Magulu achilengedwe ndi guluu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'miyoyo yathu. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a guluu wa nyama, guluu wa ndiwo zamasamba ndi guluu wa mchere. Guluu wa nyama umaphatikizapo guluu wa khungu, guluu wa mafupa, guluu wa shellac, guluu wa casein, guluu wa albumin, guluu wa chikhodzodzo cha nsomba, ndi zina zotero; guluu wa masamba umaphatikizapo starch, dextrin, rosin, gum arabic, rabara wachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero; guluu wa mchere umaphatikizapo sera wa mchere, asphalt Wait. Chifukwa cha magwero ake ambiri, mtengo wotsika komanso poizoni wotsika, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mipando, kumanga mabuku, kulongedza ndi kukonza zinthu ndi manja.
guluu wa wowuma
Pambuyo poti guluu wa starch walowa m'zaka za m'ma 2000, magwiridwe antchito abwino a zinthuzo adzakhala chinthu chachikulu pa zinthu zatsopano. Starch ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chosawononga, chopanda vuto, chotsika mtengo, chowola komanso chosawononga chilengedwe. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zomatira padziko lonse lapansi ukupita patsogolo kuti usunge mphamvu, ukhale wotsika mtengo, wopanda vuto lililonse, wokhuthala kwambiri komanso wopanda zosungunulira.
Monga mtundu wa chinthu choteteza chilengedwe chobiriwira, guluu wa starch wakopa chidwi chachikulu komanso chidwi chachikulu mumakampani opanga zomatira. Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga zomatira za starch, chiyembekezo cha zomatira za starch zomwe zimasungunuka ndi wowuma wa chimanga ndi chabwino, ndipo kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndizo zambiri.
Posachedwapa, sitachi ngati guluu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zamapepala ndi mapepala, monga kutseka makatoni ndi makatoni, kulemba zilembo, glue wa plane, maenvulopu omatira, ma multi-layer paper bag bonding, ndi zina zotero.
Magulu angapo odziwika bwino a starch aperekedwa pansipa:
Guluu wowuma wothira
Gelatizer yokonzedwa kuchokera ku chisakanizo cha starch yosinthidwa yokhala ndi digiri yochepa ya polymerization yokhala ndi gulu la aldehyde ndi gulu la carboxyl ndi madzi pansi pa mphamvu ya oxidant potenthetsera kapena gelatinizing kutentha kwa chipinda ndi gulu la starch lodzaza. Pambuyo poti starch yasungunuka, starch yosungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka, kunyowa ndi kumatira zimapangidwa.
Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ndi kochepa, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni sikokwanira, kuchuluka kwa magulu atsopano ogwira ntchito omwe amapangidwa ndi wowuma kumachepa, kukhuthala kwa guluu kumawonjezeka, kukhuthala koyamba kumachepa, kusinthasintha kwa madzi kumakhala kochepa. Kumakhudza kwambiri acidity, kuwonekera bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa hydroxyl mu guluu.
Pamene nthawi yochitapo kanthu ikupita patsogolo, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kumawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa gulu la carboxyl kumawonjezeka, ndipo kukhuthala kwa chinthucho kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, koma kuwonekera bwino kukukula.
Guluu wowuma wothira
Magulu a starch opangidwa ndi esterified ndi magulu a starch osawonongeka, omwe amapatsa starch magulu atsopano ogwira ntchito kudzera mu esterification reaction pakati pa magulu a hydroxyl a mamolekyu a starch ndi zinthu zina, motero zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito a magulu a starch. Chifukwa cha kulumikiza pang'ono kwa starch yopangidwa ndi esterified, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka, kukhazikika kwa malo osungira kumakhala bwino, mphamvu zoteteza chinyezi komanso zotsutsana ndi mavairasi zimawonjezeka, ndipo guluu limatha kupirira ntchito yayitali komanso yotsika komanso yosinthika.
Guluu wothira wothira
Kulumikiza starch ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo kuti unyolo wa molekyulu wa starch upange ma free radicals, ndipo mukakumana ndi ma polymer monomers, unyolo umapangidwa. Unyolo wa m'mbali wopangidwa ndi ma polymer monomers umapangidwa pa unyolo waukulu wa starch.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mwayi woti mamolekyu a polyethylene ndi starch ali ndi magulu a hydroxyl, ma hydrogen bond amatha kupangidwa pakati pa mamolekyu a polyvinyl alcohol ndi starch, omwe amasewera gawo la "kuphatikiza" pakati pa mamolekyu a polyvinyl alcohol ndi starch, kotero kuti guluu wa starch womwe wapezeka ukhale ndi mphamvu zambiri zomatira, kusinthasintha komanso kukana kuzizira.
