Manna na halitta galibi ana amfani da su a rayuwarmu. A cewar majiyoyi daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa manne na dabbobi, manne na kayan lambu da manne na ma'adinai. Manna na dabbobi ya haɗa da manne na fata, manne na ƙashi, shellac, manne na casein, manne na albumin, manne na mafitsara na kifi, da sauransu; manne na kayan lambu ya haɗa da sitaci, dextrin, rosin, gum arabic, roba na halitta, da sauransu; manne na ma'adinai ya haɗa da kakin ma'adinai, kwalta Jira. Saboda yawan tushensa, ƙarancin farashi da ƙarancin guba, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan daki, ɗaure littattafai, marufi da sarrafa kayan hannu.
manne sitaci
Bayan manne sitaci ya shiga ƙarni na 21, kyakkyawan aikin muhalli na kayan zai zama babban fasali na sabon kayan. Sitaci abu ne mai guba, mara lahani, mai araha, mai lalacewa kuma mai lafiya ga muhalli. Ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antu daban-daban. Musamman a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, fasahar samar da masana'antu ta manne a duniya tana haɓaka ta hanyar adana makamashi, ƙarancin farashi, babu wani lahani, babban ɗanko da babu mai narkewa.
A matsayin wani nau'in samfurin kare muhalli mai kore, manne sitaci ya jawo hankali sosai da kuma babban hankali a masana'antar manne. Dangane da aikace-aikacen da haɓaka manne sitaci, yuwuwar manne sitaci da sitaci masara ke samarwa abin alfahari ne, kuma bincike da amfani sune suka fi yawa.
Kwanan nan, sitaci a matsayin manne ana amfani da shi galibi a cikin kayayyakin takarda da takarda, kamar su rufe kwali da kwali, lakabi, manne jirgin sama, ambulan manne, haɗa jakar takarda mai layuka da yawa, da sauransu.
An gabatar da manne-mannaye da dama na sitaci a ƙasa:
Manna sitaci mai oxidized
Ana yin gelatinizer da aka shirya daga cakuda sitaci da aka gyara tare da ƙarancin polymerization wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar aldehyde da ƙungiyar carboxyl da ruwa a ƙarƙashin aikin oxidant ta hanyar dumama ko gelatinizing a zafin ɗaki. Bayan an yi oxidizing sitaci, ana samar da sitaci mai narkewar ruwa, danshi da mannewa.
Adadin sinadarin oxidant ƙarami ne, matakin oxidation bai isa ba, jimillar sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki da sitaci ke samarwa yana raguwa, danko na manne yana ƙaruwa, danko na farko yana raguwa, ruwan ba shi da kyau. Yana da babban tasiri akan acidity, bayyananne da kuma abun ciki na hydroxyl na manne.
Tare da tsawaita lokacin amsawa, matakin iskar shaka yana ƙaruwa, abun da ke cikin ƙungiyar carboxyl yana ƙaruwa, kuma ɗanko na samfurin yana raguwa a hankali, amma bayyananniya yana ƙaruwa da kyau.
Manna sitaci mai ƙarfi
Manne-manne na sitaci mai ƙamshi sune manne-manne na sitaci waɗanda ba za a iya lalata su ba, waɗanda ke ba da sitaci tare da sabbin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ta hanyar amsawar esterification tsakanin ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl na ƙwayoyin sitaci da sauran abubuwa, don haka inganta aikin manne-manne na sitaci. Saboda haɗin kai na ɓangare na sitaci mai ƙamshi, don haka ɗanko yana ƙaruwa, kwanciyar hankali na ajiya ya fi kyau, an inganta halayen hana danshi da hana ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma layin manne zai iya jure aiki mai girma da ƙasa da madadin.
Manne na sitaci da aka dasa
Tsarin haɗa sitaci shine amfani da hanyoyin zahiri da na sinadarai don sanya sarkar ƙwayoyin sitaci ta samar da 'yanci, kuma lokacin da aka haɗu da monomers na polymer, ana samar da haɗin sarka. Sarkar gefe da ta ƙunshi monomers na polymer ana samar da ita akan babban sarkar sitaci.
