Mitundu ya zinthu zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matope osakaniza ndi madzi, makhalidwe awo, momwe zimagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe zimakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zosakaniza ndi madzi. Zotsatira zabwino za zinthu zosungira madzi monga cellulose ether ndi starch ether, ufa wa latex wosungunukanso ndi zinthu za ulusi pa magwiridwe antchito a matope osakaniza ndi madzi zinakambidwa mozama.
Zosakaniza zimathandiza kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito omanga matope osakaniza ndi madzi, koma kuwonjezera matope osakaniza ndi madzi kumapangitsa kuti mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope osakaniza ndi madzi ukhale wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa matope achikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope osakaniza ndi madzi ukhale woposa 40% ya mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope osakaniza ndi madzi. Pakadali pano, gawo lalikulu la zosakaniza zimaperekedwa ndi opanga akunja, ndipo mlingo wofunikira wa mankhwalawa umaperekedwanso ndi ogulitsa. Zotsatira zake, mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope osakaniza ndi madzi umakhalabe wokwera, ndipo n'zovuta kutchukitsa matope wamba opangidwa ndi miyala ndi pulasitiki okhala ndi zinthu zambiri komanso malo ambiri; zinthu zamsika wapamwamba zimayendetsedwa ndi makampani akunja, ndipo opanga matope osakaniza ndi madzi ali ndi phindu lochepa komanso kulekerera mitengo yotsika; Pali kusowa kwa kafukufuku wokhazikika komanso wolunjika pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndipo njira zakunja zimatsatiridwa mosazindikira.
Kutengera ndi zifukwa zomwe zili pamwambapa, pepalali likusanthula ndikuyerekeza makhalidwe ena oyambira a zinthu zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndipo pamaziko awa, limaphunzira momwe zinthu zosakaniza zouma zimagwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakaniza.
1 chosungira madzi
Chosungira madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chokonzera ntchito yosungira madzi ya matope osakaniza owuma, komanso ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zodziwira mtengo wa zipangizo za matope osakaniza owuma.
1. Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi mawu ofala a zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi momwe alkali cellulose imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito pazifukwa zina. Alkali cellulose imasinthidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zotenthetsera kuti ipeze ma ether osiyanasiyana a cellulose. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zosinthira zimakhalira, ma ether a cellulose amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ionic (monga carboxymethyl cellulose) ndi non-ionic (monga methyl cellulose). Malinga ndi mtundu wa substituent, cellulose ether imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: monoether (monga methyl cellulose) ndi mixed ether (monga hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Malinga ndi kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: hydroxyethyl cellulose) ndi organic solvent-soluble (monga ethyl cellulose), ndi zina zotero. Dry-mixed mortar makamaka ndi madzi-soluble cellulose, ndipo madzi-soluble cellulose imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: instant type ndi surface treated delayed dissolving type.
Limagwirira ntchito la efa wa cellulose mu matope ndi motere:
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ozizira, ndipo imakumana ndi zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Koma kutentha kwake kwa gelation m'madzi otentha ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kusungunuka m'madzi ozizira nakonso kumawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi methyl cellulose.
(2) Kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumagwirizana ndi kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kukakhala kwakukulu, kukhuthala kumakhala kwakukulu. Kutentha kumakhudzanso kukhuthala kwake, pamene kutentha kukukwera, kukhuthala kumachepa. Komabe, kukhuthala kwake kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kutentha kochepa kuposa methyl cellulose. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika likasungidwa kutentha kwa chipinda.
(3) Kusunga madzi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala kwake, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kosungira madzi pansi pa kuchuluka komweko kowonjezera kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku asidi ndi alkali, ndipo yankho lake lamadzi ndi lokhazikika kwambiri pa pH = 2 ~ 12. Caustic soda ndi madzi a laimu sizikhudza kwambiri magwiridwe ake, koma alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku mchere wamba, koma pamene kuchuluka kwa mchere kuli kwakukulu, kukhuthala kwa yankho la hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumawonjezeka.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ikhoza kusakanikirana ndi mankhwala a polymer osungunuka m'madzi kuti apange yankho lofanana komanso lokhuthala kwambiri. Monga polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, ndi zina zotero.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ili ndi kukana bwino kwa ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose, ndipo yankho lake silingathe kuwonongeka ndi ma enzyme kuposa methylcellulose.