Popeza guluu wa starch ndi guluu wachilengedwe wa polima, ndi wotsika mtengo, siwopsereza komanso wopanda kukoma, ndipo ulibe kuipitsa chilengedwe, kotero wafufuzidwa kwambiri ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Posachedwapa, guluu wa starch umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapepala, nsalu za thonje, maenvulopu, zilembo, ndi makatoni opangidwa ndi corrugated.
Guluu wa cellulose
Zinthu zochokera ku ether ya cellulose zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomatira zimaphatikizapo methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose ndi ethyl cellulose ina (EC): ndi ether ya A thermoplastic, yosasungunuka m'madzi, yopanda ionic cellulose alkyl ether.
Ili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala, kukana kwamphamvu kwa alkali, kutchinjiriza bwino magetsi komanso rheology yamakina, ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe osunga mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kutentha kwambiri komanso kotsika. Imagwirizana mosavuta ndi sera, utomoni, pulasitiki, ndi zina zotero, monga pepala, rabara, chikopa, ndi zomatira za nsalu.
Methyl cellulose (CMC): ionic cellulose ether. Mu makampani opanga nsalu, CMC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa starch yapamwamba kwambiri ngati chowonjezera kukula kwa nsalu. Nsalu zopakidwa ndi CMC zimatha kufewa ndikuwonjezera kwambiri mphamvu zosindikizira ndi utoto. 'Mu makampani opanga chakudya, ayisikilimu osiyanasiyana okoma omwe amawonjezeredwa ndi CMC amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, osavuta kupaka utoto, komanso osavuta kufewetsa. Monga guluu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zopalira, mabokosi a mapepala, matumba a mapepala, mapepala ophimba mapepala ndi matabwa opangidwa.
Cellulose esterzochokera ku zinthu zina: makamaka nitrocellulose ndi cellulose acetate. Nitrocellulose: Imadziwikanso kuti cellulose nitrate, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 10% ndi 14% chifukwa cha madigiri osiyanasiyana a esterification.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthuzi kumadziwika kuti thonje la moto, lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ufa wopanda utsi ndi colloidal gunpowder. Kuchepa kwa zinthuzi kumadziwikanso kuti collodion. Sisungunuka m'madzi, koma imasungunuka mu solvent yosakanikirana ya ethyl alcohol ndi ether, ndipo yankho lake ndi collodion. Chifukwa collodion solvent imaphwanyika ndikupanga filimu yolimba, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka mabotolo, kuteteza mabala ndi celluloid yoyamba yapulasitiki m'mbiri.
Ngati kuchuluka koyenera kwa alkyd resin kwawonjezedwa ngati chosinthira ndipo kuchuluka koyenera kwa camphor kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chogwirizira cholimba, kumakhala guluu wa nitrocellulose, womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala omangira, nsalu, chikopa, galasi, chitsulo ndi zoumbaumba.
Cellulose acetate: Imadziwikanso kuti cellulose acetate. Pakakhala chothandizira cha sulfuric acid, cellulose imasungunuka ndi chisakanizo cha acetic acid ndi ethanol, kenako acetic acid yosungunuka imawonjezeredwa kuti ipange hydrolyze ya chinthucho kufika pamlingo wofunikira wa esterification.
Poyerekeza ndi nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zomatira zopangidwa ndi solvent kuti zigwirizane ndi zinthu zapulasitiki monga magalasi ndi zoseweretsa. Poyerekeza ndi cellulose nitrate, imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kwa kukhuthala komanso kulimba, koma imakhala ndi kukana kwa asidi, kukana chinyezi komanso kukana nyengo.
guluu wa mapuloteni
Guluu wa mapuloteni ndi mtundu wa guluu wachilengedwe wokhala ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mapuloteni ngati zinthu zazikulu zopangira. Maguluu amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni a nyama ndi mapuloteni a masamba. Malinga ndi mapuloteni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amagawidwa m'magawo a mapuloteni a nyama (guluu wa fen, gelatin, guluu wa mapuloteni ovuta, ndi albumin) ndi mapuloteni a masamba (chimanga cha nyemba, ndi zina zotero). Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri akauma ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando ndi kupanga zinthu zamatabwa. Komabe, kukana kutentha ndi kukana madzi ndizochepa, zomwe maguluu a mapuloteni a nyama ndi ofunikira kwambiri.