Yin amfani da fasalin cewa ƙwayoyin polyethylene da sitaci suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, ana iya ƙirƙirar haɗin hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin polyvinyl da sitaci, waɗanda ke taka rawar "haɗawa" tsakanin ƙwayoyin polyvinyl da sitaci, don haka mannewar sitaci da aka samu yana da ƙarin kyawawan mannewa, ruwa da kuma hana daskarewa.
Domin manne sitaci manne ne na halitta, farashi ne mai rahusa, ba shi da guba kuma ba shi da ɗanɗano, kuma ba shi da gurɓataccen muhalli, don haka an yi bincike sosai kuma an yi amfani da shi. Kwanan nan, ana amfani da manne sitaci galibi a cikin takarda, yadin auduga, ambulaf, lakabi, da kwali mai rufi.
Manna Cellulose
Abubuwan da aka samo daga cellulose ether da ake amfani da su azaman manne sun haɗa da methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose da sauran ethyl cellulose (EC): wani abu ne mai thermoplastic, wanda ba ya narkewa a ruwa, kuma ba shi da ionic cellulose alkyl ether.
Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, juriya ga alkali mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen rufin lantarki da kuma tsarin rheology na injiniya, kuma yana da halaye na kiyaye ƙarfi da sassauci a yanayin zafi mai zafi da ƙasa. Yana da sauƙin dacewa da kakin zuma, resin, plasticizer, da sauransu, a matsayin takarda, roba, fata, da manne don yadi.
Methyl cellulose (CMC): ionic cellulose ether. A cikin masana'antar yadi, ana amfani da CMC sau da yawa don maye gurbin sitaci mai inganci a matsayin wakili mai girma ga yadi. Yadi da aka shafa da CMC na iya ƙara laushi da kuma inganta halayen bugawa da rini sosai. 'A cikin masana'antar abinci, nau'ikan ice cream iri-iri da aka ƙara da CMC suna da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na siffa, mai sauƙin launi, kuma ba shi da sauƙin laushi. A matsayin manne, ana amfani da shi don yin ƙugiya, akwatunan takarda, jakunkunan takarda, bangon bango da katako na wucin gadi.
Cellulose esterAbubuwan da aka samo: galibi nitrocellulose da cellulose acetate. Nitrocellulose: Wanda aka fi sani da cellulose nitrate, yawan sinadarin nitrogen ɗinsa yawanci yana tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 14% saboda bambancin matakan esterification.
Ana kiran babban sinadarin da audugar wuta, wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen kera hodar gun mara hayaki da kuma ta colloidal. Ƙananan sinadarin ana kiransa collodion. Ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma yana narkewa a cikin gaurayen sinadarin ethyl alcohol da ether, kuma maganin shine collodion. Saboda sinadarin collodion yana ƙafewa kuma yana samar da fim mai tauri, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don rufe kwalba, kariyar rauni da kuma celluloid na roba na farko a tarihi.
Idan aka ƙara adadin alkyd resin da ya dace a matsayin gyara kuma aka yi amfani da adadin camphor mai dacewa a matsayin maganin tauri, zai zama manne na nitrocellulose, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don haɗa takarda, zane, fata, gilashi, ƙarfe da yumbu.
Cellulose acetate: Wanda aka fi sani da cellulose acetate. A gaban sinadarin sulfuric acid catalyst, ana haɗa cellulose da cakuda acetic acid da ethanol, sannan a ƙara acetic acid mai narkewa don samar da hydrolyzes zuwa matakin da ake so na esterification.
Idan aka kwatanta da nitrocellulose, ana iya amfani da cellulose acetate don ƙirƙirar manne mai tushen narkewa don haɗa samfuran filastik kamar gilashi da kayan wasa. Idan aka kwatanta da cellulose nitrate, yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga danko da juriya, amma yana da ƙarancin juriya ga acid, juriya ga danshi da juriya ga yanayi.
manne mai furotin
Manna furotin wani nau'in manne ne na halitta wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu ɗauke da furotin a matsayin babban kayan da aka yi amfani da su. Ana iya yin manne daga furotin na dabbobi da na kayan lambu. Dangane da furotin da aka yi amfani da shi, an raba shi zuwa furotin na dabbobi (manna fen, gelatin, manne mai haɗaka, da albumin) da furotin na kayan lambu (danko, da sauransu). Gabaɗaya suna da ƙarfin haɗuwa sosai lokacin da suka bushe kuma ana amfani da su a masana'antar kayan daki da samar da kayayyakin itace. Duk da haka, juriyarsa ga zafi da juriyarsa ga ruwa ba su da kyau, waɗanda manne furotin na dabbobi suka fi muhimmanci.
