Kole karemano ni kole ikoreshwa cyane mu buzima bwacu. Dukurikije amasoko atandukanye, ishobora kugabanywamo kole y'inyamaswa, kole y'imboga na kole y'imyunyu ngugu. Kole y'inyamaswa irimo kole y'uruhu, kole y'amagufwa, shellac, kole ya casein, kole ya albumin, kole y'uruhago rw'amafi, n'ibindi; kole y'imboga irimo sitashi, dextrin, rosin, gum arabic, rubber karemano, nibindi; kole y'imyunyu ngugu irimo ubutare bw'amabuye y'agaciro, asphalt. Bitewe n'amasoko yayo menshi, igiciro gito n'uburozi buke, ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo mu nzu, mu guhambira ibitabo, mu gupakira no mu gutunganya ibikoresho by'ubukorikori.
kole y'ibinyampeke
Nyuma y’uko kole y’ibinyampeke igeze mu kinyejana cya 21, imikorere myiza y’ibinyampeke izaba ikintu gikomeye mu bikoresho bishya. Ifumbire ni umutungo kamere udahumanya, nta kibazo, ihendutse, ibora kandi ntingiza ibidukikije. Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zitandukanye. Cyane cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora kole ku isi riri gutera imbere mu rwego rwo kuzigama ingufu, ku giciro gito, nta ngaruka mbi, ubukana bwinshi kandi nta kintu na kimwe gishongesha.
Nk'ubwoko bw'umuti urinda ibidukikije ku bidukikije, kole y'ibishyimbo yakuruye ibitekerezo byinshi kandi yitabwaho cyane mu nganda zikora kole. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha no guteza imbere kole y'ibishyimbo, amahirwe yo kubona kole y'ibishyimbo ikoreshwa n'ibishyimbo by'ibigori ni meza, kandi ubushakashatsi n'ikoreshwa ni byo byinshi.
Mu minsi ishize, sitashi nk'ubudodo ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mpapuro n'ibicuruzwa by'impapuro, nko gufunga amakarito n'amakarito, gushyiramo ibirango, gushyiramo kole, amabahasha yo gufata, guhuza imifuka y'impapuro ifite ibyiciro byinshi, n'ibindi.
Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'amakori asanzwe akoreshwa mu gusigamo sitashi agaragara hano hepfo:
Kole ikoze muri okside
Gelatizeri ikozwe mu ruvange rw'imyumbati yahinduwe ifite polimeri nke irimo itsinda rya aldehyde n'itsinda rya karubokisili n'amazi hakoreshejwe okisideri binyuze mu gushyushya cyangwa guteka gelatini ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba ni kole y'imyumbati yuzuye. Nyuma y'uko imyumbati ikozwe, imyumbati ya okiside ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga, ubushuhe n'ubufatane bw'amazi birakorwa.
Ingano ya okisideri ni nto, urwego rwa okisideri rurahagije, umubare w'amatsinda mashya y'imikorere akorwa na sitashi uragabanuka, ubukana bwa koleri buriyongera, ubukana bwa mbere buragabanuka, ubukana bwabyo buragabanuka. Bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku busharire, ubuziranenge n'ingano ya hydroxyl muri koleri.
Uko igihe cyo gukora ibintu kigenda cyongera, urugero rwa oxidation ruriyongera, ingano y'itsinda rya karubokisili iriyongera, kandi ubushyuhe bw'ibicuruzwa bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro, ariko urumuri rurushaho kuba rwiza.
Kole ikoze mu buryo bwa esterified starch
Amakome ya sitashi ya Esterified ni amakome ya sitashi adapfa kwangirika, atanga amatsinda mashya y’imikorere binyuze mu gukora ikosa hagati y’amatsinda ya hydroxyl ya molekile za sitashi n’ibindi bintu, bityo bikanoza imikorere ya amakome ya sitashi. Bitewe no guhuza igice cya sitashi ya sitashi ya Esterified, bityo ubukana bw’ibice burushaho kwiyongera, uburyo bwo kubika burushaho kuba bwiza, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe n’ubwandu burarushaho kwiyongera, kandi urwego rw’amakome rushobora kwihanganira ibikorwa byinshi n’ibito kandi bisimburana.