(7) Kugwirizana kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ku matope ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa methylcellulose.
2. Methylcellulose (MC)
Thonje loyengedwa likaphikidwa ndi alkali, cellulose ether imapangidwa kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi methane chloride ngati etherification. Kawirikawiri, mlingo wa kusintha ndi 1.6 ~ 2.0, ndipo kusungunuka kumasiyananso ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a kusintha. Ndi ya non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Madzi ake ndi olimba kwambiri pa pH = 3 ~ 12. Imagwirizana bwino ndi starch, guar gum, ndi zina zotero. Kutentha kukafika pa kutentha kwa gelation, gelation imachitika.
(2) Kusunga madzi kwa methyl cellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake kowonjezera, kukhuthala, kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka. Kawirikawiri, ngati kuchuluka kowonjezera kuli kwakukulu, kusalala kwake kuli kochepa, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kuli kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezeredwa kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kukhuthala sikufanana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi. Kusungunuka kwa madzi kumadalira makamaka kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta cellulose ndi kusalala kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pakati pa ma cellulose ether omwe ali pamwambapa, methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose zili ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi.
(3) Kusintha kwa kutentha kudzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa mu methyl cellulose. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kukakhala kwakukulu, madzi omwe amasungidwa amakhala oipa kwambiri. Ngati kutentha kwa matope kupitirira 40°C, madzi omwe amasungidwa mu methyl cellulose adzachepa kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka matopewo.
(4) Methyl cellulose imakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ndi kumatirira kwa matope. "Kumatirira" apa kumatanthauza mphamvu yomatirira yomwe imamveka pakati pa chida chogwiritsira ntchito cha wantchito ndi khoma, ndiko kuti, kukana kukatira kwa matope. Kumatirira kwake ndi kwakukulu, kukana kukatira kwa matope ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe ogwira ntchito amafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito matope ndi zazikulu, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a matope ndi otsika. Kumatirira kwa methyl cellulose kuli pamlingo wocheperako muzinthu zopangidwa ndi cellulose ether.
3. Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Imapangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa bwino lomwe limaphikidwa ndi alkali, ndipo imayatsidwa ndi ethylene oxide ngati etherification ngati pali acetone. Mlingo wa kusintha nthawi zambiri umakhala 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ili ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndipo imayamwa mosavuta chinyezi.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, koma imakhala yovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika kutentha kwambiri popanda gelling. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kutentha kwambiri mu mortar, koma kusunga kwake madzi ndi kochepa kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose imakhala yokhazikika ku asidi wamba ndi alkali. Alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Kufalikira kwake m'madzi ndikoipa pang'ono kuposa kwa methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kutsika kwa matope, koma simenti imachedwa kutsika nthawi yayitali.
(4) Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka hydroxyethyl cellulose komwe kamapangidwa ndi mabizinesi ena am'nyumba n'kotsika poyerekeza ndi ka methyl cellulose chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi phulusa.
Etha wothira
Ma ether a starch omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mortars amasinthidwa kuchokera ku ma polima achilengedwe a polysaccharides ena. Monga mbatata, chimanga, chinangwa, nyemba za guar ndi zina zotero.
1. Wowuma wosinthidwa
Etha ya starch yosinthidwa kuchokera ku mbatata, chimanga, chinangwa, ndi zina zotero imakhala ndi madzi ochepa kwambiri kuposa etha ya cellulose. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kusintha, kukhazikika kwa asidi ndi alkali ndi kosiyana. Zinthu zina ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mortars zopangidwa ndi gypsum, pomwe zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu mortars zopangidwa ndi simenti. Kugwiritsa ntchito etha ya starch mu mortars kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chokhuthala kuti chiwongolere mphamvu yoletsa kugwa kwa matope, kuchepetsa kumamatira kwa matope onyowa, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yotsegulira.
Ma ether a starch nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi cellulose, kotero kuti makhalidwe ndi ubwino wa zinthu ziwirizi zimagwirizana. Popeza zinthu za starch ether ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa cellulose ether, kugwiritsa ntchito starch ether mu mortar kudzachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa mapangidwe a mortar.