Manna furotin na waken soya: Sunadaran kayan lambu ba wai kawai wani muhimmin kayan abinci bane, har ma yana da amfani iri-iri a fannoni daban-daban na abinci. An haɓaka shi ta hanyar manne furotin na waken soya, tun farkon 1923, Johnson ya nemi izinin mallaka don manne furotin na waken soya.
A shekarar 1930, ba a yi amfani da manne mai siffar phenolic resin board na furotin waken soya ba (DuPont Mass Division) saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin haɗin kai da kuma tsadar samar da shi.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda faɗaɗa kasuwar mannewa, sinadarin acid na albarkatun mai na duniya da gurɓatar muhalli sun jawo hankali, wanda hakan ya sa masana'antar mannewa ta sake duba sabbin manne na halitta, wanda hakan ya sa mannewar furotin na waken soya ta sake zama wurin bincike.
Manna waken soya ba shi da guba, ba shi da ɗanɗano, yana da sauƙin amfani, amma yana da ƙarancin juriya ga ruwa. Ƙara 0.1% ~ 1.0% (yawa) na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa kamar thiourea, carbon disulfide, tricarboxymethyl sulfide, da sauransu na iya inganta juriya ga ruwa, da kuma yin manne don haɗa katako da samar da plywood.
Manna furotin na dabbobi: Ana amfani da manna na dabbobi sosai a masana'antar kayan daki da sarrafa itace. Kayayyakin da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da kayan daki kamar kujeru, tebura, kabad, samfura, kayan wasa, kayan wasanni da kuma kayan daki.
Sabbin manne na dabbobi masu ruwa-ruwa waɗanda ke da sinadarin daskararru na kashi 50-60% sun haɗa da nau'ikan manne masu sauri da kuma waɗanda ake amfani da su a hankali, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen haɗa bangarorin firam na kabad ɗin katako, haɗa kayan gida masu motsi, laminates masu wahala, da sauran dabbobin zafi masu rahusa. Ƙananan da matsakaitan manne suna buƙatar lokutan manne.
Manna dabba wani nau'in manne ne na asali da ake amfani da shi a cikin tef ɗin manne. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan tef ɗin don jakunkunan dillalai masu sauƙin amfani da kuma tef ɗin da aka yi da nauyi kamar rufewa ko marufi na zare mai ƙarfi da akwatunan corrugated don jigilar kaya inda ake buƙatar ayyukan injiniya cikin sauri da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa.
A wannan lokacin, adadin manne na ƙashi yana da yawa, kuma ana amfani da manne na fata shi kaɗai ko a haɗa shi da manne na ƙashi. A cewar Coating Online, manne da ake amfani da shi gabaɗaya ana ƙera shi da ƙarfi na kusan kashi 50%, kuma ana iya haɗa shi da dextrin a kashi 10% zuwa 20% na busasshen manne, da kuma ƙaramin adadin manne mai jika, mai plasticizer, mai hana gel (idan ya cancanta).
Ana haɗa manne (60~63℃) da fenti a kan takardar baya, kuma yawan daskararren da aka ajiye yawanci shine kashi 25% na nauyin tushen takardar. Ana iya busar da tef ɗin danshi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ta amfani da na'urori masu juyawa masu zafi da tururi ko kuma tare da na'urorin dumama kai tsaye na iska.
Bugu da ƙari, amfani da manne na dabbobi ya haɗa da ƙera takarda mai yashi da kuma goge gauze, girman da kuma shafa masa yadi da takarda, da kuma ɗaure littattafai da mujallu.
Manna tannin
Tannin wani sinadari ne na halitta wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin polyphenolic, waɗanda ke cikin tushe, haushi, saiwoyi, ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa na shuke-shuke. Galibi ana samun su ne daga tarkacen ɓawon itace da tsire-tsire masu yawan tannin. Ana haɗa tannin, formaldehyde da ruwa a dumama su don samun resin tannin, sannan a ƙara sinadarin warkarwa da abin cikawa, sannan a sami manne na tannin ta hanyar juyawa daidai gwargwado.