Kole ikoze mu ifuru
Gushyira hamwe ibinyabutabire ni ugukoresha uburyo bwa fiziki n'ubutabire kugira ngo umunyururu w'ibinyabutabire bikore utuntu twitwa "free radicals", kandi iyo uhuye na "polymer monomers", hakorwa "chain reaction". Umunyururu w'uruhande ugizwe na "polymer monomers" ukorwa ku munyururu mukuru w'ibinyabutabire.
Dufashe ku buryo molecule za polyethylene na sitashi zifite amatsinda ya hydroxyl, hydrogen bonds ishobora gushyirwaho hagati ya molecule za polyvinyl alcohol na sitashi, zigira uruhare mu "guhuza" hagati ya molecule za polyvinyl alcohol na sitashi, bityo kole ya sitashi yabonetse igira ubushobozi bwo gufata neza, kugenda neza no kurwanya gukonjesha.
Kubera ko kole y'ibinyampeke ari kole isanzwe ya polymer, ihendutse ku giciro, ntabwo ari uburozi kandi nta buryohe ifite, kandi nta mwanda ihumanya ibidukikije igira, bityo ikaba yarakorewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi kandi ikoreshwa. Vuba aha, kole y'ibinyampeke ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mpapuro, imyenda y'ipamba, mu mabahasha, mu birango, no mu ikarito ikozwe mu mabati.
Kole ya selulosi
Ibikomoka kuri eteri ya selulosi bikoreshwa nk'ubumaji birimo selulosi ya methyl, selulosi ya ethyl, selulosi ya hydroxyethyl, selulosi ya carboxymethyl n'indi selulosi ya ethyl (EC): ni eteri ya selulosi ya alkyl ya thermoplastic, idashonga mu mazi, kandi idashonga mu buryo bw'ionic.
Ifite ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka mu buryo busanzwe, irwanya alkali cyane, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi neza kandi ikagira imiterere ya rheology, kandi ifite imiterere yo kugumana imbaraga no koroha mu bushyuhe buri hejuru no hasi. Ishobora gukoreshwa byoroshye na wax, resin, plasticizer, nibindi, nk'impapuro, rubber, uruhu, n'ibindi bifatanye n'imyenda.
Selulose ya Methyl (CMC): ionic cellulose ether. Mu nganda z'imyenda, CMC ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusimbuza sitashi nziza nk'ikintu gipima ingano y'imyenda. Imyenda isizwe na CMC ishobora kongera uburyohe no kunoza cyane imiterere yo gucapa no gusiga irangi. 'Mu nganda z'ibiribwa, ubwoko butandukanye bwa ice cream zongeweho na CMC zifite imiterere myiza, zoroshye gusiga irangi, kandi ntibyoroshye koroshya. Nk'ubudodo, ikoreshwa mu gukora udukoni, udusanduku tw'impapuro, imifuka y'impapuro, urupapuro rwo ku rupapuro n'imbaho z'ubukorano.
Ester ya selulosiibikomoka kuri: cyane cyane nitrocellulose na acetate ya cellulose. Nitrocellulose: Izwi kandi nka nitrate ya cellulose, ingano ya azote muri rusange iri hagati ya 10% na 14% bitewe n'ingano zitandukanye za esterification.
Ingano nyinshi izwi cyane nka ipamba y'umuriro, yakoreshejwe mu gukora ifu y'imbunda idafite umwotsi na colloidal. Ingano nke izwi cyane nka collodion. Ntishongera mu mazi, ariko ishongera mu kintu kivanze cya ethyl alcohol na ether, kandi umuti ni collodion. Kubera ko collodion solvent ihinduka umwuka igahinduka firime ikomeye, ikunze gukoreshwa mu gufunga amacupa, kurinda ibikomere no mu gutwikira celluloid ya mbere ya pulasitiki mu mateka.
