Ka hangaia te etera cellulose (CelluloseEther) mai i te cellulose mā te tauhohenga etherification o tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā kaihoko etherification me te huri maroke. E ai ki ngā hanganga matū rerekē o ngā whakakapinga etera, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā etera cellulose ki ngā etera anionic, cationic me te nonionic. Ko ngā etera cellulose ionic kei roto ko te carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC); ko ngā etera cellulose kore-ionic kei roto ko te methyl cellulose ether (MC), te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) me te hydroxyethyl cellulose ether. Ko te chlorine ether (HC) me ētahi atu. Ka wehea ngā etera kore-ionic ki ngā etera wairewa-wai me ngā etera wairewa-hinu, ā, ko ngā etera wairewa-wai kore-ionic ka whakamahia nuitia i roto i ngā hua moata. I te aroaro o ngā iona konupūmā, he kore pumau te etera cellulose ionic, nō reira he onge te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hua moata maroke-whakaranu e whakamahi ana i te sima, te raima kua whakamatea, me ētahi atu hei rauemi sima. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā etera cellulose wairewa-wai kore-ionic i roto i te umanga rauemi hanga nā te mea he pumau te whakatārewatanga me te pupuri wai.
1. Ngā āhuatanga matū o te cellulose ether
Kei ia cellulose ether te hanganga taketake o te cellulose — te hanganga anhydroglucose. I roto i te tukanga whakaputa cellulose ether, ka whakamahanahia tuatahitia te muka cellulose i roto i te otinga kawakore, kātahi ka rongoatia ki te kaihoko etherifying. Ka purea te hua tauhohenga muka, ka kuruhia kia hanga he paura ōrite me te matotoru.
I roto i te tukanga whakaputa o te MC, ko te methyl chloride anake e whakamahia ana hei kaihoko etherification; i tua atu i te methyl chloride, ka whakamahia hoki te propylene oxide hei whiwhi i ngā rōpū whakakapinga hydroxypropyl i roto i te whakaputanga o te HPMC. He rerekē ngā ōwehenga whakakapinga methyl me hydroxypropyl o ngā cellulose ethers, e pā ana ki te hototahitanga waro me te pāmahana gelation wera o ngā otinga cellulose ether.
2. Ngā āhuatanga tono o te cellulose ether
He pūhui hanga-haurua kore-ionic te cellulose ether, he wairewa-wai, he wairewa-whakarewa hoki. He rerekē ngā pānga o tēnei ki ngā ahumahi rerekē. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā rauemi hanga matū, e whai ake nei ngā pānga hiato:
①Kai pupuri wai ②Whakamātotoru ③Āhuatanga whakataurite ④Āhuatanga hanga kiriata ⑤Kaihere
I roto i te umanga polyvinyl chloride, he emulsifier me te dispersant; i roto i te umanga rongoā, he mea here me te rauemi anga tuku puhoi me te whakahaere, me ētahi atu. Nā te mea he maha ngā pānga hiato o te cellulose, ko tōna whakamahinga he whānui rawa atu hoki. Ko te kaupapa e whai ake nei e arotahi ana ki te whakamahinga me te mahi a te cellulose ether i roto i ngā momo rauemi hanga.
(1) I roto i te peita rapa:
I roto i te umanga peita rapa, hei whiriwhiri i te hydroxyethyl cellulose, ko te whakatakotoranga whānui o te matotoru ōrite ko RT30000-50000cps, e rite ana ki te whakatakotoranga o HBR250, ā, ko te horopeta tohutoro he 1.5‰-2‰ te nuinga. Ko te mahi matua o te hydroxyethyl i roto i te peita rapa ko te whakamātotoru, te aukati i te waikura o te tae, te āwhina i te marara o te tae, te pumau o te rapa, me te whakanui ake i te matotoru o ngā wāhanga, e whai wāhi ana ki te mahi whakataurite o te hanganga: He watea ake te whakamahi i te Hydroxyethyl cellulose. Ka taea te whakarewa ki te wai matao me te wai wera, ā, kāore e pāngia e te uara pH. Ka taea te whakamahi me te marino o te hinengaro ina kei waenga i te 2 me te 12 te uara PI. Ko ngā tikanga whakamahi koia ēnei: I. Te Tāpiri Tika ki te Hanga: Mō tēnei tikanga, me whiriwhiri te momo hydroxyethyl cellulose whakaroa, ā, me whakamahi te hydroxyethyl cellulose me te wā whakarewa neke atu i te 30 meneti. Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei: ① Whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi ipu he mea whakakorikori kutikuti-teitei. Wai parakore tau ②Tīmata ki te whakaoho tonu i te tere iti, ā, i te wā kotahi, tāpirihia mārire te hydroxyethyl ki roto i te otinga kia ōrite. ③Me whakaoho tonu kia mākū katoa ngā rauemi kirikiri ④Tāpirihia ētahi atu tāpiri me ngā tāpiri kawakore, me ētahi atu. ⑤Whakaohokia kia memeha rawa te turanga hydroxyethyl, kātahi ka tāpirihia ētahi atu wāhanga ki te tauira, ka huri kia oti ra ano te hua. Ⅱ. Kua rite ki te wai whaea mō te whakamahinga ā muri ake nei: Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whiriwhiri i te cellulose inamata, he pānga ārai-haruru. Ko te painga o tēnei tikanga he nui ake te ngāwari, ā, ka taea te tāpiri tika ki te peita rapa. He rite tonu te tikanga whakarite ki ngā mahi ①-④. Ⅲ. Whakaritea te parāoa mō te whakamahinga ā muri ake nei: Nā te mea he ngoikore ngā whakarewa waro (kāore e rewa) mō te hydroxyethyl, ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei whakarewa hei whakarite parāoa. Ko ngā whakarewa rauropi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā wai rauropi i roto i ngā hanganga peita rapa, pērā i te ethylene glycol, te propylene glycol, me ngā kaihanga kiriata (pērā i te diethylene glycol butyl acetate). Ka taea te tāpiri tika i te porridge hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te peita. Me whakaoho tonu kia memeha rawa.
(2) I roto i te putty waru pakitara:
I tēnei wā, i te nuinga o ngā tāone o tōku whenua, ko te putty ātete-wai me te ātete-horoi e aro nui ana ki te taiao e tino manakohia ana e te tangata. Ka hangaia mā te tauhohenga acetal o te waipiro vinyl me te formaldehyde. Nō reira, ka āta tangohia tēnei rauemi e te tangata, ā, ka whakamahia ngā hua raupapa cellulose ether hei whakakapi i tēnei rauemi. Arā, mō te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hanga whare e aro nui ana ki te taiao, ko te cellulose anake te rauemi i tēnei wā. I roto i te putty ātete-wai, ka wehea kia rua ngā momo: te putty paura maroke me te whakapiri putty. I roto i ēnei momo putty e rua, me whiriwhiri te methyl cellulose whakarerekētia me te hydroxypropyl methyl. Ko te whakatakotoranga matotoru kei waenganui i te 30000-60000cps. Ko ngā mahi matua o te cellulose i roto i te putty ko te pupuri wai, te here me te whakahinuhinu. Nā te mea he rerekē ngā tauira putty o ngā kaihanga rerekē, ko ētahi he konupūmā hina, he konupūmā māmā, he sima mā, me ētahi atu, ko ētahi he paura gypsum, he konupūmā hina, he konupūmā māmā, nō reira he rerekē hoki ngā whakatakotoranga, te matotoru me te urunga o te cellulose i roto i ngā tauira e rua. Ko te nui o te tāpiri he tata ki te 2‰-3‰. I roto i te hanganga o te putty waru pakitara, nā te mea he taumata mimiti wai te mata o raro o te pakitara (ko te tere mimiti wai o te pakitara pereki he 13%, ā, ko te tere mimiti wai o te raima he 3-5%), me te mimiti o te ao o waho, ki te tere rawa te ngaro o te wai i roto i te putty, ka arahi ki te pakaru, ki te tango paura rānei, ka ngoikore te kaha o te putty. Nō reira, mā te tāpiri i te cellulose ether ka whakatauhia tēnei raruraru. Engari he mea tino nui hoki te kounga o te whakakī, inā koa te kounga o te konupūmā pungarehu. Nā te matotoru nui o te cellulose, ka whakanuia hoki te pūmau o te putty, ā, ka karohia hoki te āhuatanga totoro i te wā hanga, ā, he pai ake te whakamarie me te penapena mahi i muri i te waru. He watea ake te tāpiri i te cellulose ether ki roto i te putty paura. He watea ake te hanga me te whakamahi. Ka taea te whakaranu i te whakakī me ngā tāpiringa ki te paura maroke.