Manna tannin yana da juriya mai kyau ga tsufar zafi da danshi, kuma aikin manne itacen yana kama da na manne phenolic. Ana amfani da shi galibi don manne itacen, da sauransu.
manne na lignin
Lignin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin itace, kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun kai kusan kashi 20-40% na itace, wanda ya biyo bayan cellulose. Yana da wuya a cire lignin kai tsaye daga itace, kuma babban tushen shine ruwan sharar pulp, wanda yake da wadataccen albarkatu.
Ba a amfani da Lignin a matsayin manne kawai ba, amma polymer na resin phenolic da aka samu ta hanyar aikin ƙungiyar phenolic na lignin da formaldehyde a matsayin manne. Domin inganta juriyar ruwa, ana iya amfani da shi tare da isopropane epoxy isocyanate, stupid phenol, resorcinol da sauran mahadi. Ana amfani da manne na Lignin galibi don haɗa plywood da barbashi. Duk da haka, ɗanɗanonsa yana da yawa kuma launinsa yana da zurfi, kuma bayan an inganta shi, ana iya faɗaɗa iyakokin amfani.
Danko na Larabci
Gum Arabic, wanda kuma aka sani da acacia gum, wani abu ne da aka fitar daga bishiyar dangin locust. An sanya masa suna saboda yawan samar da shi a ƙasashen Larabawa. Gum Arabic galibi ya ƙunshi ƙananan polysaccharides masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma manyan acacia glycoproteins masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta. Saboda kyawun narkewar ruwa na gum Arabic, tsari yana da sauƙi, ba ya buƙatar zafi ko accelerator. Gum Arabic yana bushewa da sauri. Ana iya amfani da shi don haɗa ruwan tabarau na gani, manne tambari, liƙa alamun kasuwanci, haɗa marufi na abinci da kuma buga da rini.
Manne mara tsari
Ana kiran manne da aka ƙera da abubuwa marasa tsari, kamar su phosphates, phosphates, sulfates, gishirin boron, ƙarfe oxides, da sauransu, manne marasa tsari. Halayensa:
(1) Juriyar zafin jiki mai yawa, zai iya jure yanayin zafi 1000 ℃ ko sama da haka:
(2) Kyakkyawan kaddarorin hana tsufa:
(3) Ƙaramin raguwa
(4) Ƙarfin karyewa sosai. Tsarin roba ya fi na manne na halitta girma:
(5) Ba su da juriya ga ruwa, acid da alkali.
Shin ka sani? Manna yana da wasu amfani banda mannewa.
Hana Tsatsa: Bututun tururi na jiragen ruwa galibi ana rufe su da aluminum silicate da asbestos don samun rufin zafi, amma saboda zubewa ko sanyi da zafi mai canzawa, ana samar da ruwan da ke taruwa, wanda ke taruwa a bangon waje na bututun tururi na ƙasa; kuma bututun tururi suna fuskantar zafi mai yawa na dogon lokaci, gishiri mai narkewa. Matsayin tsatsa na bango na waje yana da matuƙar muhimmanci.
Don haka, ana iya amfani da manne na jerin gilashin ruwa a matsayin kayan shafa a ƙasan layin aluminum silicate don samar da shafi mai tsari kamar enamel. A cikin shigarwa na injiniya, galibi ana ɗaure sassan. Shafar iska na dogon lokaci ga na'urorin da aka ɗaure na iya haifar da tsatsa a cikin rami. A cikin aikin injiniya, wani lokacin mannewar tana sassauta saboda girgiza mai tsanani.
Domin magance wannan matsala, ana iya haɗa abubuwan haɗin da manne marasa tsari a cikin shigarwar injina, sannan a haɗa su da ƙusoshi. Wannan ba wai kawai zai iya taka rawa a cikin ƙarfafawa ba, har ma yana taka rawa wajen hana lalata.
Biomedical: Abun da ke cikin sinadarin hydroxyapatite bioceramic yana kusa da sinadarin da ba shi da sinadarai a cikin ƙashin ɗan adam, yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da halittu, yana iya samar da haɗin sinadarai mai ƙarfi da ƙashi, kuma abu ne mai kyau na maye gurbin kyallen takarda mai tauri.