Iyo hongewemo ingano ikwiye ya alkyd resin nk'uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu kandi ingano ikwiye ya camphor igakoreshwa nk'ikintu gikomeza ibintu, iba kole ya nitrocellulose, ikunze gukoreshwa mu mpapuro zo gufatanya, imyenda, uruhu, ikirahure, ibyuma n'ibumba.
Asetate ya selulosi: Izwi kandi nka asetate ya selulosi. Iyo hari katalyst ya aside sulfurike, selulosi ivangwa n'uruvange rwa aside asetiki na ethanol, hanyuma aside asetiki ivangwa yongerwamo kugira ngo ikoreshwe ku rugero rw'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Ugereranyije na nitrocellulose, acetate ya cellulose ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora kole ishingiye kuri solvent kugira ngo ihuze ibintu bya pulasitiki nk'ibirahuri n'ibikinisho. Ugereranyije na nitrati ya cellulose, ifite ubushobozi bwo kudakora neza kandi iramba, ariko ifite ubushobozi bwo kudakora neza, kudakora neza, kudakora neza kandi idakora neza.
kole ya poroteyine
Kole ya poroteyine ni ubwoko bw'ikole karemano ifite ibintu birimo poroteyine nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi. Kole ishobora gukorwa muri poroteyine y'amatungo na poroteyine y'imboga. Dukurikije poroteyine ikoreshwa, igabanyijemo poroteyine y'amatungo (kole ya fen, gelatin, kole ya poroteyine ikomeye, na albumin) na poroteyine y'imboga (bean gum, nibindi). Muri rusange igira umuvuduko mwinshi w'ubufatanye iyo yumye kandi ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho byo mu nzu no mu gukora ibikoresho by'imbaho. Ariko, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe n'amazi ni bike, muri byo kole ya poroteyine y'amatungo ni yo y'ingenzi cyane.
Kole ya poroteyine ya soya: Poroteyine y'imboga si ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'ibiribwa gusa, ahubwo inakoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye mu mirima itari iy'ibiribwa. Yakozwe ku makoma ya poroteyine ya soya, mu 1923, Johnson yasabye patenti y'amakoma ya poroteyine ya soya.
Mu 1930, kole ya soya ikoze muri poroteyine ya phenolic resin (DuPont Mass Division) ntiyakoreshwaga cyane bitewe n'imbaraga nke zo guhuza ndetse n'igiciro kinini cy'umusaruro.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’isoko ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, aside y’umutungo wa peteroli ku isi ndetse n’ihumana ry’ibidukikije byakuruye ibitekerezo, byatumye inganda zikora ibikomoka kuri peteroli zisubiramo ibikomoka kuri peteroli nshya karemano, bituma ibikomoka kuri poroteyine ya soya byongera kuba ahantu hakururwa cyane n’ubushakashatsi.
Kole ya soya ntabwo ifite uburozi, nta buryohe ifite, yoroshye kuyikoresha, ariko ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwirinda amazi. Kongeramo 0.1% ~ 1.0% (uburemere) by'ibintu bihuza amashami nka thiourea, disulfide ya karuboni, tricarboxymethyl sulfide, nibindi bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi, no gukora kole zo guhuza ibiti no gukora plywood.
Kole ya poroteyine y'amatungo: Kole y'amatungo yakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda zitunganya ibikoresho byo mu nzu no mu nganda zitunganya imbaho. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa birimo ibikoresho byo mu nzu nk'intebe, ameza, utubati, imiterere, ibikinisho, ibikoresho bya siporo n'amabaraza.
