Ubwoko bw'ibivange bikunze gukoreshwa mu kubaka mortivo yumye, imiterere yabyo, uburyo bikoreshwa, n'ingaruka zabyo ku mikorere y'ibivange byumye. Ingaruka nziza z'ibintu bibika amazi nka cellulose ether na starch ether, ifu ya latex ishobora kongera gushonga n'ibikoresho bya fibre ku mikorere y'mortivo yumye byaganiriweho cyane.
Ibivange bigira uruhare runini mu kunoza imikorere yo kubaka sima ivanze n’amazi, ariko kongeramo sima ivanze n’amazi bituma ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho by’isima ivanze n’amazi kiruta cyane ikiguzi cy’isima isanzwe, bingana na 40% by’ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho mu sima ivanze n’amazi. Kuri ubu, igice kinini cy’ibivange gitangwa n’inganda z’abanyamahanga, kandi ingano y’ibicuruzwa by’isima ivanze n’amazi nayo itangwa n’umucuruzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikiguzi cy’ibicuruzwa by’isima ivanze n’amazi kiracyari hejuru, kandi biragoye gukurura sima isanzwe y’amabuye y’agaciro n’iy’ubusitani ifite ubwinshi n’ubugari; ibicuruzwa byo ku isoko rinini bigenzurwa n’amasosiyete y’amahanga, kandi abakora sima ivanze n’amazi bafite inyungu nke kandi ntibihanganirwe ibiciro; Hari ubushakashatsi buke kandi bugamije ikoreshwa ry’imiti, kandi formula z’abanyamahanga zikurikizwa mu buryo butari bwo.
Hashingiwe ku mpamvu zavuzwe haruguru, iyi nyandiko isesengura kandi ikagereranya imiterere y'ibanze y'ibivange bikunze gukoreshwa, kandi kuri iyi ngingo, yiga imikorere y'ibicuruzwa byumye bivanze hakoreshejwe ibivange.
Ikintu 1 cyo kubika amazi
Uburyo bwo kubika amazi ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kunoza imikorere y'imyanda ivanze n'amazi, kandi ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho by'imyanda ivanze n'amazi.
1. Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ni ijambo rusange risobanura urukurikirane rw'ibicuruzwa bikozwe n'uburyo selulosi ya alkali n'ikintu gitanga eteri mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Selulosi ya alkali isimburwa n'ibintu bitandukanye bitanga eteri kugira ngo haboneke eteri zitandukanye za selulosi. Dukurikije imiterere ya ionization y'ibintu bisimbura, eteri za selulosi zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: ionic (nka selulosi ya carboxymethyl) na non-ionic (nka selulosi ya methyl). Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ikintu gisimbura, eteri ya selulosi ishobora kugabanywamo monoether (nka selulosi ya methyl) na eteri ivanze (nka selulosi ya hydroxypropyl methyl). Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gushonga, ishobora kugabanywamo ibishobora gushonga mu mazi (nka selulosi ya hydroxyethyl) na organic solvent-soluble (nka selulosi ya ethyl), nibindi. Mortila yumye ivanze ahanini ni selulosi ishongera mu mazi, kandi selulosi ishongera mu mazi igabanywamo ubwoko bw'ubwoko bwihuse n'ubwoko bwo gushonga bwatinze kuvurwa.
Uburyo eteri ya selulosi ikora muri mortila ni ubu bukurikira:
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishongeshwa byoroshye mu mazi akonje, kandi izahura n'ingorane mu gushonga mu mazi ashyushye. Ariko ubushyuhe bwayo bwo gushonga mu mazi ashyushye buri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ubwa methyl cellulose. Gushonga mu mazi akonje nabyo birarushaho kwiyongera ugereranije na methyl cellulose.