(3) Te moata raima:
I roto i te moata raima, kia eke ki te kaha tino teitei, me tino makuku te sima. Ina koa i te hanganga raumati, ka tere rawa te ngaro o te wai o te moata raima, ā, ka whakamahia ngā mehua o te makuku katoa hei pupuri me te tauhiuhi i te wai. He moumou rauemi me te koretake o te mahi, ko te mea nui ko te wai kei runga noa i te mata, ā, kāore anō kia oti te makuku o roto, nō reira ko te otinga ki tēnei raruraru ko te tāpiri i ngā kaihoko pupuri wai e waru ki te moata raima, ko te tikanga he whiriwhiri i te hydroxypropyl methyl, te methyl Cellulose rānei, ko te whakatakotoranga matotoru kei waenga i te 20000-60000cps, ā, ko te nui o te tāpiri he 2%-3%. Ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere pupuri wai ki te neke atu i te 85%. Ko te tikanga whakamahi i roto i te moata raima ko te whakaranu i te paura maroke kia ōrite, ka ringihia ki roto i te wai.
(4) I roto i te paninga ki te gypsum, te gypsum piri, te gypsum whakapiri:
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga hanga, kei te piki haere hoki te hiahia o te tangata mō ngā rauemi hanga hou i ia rā, i ia rā. Nā te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga o te tangata ki te tiaki taiao me te whakapai tonu i te whai huatanga o te hanga, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā hua gypsum sima. I tēnei wā, ko ngā hua gypsum tino noa ko te gypsum parai, te gypsum here, te gypsum whakairo, me te piripiri taera. He rauemi parai kounga teitei te gypsum parai mō ngā pakitara me ngā tuanui o roto. He pai, he maeneene hoki te mata o te pakitara i paraitia ki a ia. Ko te piripiri papa rama whare hou he rauemi piri i hangaia ki te gypsum hei rauemi turanga me ngā momo tāpiri. He pai mō te here i waenga i ngā momo rauemi pakitara hanga kore-ora. Kāore he paitini, kāore he kakara, he wawe te kaha me te tere o te whakatakoto, he kaha te here me ētahi atu āhuatanga, he rauemi tautoko mō ngā papa hanga me te hanganga poraka; ko te kaihoko whakapiri gypsum he whakakī āputa i waenga i ngā papa gypsum me te whakakī whakatika mō ngā pakitara me ngā kapiti. He maha ngā mahi a ēnei hua gypsum. Haunga te mahi a te gypsum me ngā whakakī e pā ana, ko te take matua ko ngā tāpiringa cellulose ether kua tāpirihia he mahi matua. I te mea kua wehea te gypsum ki te gypsum korewai me te gypsum hemihydrate, he rerekē ngā pānga o ngā gypsum rerekē ki te mahi o te hua, nō reira ko te matotoru, te pupuri wai me te whakaroa ka whakatau i te kounga o ngā rauemi hanga gypsum. Ko te raruraru noa o ēnei rauemi ko te poka me te ngatata, ā, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te kaha tīmatanga. Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, me whiriwhiri te momo cellulose me te tikanga whakamahi matū o te whakaroa. I tēnei whakaaro, ko te methyl, ko te hydroxypropyl methyl 30000 rānei te mea e whiriwhiria whānuitia ana. –60000cps, ko te nui tāpiri he 1.5%–2%. I roto i ēnei, ko te cellulose e aro ana ki te pupuri wai me te whakaroa i te hinu. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki te cellulose ether hei whakaroa, ā, me tāpiri he whakaroa waikawa citric hei whakaranu me te whakamahi me te kore e pā ki te kaha tīmatanga. Ko te pupuri wai e pā ana ki te nui o te wai ka ngaro noa me te kore e mimiti wai o waho. Mena he maroke rawa te pakitara, ka tere rawa te ngaro o te wai i te rauemi nā te mimiti wai me te mimiti taiao i runga i te mata o te turanga, ā, ka puta hoki te poka me te ngatata. Ka konatunatua tēnei tikanga whakamahi ki te paura maroke. Ki te whakarite koe i tētahi otinga, tirohia te tikanga whakarite o te otinga.
(5) Moata whakamahana wera
He momo rauemi ārai pakitara o roto hou te moata whakamātao i te rohe raki. He rauemi pakitara i hangaia mā te rauemi ārai, te moata me te here. I roto i tēnei rauemi, he mahi nui te cellulose ki te hono me te whakanui ake i te kaha. Ko te tikanga he whiriwhiri i te methyl cellulose he matotoru teitei (tata ki te 10000eps), ko te horopeta i waenga i te 2‰-3‰), ā, ko te tikanga whakamahi he whakaranu paura maroke.
(6) kaihoko atanga
Kōwhiria te HPNC 20000cps mō te kaihoko atanga, whiriwhiria te 60000cps, neke atu rānei, mō te piripiri taera, ā, arotahi ki te whakamātotoru i roto i te kaihoko atanga, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha kume me te kaha ārai-pere. Whakamahia hei kaihoko pupuri wai i roto i te here o ngā taera hei ārai i ngā taera kei maroke wawe rawa, kei taka atu rānei.