Guluu wa mapuloteni a soya: Mapuloteni a ndiwo zamasamba si chakudya chofunikira chokha, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana osati chakudya. Johnson adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira za mapuloteni a soya, kuyambira mu 1923, ndipo adapempha chilolezo cha patent cha zomatira za mapuloteni a soya.
Mu 1930, guluu wa soya protein phenolic resin board (DuPont Mass Division) sunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yofooka yolumikizirana komanso mtengo wokwera wopanga.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kukula kwa msika wa zomatira, asidi wa mafuta padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe kwakopa chidwi, zomwe zapangitsa kuti makampani opanga zomatira aganizirenso zomatira zatsopano zachilengedwe, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zomatira za soya zikhalenso malo ofufuzira.
Guluu wa soya si woopsa, wopanda kukoma, wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma uli ndi kukana madzi koipa. Kuwonjezera 0.1% ~ 1.0% (kulemera) kwa zinthu zolumikizirana monga thiourea, carbon disulfide, tricarboxymethyl sulfide, ndi zina zotero kungathandize kukana madzi, ndikupanga zomatira zopangira matabwa ndi plywood.
Magulu a mapuloteni a nyama: Magulu a nyama akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opangira mipando ndi matabwa. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga mipando monga mipando, matebulo, makabati, zitsanzo, zoseweretsa, zinthu zamasewera ndi ma decker.
Guluu watsopano wamadzimadzi wa nyama wokhala ndi zinthu zolimba za 50-60% umaphatikizapo mitundu yolimba mwachangu komanso yopepuka pang'onopang'ono, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mapanelo a makabati olimba, nyumba zoyenda, ma laminate ovuta, ndi nyama zina zotentha zotsika mtengo. Guluu waung'ono ndi wapakatikati umafuna nthawi yoti guluu agwiritsidwe ntchito.
Guluu wa nyama ndi mtundu woyambira wa guluu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu matepi omatira. Matepi awa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matumba ogulitsa zinthu zopepuka komanso matepi olemera monga kutseka kapena kulongedza ulusi wolimba ndi mabokosi omatira kuti atumizidwe komwe kumafunika ntchito zamakina mwachangu komanso mphamvu yayitali yolimba.
Pa nthawiyi, kuchuluka kwa guluu wa mafupa kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo guluu wa khungu nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito wokha kapena kuphatikiza ndi guluu wa mafupa. Malinga ndi Coating Online, guluu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri umapangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba pafupifupi 50%, ndipo ukhoza kusakanizidwa ndi dextrin pa 10% mpaka 20% ya guluu wouma, komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa mankhwala onyowetsa, pulasitiki, choletsa gel (ngati pakufunika).
Chomatira (60~63℃) nthawi zambiri chimasakanizidwa ndi utoto papepala lothandizira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa cholimba nthawi zambiri kumakhala 25% ya kulemera kwa pepala. Tepi yonyowa imatha kuumitsidwa ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma roller otenthedwa ndi nthunzi kapena ndi zotenthetsera zosinthika za mpweya.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito guluu wa nyama kumaphatikizapo kupanga sandpaper ndi gauze abrasives, kukula ndi kuphimba nsalu ndi mapepala, komanso kumangirira mabuku ndi magazini.
Guluu wa Tannin
Tannin ndi mankhwala achilengedwe okhala ndi magulu a polyphenolic, omwe amapezeka kwambiri mu tsinde, makungwa, mizu, masamba ndi zipatso za zomera. Makamaka amachokera ku zidutswa za makungwa okonzedwa ndi mitengo ndi zomera zomwe zili ndi tannin yambiri. Tannin, formaldehyde ndi madzi zimasakanizidwa ndikutenthedwa kuti zipeze tannin resin, kenako chotsukira ndi chodzaza zimawonjezedwa, ndipo guluu wa tannin umapezeka posakaniza mofanana.
