki te silicate konumohe me te asbestos hei whakatutuki i te whakamahana wera, engari nā te turuturu, te taupatupatu rānei o te makariri me te wera, ka puta he wai whakapūkara, ka kohia ki te pakitara o waho o ngā paipa mamaoa o raro; ā, ka roa te wā e pāngia ana ngā paipa mamaoa e te pāmahana teitei, ka rewa ngā tote. He tino kino te mahi a te waikura o te pakitara o waho.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā piripiri raupapa karāhe wai hei rauemi paninga i te paparanga o raro o te silicate konumohe hei hanga i tētahi paninga me te hanganga rite ki te enamel. I roto i te tāutanga miihini, he maha ngā wā ka whakapirihia ngā wāhanga. Ko te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e te hau mō ngā taputapu whakapiri ka puta te waikura o te kapiti. I roto i te mahi miihini, i ētahi wā ka wetekina ngā poro nā te wiri nui.
Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, ka taea te here i ngā wāhanga hono ki ngā piripiri kore-waro i roto i te tāutanga mīhini, kātahi ka honoa ki ngā pūtu. Ehara i te mea ka whai wāhi noa tēnei ki te whakapakari, engari ka whai wāhi anō hoki ki te ārai i te waikura.
Hauora Koiora: He tata te hanganga o te rauemi hydroxyapatite bioceramic ki te wāhanga kore-waro o te wheua tangata, he pai te hototahitanga ki te koiora, ka taea te hanga hononga matū kaha ki te wheua, ā, he rauemi whakakapinga kiko mārō tino pai.
Heoi, he teitei te modulus elasticity whānui o ngā whakaurunga HA kua whakaritea, ā, he iti te kaha, ā, kāore i te tino pai te mahi. Ka tīpakohia te piripiri karāhe phosphate, ā, ka honoa te paura rauemi mata HA ki te pāmahana iti iho i te pāmahana sintering tuku iho mā te mahi a te piripiri, ā, ka whakaitihia te modulus elasticity me te whakarite i te mahi a te rauemi.
I pānuitia e Cohesion Technologies Ltd. kua whakawhanakehia e rātou he hiri Coseal ka taea te whakamahi hei here i te ngākau, ā, kua angitu te whakamahinga haumanu. Nā te whakamahinga whakatairite o ngā kēhi 21 o te pokanga ngākau i Ūropi, i kitea ko te whakamahinga o te pokanga Coseal i tino whakaiti i ngā piri pokanga ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu tikanga. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau haumanu tuatahi i muri mai he nui te kaha o te hiri Coseal ki te pokanga ngākau, te pokanga wahine me te pokanga puku.
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā piripiri i roto i te rongoā e mōhiotia ana ko tētahi pūwāhi tipu hou i roto i te umanga piripiri. He piripiri hanganga i hangaia mai i te kapia epoxy, i te polyester rānei kāore i te mākū.
I roto i te hangarau ārai: Ko ngā waka ruku huna tētahi o ngā tohu o te whakahoutanga o ngā taputapu moana. Ko tētahi tikanga nui o te huna o ngā waka ruku ko te whakatakoto i ngā taera mimiti-oro ki runga i te anga o te waka ruku. Ko te taera mimiti-oro he momo rapa he āhuatanga mimiti-oro.
Hei whakatutuki i te hononga pakari o te taera ārai me te pereti maitai o te pakitara poti, me whakawhirinaki ki te piripiri. Whakamahia i roto i te mara hōia: te tiaki tāke, te huihuinga poti hōia, ngā waka rererangi hōia, te hononga paparanga tiaki wera o ngā upoko pakanga pere, te whakarite rauemi huna, te ārai i te whakamataku me te ārai i te whakamataku.
He mīharo? Kaua e titiro ki tā mātou piripiri iti nei, he nui ngā mātauranga kei roto.
Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū matua o te piripiri
Te wā mahi
Te wā roa rawa i waenga i te whakaranu i te piripiri me te hononga o ngā wāhanga hei here
Te wā whakamaroke tuatahi
Te Wā ki te Kaha Tango e āhei ai te Kaha Rawaka mō te Whakahaere i ngā Here, tae atu ki ngā Wāhanga Neke mai i ngā Taputapu
wā whakaora katoa
Te wā e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga miihini whakamutunga i muri i te whakaranu i te piripiri
wā rokiroki
I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea tonu e te piripiri te pupuri i ōna āhuatanga whakahaere me te wā rokiroki o te kaha kua tohua.
kaha here
I raro i te mahi a te kaha o waho, ka pakaru, ka pakaru rānei te ahotea e hiahiatia ana hei wawahi i te hononga i waenga i te piripiri me te mea piri i roto i te wāhanga piripiri, i tōna taha rānei.
Kaha kutikuti
Ko te kaha kutikuti e pā ana ki te kaha kutikuti ka taea e te mata here o te waeine te tu atu ina pakaru te wāhanga here, ā, ko tōna waeine e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te MPa (N/mm2).
Te kaha tōia kore taurite
Ko te kawenga mōrahi ka taea e te hononga te pikau ina pāngia e te kaha tōia kore taurite, nā te mea ko te nuinga o te kawenga e aro ana ki ngā taha e rua, ki te taha kotahi rānei o te paparanga piri, ā, ko te kaha kei ia wae roa kaua ki ia wae horahanga, ā, ko te wae ko KN/m
Kaha Kume
Ko te kaha kume, e mōhiotia ana ko te kaha kume ōrite me te kaha kume pai, e pā ana ki te kaha kume mō ia wāhanga horahanga ina pakaru te piri i te kaha, ā, ka whakaaturia te wāhanga i roto i te MPa (N/mm2).
kaha kiri
Ko te kaha o te kiri ko te kawenga mōrahi mō ia whānui ka taea te tu atu ina wehea ngā wāhanga piri i raro i ngā tikanga kiri kua tohua, ā, ko tōna waeine e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te KN/m
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-25-2024