Kole nshya y'inyamaswa ifite ibinyabutabire bingana na 50-60% irimo ubwoko bw'ingufu zikira vuba n'izikira buhoro buhoro, zikoreshwa mu guhuza amabati y'ingufu, guteranya amazu agendanwa, amabati akomeye, n'izindi nyamaswa zihendutse zishyuha. Kole nto n'iziciriritse zisaba kole.
Kole y'inyamaswa ni ubwoko bw'ibanze bwa kole ikoreshwa muri kole. Izi kole zishobora gukoreshwa mu masakoshi asanzwe yo mu biro ndetse no mu masanduku akomeye nko gufunga cyangwa gupfunyika fibre ikomeye n'amasanduku ya corrugated yo kohereza aho ibikorwa byihuse bya mekanike n'imbaraga zikomeye zirambye bisaba.
Muri iki gihe, ingano ya kole y'amagufwa iba ari nini, kandi kole y'uruhu ikunze gukoreshwa yonyine cyangwa hamwe na kole y'amagufwa. Nk'uko ikinyamakuru Coating Online kibitangaza, kole ikoreshwa muri rusange iba ifite ingano ikomeye ya 50%, kandi ishobora kuvangwa na dextrin kuri 10% kugeza 20% by'umubyimba w'ikole yumye, hamwe n'ingano nto y'ikintu kiyitosesha, pulasitiki, igabanya ubukana bwa gel (igihe bibaye ngombwa).
Ubusanzwe kole (60~63℃) ivangwa n'irangi ku mpapuro zometseho, kandi ingano y'ikintu gikomeye muri rusange ni 25% by'uburemere bw'impapuro. Kaseti y'amazi ishobora kumyuka mu gihe ishyushye hakoreshejwe ibyuma bishyushya umwuka cyangwa hakoreshejwe ibyuma bishyushya umwuka bihindagurika.
Byongeye kandi, kole yo gukoresha mu nyamaswa irimo gukora impapuro zo gusigamo umucanga n'imitako, ingano n'uburemere bw'imyenda n'impapuro, ndetse no gufatanya ibitabo n'amagazeti.
Kole ya tannin
Tanin ni ikintu cy’umwimerere kirimo amatsinda ya polyphenolic, aboneka cyane mu giti, mu gishishwa, mu mizi, mu mababi no mu mbuto z’ibimera. Cyane cyane biva mu bisigazwa by’ibiti bitunganya ibishishwa n’ibimera bifite tannin nyinshi. Tanin, formaldehyde n’amazi biravangwa bigashyuha kugira ngo haboneke resin ya tannin, hanyuma umuti uvura n’umunyuza bikongerwamo, hanyuma kole ya tannin ikaboneka binyuze mu kuvanga neza.
Kole ya Tanin irwanya ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe gusaza, kandi imikorere y'inkwi zo gukoma isa n'iya kole ya phenolic. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukoma imbaho, n'ibindi.
kole ya lignin
Lignin ni kimwe mu bigize ibiti by'ingenzi, kandi ibikubiye muri byo bigizwe na 20-40% by'ibiti, bikaba ari ibya kabiri nyuma ya selulose. Biragoye gukura lignin mu giti mu buryo butaziguye, kandi isoko nyamukuru ni amazi y'imyanda ya pulp, akungahaye cyane ku mutungo.
Lignin ntabwo ikoreshwa nk'umugozi wonyine, ahubwo ikoreshwa nk'umugozi wa phenolic resin polymer uboneka bitewe n'itsinda rya phenolic rya lignin na formaldehyde nk'umugozi. Kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi, ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na isopropane epoxy isocyanate, stupid phenol, resorcinol n'ibindi binyabutabire. Imigozi ya Lignin ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu guhuza plywood na particleboard. Ariko, ubukana bwayo ni bwinshi kandi ibara ni rinini, kandi nyuma yo kunoza, urwego rw'ikoreshwa rushobora kwaguka.