Guluu wa tannin umalimbana bwino ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, ndipo ntchito ya guluu wa matabwa ndi yofanana ndi ya guluu wa phenolic. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popangira guluu wa matabwa, ndi zina zotero.
guluu wa lignin
Lignin ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za matabwa, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala pafupifupi 20-40% ya matabwa, yachiwiri pambuyo pa cellulose. N'zovuta kutulutsa lignin mwachindunji kuchokera kumatabwa, ndipo gwero lalikulu ndi madzi otayira a pulp, omwe ali ndi zinthu zambiri.
Lignin sigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati guluu lokha, koma ndi polymer ya phenolic resin yomwe imapezeka chifukwa cha guluu la phenolic la lignin ndi formaldehyde ngati guluu. Pofuna kulimbitsa kukana kwa madzi, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamodzi ndi isopropane epoxy isocyanate yodzaza ndi mphete, phenol yopusa, resorcinol ndi mankhwala ena. Maguluu a Lignin amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polumikiza plywood ndi particleboard. Komabe, kukhuthala kwake ndi kwakukulu ndipo mtundu wake ndi wozama, ndipo pambuyo pokonzanso, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumatha kukulitsidwa.
Chingamu cha Chiarabu
Gum arabic, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti acacia gum, ndi exudate yochokera ku banja la dzombe zakuthengo. Dzinali limatchedwa chifukwa cha kupanga kwake kwakukulu m'maiko achiarabu. Gum arabic imapangidwa makamaka ndi ma polysaccharides otsika kulemera kwa mamolekyulu ndi ma acacia glycoproteins okwera kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi kwa gum arabic, kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta, kosafunikira kutentha kapena kufulumizitsa. Gum arabic imauma mwachangu kwambiri. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ma lens optical bonding, ma stamps omatira, kuyika zilembo zamalonda, kuyika ma bonding food packaging ndi ma auxiliaries osindikizira ndi dyeing.
Guluu wosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe
Zomatira zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda chilengedwe, monga ma phosphates, ma phosphates, ma sulfates, mchere wa boron, ma metal oxides, ndi zina zotero, zimatchedwa zomatira zopanda chilengedwe. Makhalidwe ake:
(1) Kukana kutentha kwambiri, kumatha kupirira kutentha kwa 1000 ℃ kapena kupitirira apo:
(2) Makhalidwe abwino oletsa ukalamba:
(3) Kuchepa pang'ono
(4) Kufooka kwakukulu. Modulus yotanuka ndi yapamwamba kuposa ya zomatira zachilengedwe:
(5) Kukana madzi, asidi ndi alkali n'kochepa.
Kodi mukudziwa? Zomatira zili ndi ntchito zina kupatula kumamatira.
Kuletsa dzimbiri: Mapaipi a nthunzi a sitimayo nthawi zambiri amaphimbidwa ndi aluminiyamu silicate ndi asbestos kuti azitha kutenthetsa, koma chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi kapena kuzizira ndi kutentha, madzi oundana amapangidwa, omwe amasonkhana pakhoma lakunja la mapaipi a nthunzi pansi; ndipo mapaipi a nthunzi amakumana ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali, mchere wosungunuka. Ntchito ya dzimbiri la khoma lakunja ndi yoopsa kwambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, zomatira za magalasi amadzi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zokutira pansi pa aluminiyamu silicate kuti apange chophimba chokhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi enamel. Pakuyika makina, zigawo nthawi zambiri zimamangiriridwa ndi maboliti. Kuwonekera kwa mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali pazida zomangiriridwa ndi maboliti kungayambitse dzimbiri. Pakugwira ntchito kwa makina, nthawi zina maboliti amamasulidwa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, zigawo zolumikizira zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi zomatira zosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mu makina oyika, kenako n’kulumikizidwa ndi mabolt. Izi sizingogwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi yokha, komanso zimathandiza polimbana ndi dzimbiri.
Zamankhwala: Kapangidwe ka hydroxyapatite bioceramic kamakhala pafupi ndi gawo lopangidwa ndi fupa la munthu, kamagwirizana bwino ndi fupa, kamatha kupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu wa mankhwala ndi fupa, ndipo ndi chinthu choyenera cholowa m'malo mwa minofu yolimba.