2. Guar chingamu ether
Guar gum ether ndi mtundu wa starch ether wokhala ndi makhalidwe apadera, omwe amasinthidwa kuchokera ku nyemba zachilengedwe za guar. Makamaka ndi etherification reaction ya guar gum ndi acrylic functional group, kapangidwe kake kamene kali ndi 2-hydroxypropyl functional group kamapangidwa, komwe ndi polygalactomannose structure.
(1) Poyerekeza ndi ether ya cellulose, ether ya guar gum imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Kapangidwe ka ether ya pH guar kwenikweni sikukhudzidwa.
(2) Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kukhuthala kochepa komanso mlingo wochepa, guar gum imatha kusintha ether ya cellulose mofanana, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ofanana. Koma kusinthasintha, kukana kutsika, thixotropy ndi zina zotero zikuonekeratu kuti zakula.
(3) Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi mlingo waukulu, guar gum silingalowe m'malo mwa cellulose ether, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mosakaniza ziwirizi kungapangitse kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino.
(4) Kugwiritsa ntchito guar gum mu matope opangidwa ndi gypsum kungachepetse kwambiri kumatirira panthawi yomanga ndikupangitsa kuti zomangamanga zikhale zosalala. Sizikhudza nthawi yokhazikitsa ndi mphamvu ya matope opangidwa ndi gypsum.
3. Chowonjezera chosungira madzi cha mchere chosinthidwa
Chokhuthala chosungira madzi chopangidwa ndi mchere wachilengedwe kudzera mu kusintha ndi kuphatikiza chagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China. Miyala yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zokhuthala zosungira madzi ndi: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, ndi zina zotero. Miyala iyi ili ndi mphamvu zina zosungira madzi ndi kukhuthala kudzera mu kusintha monga zinthu zolumikizira. Mtundu uwu wa chokhuthala chosungira madzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matope uli ndi makhalidwe awa.
(1) Ikhoza kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a matope wamba, ndikuthetsa mavuto a matope osagwira ntchito bwino a simenti, mphamvu yochepa ya matope osakanikirana, komanso kukana madzi.
(2) Zinthu zopangidwa ndi matope okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana pa nyumba zamakampani ndi zomangamanga zitha kupangidwa.
(3) Mtengo wa zinthuzo ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa ether ya cellulose ndi ether ya starch.
(4) Kusunga madzi kumakhala kotsika kuposa kwa chinthu chosungira madzi chachilengedwe, kuchepa kouma kwa matope okonzedwa kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo mgwirizano umachepa.
Ufa wa rabara wa polima wotha kusungunukanso
Ufa wa rabara wothiranso umakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupopera kwa emulsion yapadera ya polima. Pokonza, colloid yoteteza, mankhwala oletsa kukhetsa, ndi zina zotero zimakhala zowonjezera zofunika kwambiri. Ufa wa rabara wouma ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tozungulira ta 80 ~ 100mm tosonkhanitsidwa pamodzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'onoti timasungunuka m'madzi ndipo timapanga kufalikira kokhazikika kwakukulu pang'ono kuposa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta emulsion yoyambirira. Kufalikira kumeneku kudzapanga filimu pambuyo pa kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi kuumitsa. Filimuyi ndi yosasinthika monga momwe filimu yonse ya emulsion imapangidwira, ndipo sidzafalikiranso ikakumana ndi madzi. Kufalikira.
Ufa wa rabara wosungunuka ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kutengera izi, silicone, vinyl laurate, ndi zina zotero zimalumikizidwa kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito. Njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira zimapangitsa kuti ufa wa rabara wosungunuka ukhale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kukana madzi, kukana alkali, kukana nyengo komanso kusinthasintha. Muli vinyl laurate ndi silicone, zomwe zingapangitse ufa wa rabara kukhala ndi hydrophobicity yabwino. vinyl tertiary carbonate yokhala ndi nthambi zambiri yokhala ndi Tg yochepa komanso kusinthasintha kwabwino.
Ufa wa rabara wamtunduwu ukagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matope, onsewa amachedwetsa nthawi yoyika simenti, koma kuchedwetsa kwake kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji ma emulsions ofanana. Poyerekeza, styrene-butadiene imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochedwetsa, ndipo ethylene-vinyl acetate imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri yochedwetsa. Ngati mlingo wake ndi wochepa kwambiri, zotsatira zake zowongolera magwiridwe antchito a matope sizikudziwika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-03-2023