Ishinya y'Abarabu
Gum arabic, izwi kandi nka acacia gum, ni ifu ikomoka ku giti cy’inzige zo mu gasozi. Yitiriwe ko iboneka cyane mu bihugu by’Abarabu. Gum arabic igizwe ahanini na polysaccharides nkeya z’uburemere bwa molekile na acacia glycoproteins nyinshi. Bitewe n’uko gum arabic ishobora gushonga neza mu mazi, kuyitunganya biroroshye cyane, ntibisaba ubushyuhe cyangwa kwihutisha. Gum arabic yumuka vuba cyane. Ishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyiramo lenzi z’amatara, gushyiramo kashe, gupakira ibirango by’ubucuruzi, gupakira ibiryo no gucapa no gusiga amarangi.
Kole idakomoka ku bimera
Ibikoresho bikometse byakozwe mu bintu bitagira umwimerere, nka fosifate, fosifate, umunyu wa boroni, okiside z'icyuma, nibindi, byitwa kole idafite umwimerere. Imiterere yabyo:
(1) Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwa 1000 ℃ cyangwa buri hejuru:
(2) Imiterere myiza yo kurwanya gusaza:
(3) Kugabanuka guto
(4) Ubukonje bwinshi. Modulus yoroshye ni urwego rwo hejuru rw'ibice by'ubukorikori bya organic:
(5) Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi, aside na alkali birakomeye.
Urabizi? Kole ifite izindi nyungu usibye gufatana.
Kurwanya ingese: Imiyoboro y'umwuka w'ubwato itwikiriwe ahanini na silicate ya aluminiyumu na asbestos kugira ngo igire ubushyuhe, ariko bitewe no kuva cyangwa ubukonje n'ubushyuhe bisimburana, amazi ahinduka nk'amazi, arunda ku rukuta rw'inyuma rw'imiyoboro y'umwuka wo hasi; kandi imiyoboro y'umwuka ihura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi igihe kirekire, umunyu ushongesha. Uruhare rw'ingese ku rukuta rwo hanze ni rukomeye cyane.
Muri urwo rwego, kole z'ibirahuri by'amazi zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gusiga ku gice cyo hasi cya silicate ya aluminiyumu kugira ngo hakorwe igitambaro gifite imiterere isa na enamel. Mu gushyiraho imashini, ibice bikunze gushyirwaho imigozi. Guhura n'umwuka igihe kirekire ku bikoresho bifite imigozi bishobora gutera ingese. Mu gihe cy'akazi ka imashini, rimwe na rimwe imigozi irarekurwa bitewe no guhindagura gukomeye.
Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, ibice bihuza bishobora guhuzwa n'ubutare butari ubw'umwimerere mu gushyiraho imashini, hanyuma bigahuzwa n'amaboliti. Ibi ntibishobora kugira uruhare mu kongera imbaraga gusa, ahubwo binagira uruhare mu kurwanya ingese.
Biomedical: Imiterere y'ibikoresho bya hydroxyapatite bioceramic iri hafi y'igice kidakora cy'amagufwa y'umuntu, ifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza neza, ishobora gukorana cyane n'amagufwa, kandi ni ibikoresho byiza byo gusimbuza ingingo zikomeye.
Ariko, modulus rusange ya elastic y'implants za HA zateguwe ni nyinshi kandi imbaraga ni nke, kandi imikorere ntabwo ari myiza. Hatoranywa kole ya fosfate ikirahure, maze ifu y'ibikoresho fatizo bya HA ihuzwa hamwe ku bushyuhe buri hasi ugereranije n'ubushyuhe busanzwe bwo gutwika binyuze mu gikorwa cya kole, bityo ikagabanya modulus ya elastic kandi ikagenzura imikorere y'ibikoresho.