Komabe, modulus yokhazikika ya HA implants yokonzedwa ndi yokwera ndipo mphamvu yake ndi yochepa, ndipo ntchito yake si yabwino. Guluu wagalasi wa phosphate umasankhidwa, ndipo ufa wa HA umalumikizidwa pamodzi pa kutentha kotsika kuposa kutentha kwachikhalidwe kotentha kudzera mu ntchito ya guluu, motero kuchepetsa modulus yokhazikika ndikutsimikizira ntchito ya zinthuzo.
Cohesion Technologies Ltd. yalengeza kuti yapanga Coseal sealant yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito polumikiza mtima ndipo yagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kuchipatala. Pogwiritsa ntchito milandu 21 yokhudza opaleshoni ya mtima ku Europe, zapezeka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito Coseal surgery kunachepetsa kwambiri ma adhesion opareshoni poyerekeza ndi njira zina. Kafukufuku woyambirira wa zachipatala wotsatira adawonetsa kuti Coseal sealant ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pa opaleshoni ya mtima, matenda a akazi komanso m'mimba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira mu zamankhwala kumadziwika kuti ndi malo atsopano okulirapo mumakampani omatira. Guluu wopangidwa ndi epoxy resin kapena polyester yosakhuta.
Mu ukadaulo wa chitetezo: Mabomba a pansi pamadzi obisika ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za kusintha kwa zida zankhondo zapamadzi. Njira yofunika kwambiri yobisalira pansi pamadzi ndikuyika matailosi obisalira mawu pa chipolopolo cha sitima yapamadzi. Matailosi obisalira mawu ndi mtundu wa rabara wokhala ndi mphamvu zobisalira mawu.
Kuti tigwirizane bwino ndi matailosi oletsa kuzizira ndi mbale yachitsulo ya khoma la bwato, ndikofunikira kudalira guluu. Limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wankhondo: kukonza matanki, kusonkhanitsa maboti ankhondo, zombo zoyatsira magetsi za ndege zankhondo, chitetezo cha kutentha cha mutu wankhondo, kukonzekera zinthu zobisala, kulimbana ndi uchigawenga ndi kulimbana ndi uchigawenga.
Kodi ndi zodabwitsa? Musayang'ane guluu wathu waung'ono, muli chidziwitso chochuluka mmenemo.
Zinthu zazikulu zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo za guluu
Nthawi yogwirira ntchito
Nthawi yayitali pakati pa kusakaniza zomatira ndi kuyika zigawo zomwe ziyenera kulumikizidwa
Nthawi yoyamba yokonza
Nthawi Yotha Kuchotsa Mphamvu Imalola Mphamvu Yokwanira Yogwirira Ma Bond, Kuphatikizapo Kusuntha Zigawo Kuchokera ku Zomangira
nthawi yonse yochira
Nthawi yofunikira kuti mupeze mphamvu zomaliza zamakina mutasakaniza zomatira
nthawi yosungira
Pazifukwa zina, guluu umatha kusungabe mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito komanso nthawi yosungira mphamvu zomwe zatchulidwa.
mphamvu ya mgwirizano
Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yakunja, kupsinjika komwe kumafunika kuti kulumikizana pakati pa guluu ndi chogwirizira mu gawo la guluu kuwonongeke kapena pafupi ndi icho.
Mphamvu yometa
Mphamvu yodula imatanthauza mphamvu yodula yomwe pamwamba pa cholumikizira cha unit imatha kupirira pamene gawo lolumikizira lawonongeka, ndipo unit yake imawonetsedwa mu MPa (N/mm2)
Mphamvu yosiyana yopumira
Katundu wokwera kwambiri womwe cholumikiziracho chingapirire chikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yosiyana yokoka, chifukwa katunduyo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mbali ziwiri kapena m'mphepete mwa guluu, ndipo mphamvuyo ndi kutalika kwa unit osati pa dera la unit, ndipo unit ndi KN/m
Kulimba kwamakokedwe
Mphamvu yokoka, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yopumira yofanana ndi mphamvu yokoka, imatanthauza mphamvu yokoka pa gawo lililonse la unit pamene kumatirira kwawonongeka ndi mphamvu, ndipo unit imafotokozedwa mu MPa (N/mm2).
mphamvu yotsekeka
Mphamvu ya peel ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri pa unit m'lifupi womwe ungathe kupirira pamene ziwalo zomangiriridwazo zalekanitsidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yodziwika ya peel, ndipo unit yake imafotokozedwa mu KN/m
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-25-2024