3. Te āhua o te mekameka ahumahi
(1) Ahumahi whakarunga
Ko ngā rauemi mata matua e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga o te cellulose ether ko te miro kua whakapaia (te penupenu rakau rānei) me ētahi whakarewa matū noa, pērā i te propylene oxide, te methyl chloride, te wai houra wai, te wai houra wai, te ethylene oxide, te toluene me ētahi atu rauemi āwhina. Ko ngā umanga ahumahi o runga o tēnei umanga ko te miro kua whakapaia, ngā umanga hanga penupenu rakau me ētahi umanga matū. Ka rerekē te pānga o ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu o ngā rauemi mata matua kua whakahuatia ake nei ki te utu hanga me te utu hoko o te cellulose ether.
He tino teitei te utu mō te miro kua parakoretia. Hei tauira, ko te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga whare, i roto i te wā pūrongo, ko te utu mō te miro kua parakoretia he 31.74%, 28.50%, 26.59% me te 26.90% o te utu hoko o te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga whare. Ka pā te piki me te heke o te utu o te miro kua parakoretia ki te utu hanga o te cellulose ether. Ko te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga miro kua parakoretia ko ngā miro whiri. Ko ngā miro whiri tētahi o ngā hua taha o te tukanga hanga miro, e whakamahia ana hei hanga i te penupenu miro, te miro kua parakoretia, te nitrocellulose me ētahi atu hua. He tino rerekē te uara whakamahi me te whakamahinga o ngā miro whiri me te miro, ā, he iti iho te utu i tō te miro, engari he hononga tōna ki te piki me te heke o te utu o te miro. Ka pā te piki me te heke o te utu o ngā miro whiri ki te utu o te miro kua parakoretia.
Ka rerekē ngā pānga o ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu o te miro kua parakore ki te whakahaere i ngā utu whakaputa, te utu hua me te hua o ngā umanga i roto i tēnei ahumahi. Ina teitei te utu o te miro kua parakore, ā, he iti te utu o te penupenu rakau, hei whakaiti i ngā utu, ka taea te whakamahi i te penupenu rakau hei whakakapi me te tāpiri mō te miro kua parakore, ko te nuinga mō te whakaputa i ngā etera cellulose he iti te matotoru pērā i ngā etera cellulose rongoā me te kai. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te paetukutuku o te Tari Tatauranga ā-Motu, i te tau 2013, ko te rohe whakato miro o tōku whenua he 4.35 miriona heketea, ā, ko te putanga miro ā-motu he 6.31 miriona tana. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te Rōpū Ahumahi Cellulose o Haina, i te tau 2014, ko te putanga katoa o te miro kua parakore i hangaia e ngā kaihanga miro kua parakore nui o te motu he 332,000 tana, ā, he nui te tuku rauemi mata.
Ko te maitai me te waro waro waro te rauemi matua mō te hanga taputapu matū karāhe. Ko te utu o te maitai me te waro waro waro te wāhanga nui o te utu hanga o ngā taputapu matū karāhe. Ka pāngia te utu hanga me te utu hoko o ngā taputapu matū karāhe e ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu o ēnei rauemi mata.
(2) Te ahumahi o raro o te cellulose ether
Hei "monosodium glutamate ahumahi", he iti noa te ōwehenga o te cellulose ether o te cellulose ether, ā, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga. Kei ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ōhanga o te motu ngā ahumahi o muri mai.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka pā te ahumahi hangahanga o raro me te ahumahi hoko whenua ki te tere tipu o te tono mō te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga. Ina tere te tipu o te ahumahi hanga ā-rohe me te ahumahi hoko whenua, ka tere te tipu o te tono mākete ā-rohe mō te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga. Ina puhoi te tere tipu o te ahumahi hanga ā-rohe me te ahumahi hoko whenua, ka puhoi te tere tipu o te tono mō te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga i te mākete ā-rohe, ka kaha ake te whakataetae i roto i tēnei ahumahi, ka tere ake hoki te tukanga o te oranga o te hunga tino pai i waenga i ngā umanga o tēnei ahumahi.