Cohesion Technologies Ltd. yatangaje ko bakoze umuti ufunga umubiri ushobora gukoreshwa mu guhuza umutima kandi ukaba warakoreshejwe neza mu buvuzi. Binyuze mu ikoreshwa ry’abantu 21 babazwe umutima mu Burayi, byagaragaye ko gukoresha umuti ufunga umubiri byagabanyije cyane uburyo bwo kubaga ugereranije n’ubundi buryo. Ubushakashatsi bwa nyuma bwagaragaje ko umuti ufunga umubiri ufite ubushobozi bunini mu kubaga umutima, abagore n’inda.
Gukoresha kole mu buvuzi bizwi nk'ahantu hashya ho gukura mu nganda zikora kole. Kole y'imiterere igizwe na epoxy resin cyangwa polyester idasembuye.
Mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kwirwanaho: Amato y’ubwato yihishe ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byo kuvugurura ibikoresho byo mu mazi. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kwihisha mu mazi ni ugushyira amatafari akura amajwi ku gikonoshwa cy’ubwato. Amatafari akura amajwi ni ubwoko bwa kabutura ifite ubushobozi bwo kurura amajwi.
Kugira ngo habeho ihurizo rikomeye ry'agasanduku k'icyuma gafunga ubwato n'icyuma cyo ku rukuta rw'ubwato, ni ngombwa gukoresha kole. Ikoreshwa mu rwego rwa gisirikare: kubungabunga ibigega by'indege, guteranya ubwato bwa gisirikare, ibisasu by'indege za gisirikare, uburyo bwo kurinda ubushyuhe bw'umutwe wa misile, gutegura ibikoresho byo kwihishamo, kurwanya iterabwoba no kurwanya iterabwoba.
Ese biratangaje? Nturebe agakoresho kacu gato ko gushushanya, karimo ubumenyi bwinshi.
Imiterere y'ingenzi y'ubuhanga n'imiti bya kole
Igihe cyo gukora
Igihe ntarengwa hagati yo kuvanga kole no guhuza ibice bigomba gufatwa
Igihe cya mbere cyo gukira
Igihe cyo gukuraho imbaraga gitanga imbaraga zihagije zo gucunga imigozi, harimo no kwimura ibice bivuye mu bikoresho
igihe cyose cyo gukira
Igihe gisabwa kugira ngo ugere ku miterere ya nyuma ya mekanike nyuma yo kuvanga kole
igihe cyo kubika
Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, kole ishobora gukomeza gucunga imiterere yayo yo kuyikoresha n'igihe cyo kubika imbaraga zagenwe.
imbaraga z'umubano
Mu bikorwa by'imbaraga zo hanze, imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo ihuriro riri hagati y'icyuma gifata n'icyuma gifata mu gice gifata cyangwa hafi yacyo risenyuke.
Ingufu zo gukata
Imbaraga zo gukata bivuze imbaraga zo gukata ubuso bw'icyuma bushobora kwihanganira iyo igice gifata cyangiritse, kandi igice cyacyo kigaragara muri MPa (N/mm2)
Imbaraga zitaringaniye zo gukurura
Umutwaro ntarengwa ingingo ishobora kwihanganira iyo ishyizwemo imbaraga zitangana zo gukurura, kuko umutwaro uba wibanda ku mpande ebyiri cyangwa ku mpande imwe y'urwego rw'ubuso, kandi imbaraga ziba kuri buri gice cy'uburebure aho kuba kuri buri gice cy'ubuso, kandi igice ni KN/m
Imbaraga zo Gufata
Imbaraga zo gukurura, zizwi kandi nka imbaraga zo gukurura zisanzwe hamwe n’imbaraga zo gukurura zihamye, bivuga imbaraga zo gukurura kuri buri gice iyo imbaraga zo gukurura zangiritse, kandi igice kigaragara muri MPa (N/mm2).
imbaraga zo gukurura
Imbaraga z'igishishwa ni umutwaro ntarengwa kuri buri gice cy'ubugari ushobora kwihanganira iyo ibice bifatanye bitandukanyijwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwagenwe bwo gushishwa, kandi igice cyacyo kigaragazwa muri KN/m
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 25 Mata 2024