Duk da haka, tsarin roba na gaba ɗaya na dashen HA da aka shirya yana da girma kuma ƙarfinsa ƙasa ne, kuma aikin bai dace ba. Ana zaɓar manne gilashin phosphate, kuma ana haɗa foda na HA tare a ƙaramin zafin jiki fiye da zafin sintering na gargajiya ta hanyar aikin manne, ta haka ne ake rage tsarin roba da kuma tabbatar da aikin kayan.
Kamfanin Cohesion Technologies Ltd. ya sanar da cewa sun ƙirƙiro wani maganin rufe fuska na Coseal wanda za a iya amfani da shi don haɗa zuciya kuma an yi amfani da shi cikin nasara a asibiti. Ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi wa mutum 21 na tiyatar zuciya a Turai, an gano cewa amfani da tiyatar Coseal ya rage mannewar tiyata sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin. Binciken farko na asibiti da aka yi ya nuna cewa maganin rufe fuska na Coseal yana da babban tasiri a tiyatar zuciya, ta mata da kuma ta ciki.
Ana san amfani da manne a magani a matsayin sabon wurin girma a masana'antar manne. Manna mai tsari wanda aka yi da resin epoxy ko polyester mara cika.
A fannin fasahar tsaro: Jiragen ruwa na ɓoye suna ɗaya daga cikin alamomin zamani na kayan aikin jiragen ruwa. Wata muhimmiyar hanyar ɓoye jiragen ruwa ita ce sanya tayal masu ɗaukar sauti a kan harsashin jirgin ruwa. Tayal mai ɗaukar sauti wani nau'in roba ne mai halayen ɗaukar sauti.
Domin cimma haɗin ƙarfe na tayal ɗin murfi da farantin ƙarfe na bangon jirgin ruwa, ya zama dole a dogara da manne. Ana amfani da shi a fagen soja: kula da tankuna, haɗa jiragen ruwa na soja, bama-bamai masu sauƙi na jiragen sama na soja, haɗa layin kariya na zafi na kan makami mai linzami, shirya kayan ɓoyewa, yaƙi da ta'addanci da kuma yaƙi da ta'addanci.
Shin abin mamaki ne? Kada ka kalli ƙaramin mannenmu, akwai ilimi mai yawa a ciki.
Babban halayen jiki da sinadarai na manne
Lokacin aiki
Matsakaicin tazara tsakanin haɗa manne da haɗa sassan da za a haɗa
Lokacin farko na warkarwa
Lokacin da za a Cire Ƙarfin Yana Ba da Isasshen Ƙarfi don Kula da Haɗi, gami da Motsa Sassan daga Kayan Aiki
cikakken lokacin warkarwa
Lokacin da ake buƙata don cimma halayen injiniya na ƙarshe bayan haɗa manne
lokacin ajiya
A ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, manne zai iya ci gaba da kiyaye halayensa na sarrafawa da lokacin ajiya na ƙarfin da aka ƙayyade
ƙarfin haɗin
A ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin waje, matsin lambar da ake buƙata don sa haɗin da ke tsakanin manne da manne a cikin ɓangaren manne ya lalace ko kuma kusa da shi
Ƙarfin yankewa
Ƙarfin yankewa yana nufin ƙarfin yankewa wanda saman haɗin na'urar zai iya jurewa lokacin da ɓangaren haɗin ya lalace, kuma an bayyana na'urar a cikin MPa (N/mm2)
Ƙarfin ja mara daidaituwa
Matsakaicin nauyin da haɗin zai iya ɗauka lokacin da aka fuskanci ƙarfin jan hankali mara daidaituwa, saboda nauyin galibi yana tarawa ne akan gefuna biyu ko gefen ɗaya na layin manne, kuma ƙarfin yana kan kowane tsawon naúrar maimakon kowane yanki na naúrar, kuma naúrar tana KN/m
Ƙarfin Taurin Kai
Ƙarfin tauri, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarfin jan hankali iri ɗaya da ƙarfin tauri mai kyau, yana nufin ƙarfin tauri a kowane yanki na naúrar lokacin da mannewar ta lalace ta hanyar ƙarfi, kuma naúrar tana bayyana a cikin MPa (N/mm2).
ƙarfin barewa
Ƙarfin barewa shine matsakaicin kaya a kowace faɗin naúrar da zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka raba sassan da aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin yanayin barewa da aka ƙayyade, kuma ana bayyana naúrarsa a cikin KN/m
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-25-2024