Mai i te tau 2012, i roto i te horopaki o te puhoi haere o te umanga hanga whare me te umanga hoko whenua, kāore te tono mō te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga i roto i te mākete whare i tino rerekē. Ko ngā take matua ko: 1. He nui te tauine whānui o te umanga hanga whare me te umanga hoko whenua, ā, he nui te tono katoa o te mākete; kei te whānui haere te mākete kaihoko matua o te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga mai i ngā rohe whanaketanga ōhanga me ngā tāone taumata tuatahi me te tuarua ki ngā rohe pokapū me te hauauru me ngā tāone taumata tuatoru, te kaha tipu o te tono ā-whare me te whānui o te wāhi; 2. He iti te ōwehenga o te cellulose ether i tāpirihia ki te utu o ngā rauemi hanga, ā, he iti te nui e whakamahia ana e te kiritaki kotahi, ā, he marara ngā kiritaki, he ngāwari ki te tono pakari, ā, he pumau te tono katoa i roto i te mākete o raro; 3. Ko te huringa o te utu mākete he mea nui e pā ana ki te huringa hanganga tono o te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga. Mai i te tau 2012, kua tino heke te utu hoko o te cellulose ether kounga rauemi hanga, ā, kua tino heke te utu o ngā hua waenga-ki-te-teitei, e kukume ana i ngā kaihoko ki te hoko me te whiriwhiri, e whakapiki ana i te tono mō ngā hua waenga-ki-te-teitei, ā, e whakawhāiti ana i te tono mākete me te wāhi utu mō ngā tauira noa.
Ka pā te whanaketanga o te umanga rongoā me te tere tipu o te umanga rongoā ki te hiahia mō te cellulose ether kounga rongoā. Ko te whakapainga o te paerewa oranga o te tangata me te umanga kai kua whanakehia e whai hua ana ki te akiaki i te hiahia o te mākete mō te cellulose ether kounga kai.
4. Te Auahatanga Whanaketanga o te Cellulose Ether
Nā te rerekētanga hanganga o te tono mākete mō te cellulose ether, ka taea e ngā kamupene he rerekē ngā kaha me ngā ngoikoretanga te noho tahi. I runga i te rerekētanga hanganga mārama o te tono mākete, kua whakamahia e ngā kaihanga cellulose ether ā-rohe ngā rautaki whakataetae rerekē i runga i ō rātou ake kaha, ā, i te wa ano, me mārama rātou ki te ia whanaketanga me te ahunga o te mākete.
(1) Ko te whakarite i te pumau o te kounga o te hua ka noho tonu hei kaupapa matua o te whakataetae a ngā umanga cellulose ether.
He iti noa te wāhanga o ngā utu whakaputa o te nuinga o ngā umanga o raro iho i tēnei ahumahi e whakamahi ana i te cellulose ether, engari he nui tōna pānga ki te kounga o te hua. Me whakamātautau ngā rōpū kiritaki waenga-ki-te-teitei i mua i te whakamahi i tētahi waitohu cellulose ether. I muri i te hanganga o tētahi tauira pumau, he uaua ki te whakakapi i ētahi atu waitohu hua, ā, i te wa ano, ka nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō te pumau o te kounga o te cellulose ether. He nui ake te kitea o tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā mara teitei pēnei i ngā kaihanga rauemi hanga nui i te kāinga me tāwāhi, ngā mea tāpiri rongoā, ngā tāpiringa kai, me te PVC. Hei whakapai ake i te whakataetae o ngā hua, me whakarite e ngā kaihanga kia mau tonu te kounga me te pumau o ngā puranga rerekē o te cellulose ether e tukuna ana e rātou mō te wā roa, kia pai ake ai te rongonui o te mākete.
(2) Ko te whakapai ake i te taumata o te hangarau tono hua ko te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā umanga cellulose ether ā-rohe.
I te mea kua pakari haere te hangarau whakaputa o te cellulose ether, he taumata teitei ake o te hangarau tono e whai hua ana ki te whakapai ake i te whakataetae whānui o ngā umanga me te hanganga o ngā whanaungatanga kiritaki pumau. Ko ngā kamupene cellulose ether rongonui i ngā whenua whakawhanake e whakamahi ana i te rautaki whakataetae o te "anga atu ki ngā kiritaki nui-mutunga + whakawhanake i ngā whakamahinga me ngā whakamahinga o raro" hei whakawhanake i ngā whakamahinga me ngā tātai whakamahinga o te cellulose ether, me te whakarite i tētahi raupapa hua kia rite ki ngā mara tono wehewehe rerekē hei whakahaere i te whakamahinga a ngā kiritaki, me te whakatipu i te tono mākete o raro. Kua neke te whakataetae o ngā umanga cellulose ether i ngā whenua whakawhanake mai i te whakaurunga hua ki te whakataetae i roto i te mara o te hangarau tono.
Wā tuku: 27-Pepuere-2023