(2) Uburemere bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bufitanye isano n'uburemere bwayo bwa molekile, kandi uko uburemere bwa molekile burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko uburemere burushaho kuba bwinshi. Ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka ku buremere bwayo, uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, uburemere bugabanuka. Ariko, uburemere bwayo bwinshi bugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe buke ugereranyije na methyl cellulose. Umuti wayo uhoraho iyo ubitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
(3) Uburyo hydroxypropyl methylcellulose igumana amazi biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana bwayo, n'ibindi, kandi igipimo cyo kubika amazi munsi y'ingano imwe y'inyongera kiri hejuru y'icya methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahamye kuri aside na alkali, kandi umuti wayo w’amazi urahamye cyane mu rugero rwa pH = 2 ~ 12. Soda ya Caustic na lime amazi ntacyo bigira ku mikorere yayo, ariko alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga no kongera ubukana bwayo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irahamye kuri umunyu usanzwe, ariko iyo ubwinshi bw’umunyu buri hejuru, ubukana bwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bukunda kwiyongera.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ishobora kuvangwa n'ibinyabutabire bya polymer bishongeshwa n'amazi kugira ngo bikore umuti umwe kandi ufite ubukana bwinshi. Nka polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, nibindi.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwa enzymes kurusha methylcellulose, kandi umuti wayo ntushobora kwangirika cyane na enzymes kurusha methylcellulose.
(7) Uburyo hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ifatana n'imiterere ya mortier buruta ubw'uburyo methylcellulose ifatana.
2. Methylcellulose (MC)
Nyuma y'uko ipamba itunganyijwe ivuwe na alkali, eteri ya selulose ikorwa binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukora hamwe na methane chloride nk'ikintu gitanga eteri. Muri rusange, urwego rwo gusimbuza ni 1.6 ~ 2.0, kandi gushonga nabyo biratandukanye iyo ugereranyije n'urwego rwo gusimbuza. Ni iya eteri ya selulose itari ioni.
(1) Methylcellulose irashongesha mu mazi akonje, kandi bizagorana kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo w'amazi uhoraho cyane mu gipimo cya pH = 3 ~ 12. Ikorana neza na sitashi, guar gum, nibindi nibindi byinshi bya surfactants. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze ku bushyuhe bwa gelation, gelation iba ihari.
(2) Uburyo methyl cellulose igumana amazi biterwa n'ingano yayo, ubukana, ubukana bw'uduce duto n'umuvuduko wo gushonga. Muri rusange, niba ingano yo kongeramo ari nini, ubukana ni buto, kandi ubukana ni bwinshi, umuvuduko wo gufata amazi ni munini. Muri byo, ingano yo kongeramo igira ingaruka nini ku muvuduko wo gufata amazi, kandi urwego rw'ubukana ntabwo rujyanye neza n'urwego rw'umuvuduko wo gufata amazi. Umuvuduko wo gushonga uterwa ahanini n'urugero rw'impinduka z'ubuso bw'uduce twa cellulose n'ubukana bw'uduce duto. Muri ether za cellulose zavuzwe haruguru, methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose bifite umuvuduko wo gufata amazi mwinshi.
(3) Impinduka mu bushyuhe zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku muvuduko wo kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl. Muri rusange, uko ubushyuhe burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko kubika amazi birushaho kuba bibi. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa selulosi burenze dogere selisiyusi 40, kubika amazi muri selulosi ya methyl bizagabanuka cyane, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwubatsi bwa selulosi.
(4) Selulosi ya Methyl igira ingaruka zikomeye ku iyubakwa n'ifatana rya sima. "Gufatana" hano bivuga imbaraga zo gufatana hagati y'igikoresho cy'umukozi n'igice cy'urukuta, ni ukuvuga imbaraga zo gufatana za sima. Gufatana ni byinshi, imbaraga zo gufatana za sima ni nini, kandi imbaraga zisabwa n'abakozi mu ikoreshwa nazo ni nyinshi, kandi imikorere y'ifatana rya sima ni mibi. Gufatana kwa selulosi ya Methyl kuri ku rwego rwo hagati mu bicuruzwa bya eteri ya selulosi.
3. Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Ikozwe mu ipamba itunganyijwe ivuguruwe na alkali, kandi ivanze na ethylene oxide nk'ikintu gihindura umwuka iyo hari acetone. Ubusanzwe urwego rwo kuyisimbura ni 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mazi kandi yoroshye kuyifata.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose irashongesha mu mazi akonje, ariko biragoye kuyishongesha mu mazi ashyushye. Umuti wayo uhoraho ku bushyuhe bwinshi nta gel ikoreshejwe. Ishobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu mashini, ariko amazi yayo ni make ugereranyije n'aya methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose irakomera kuri aside rusange na alkali. Alkali ishobora kwihutisha gushonga kwayo no kongera ubukana bwayo gato. Kudashobora gukwirakwira kwayo mu mazi ni bibi gato kurusha ibya methyl cellulose na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya gushonga kwa mortilage, ariko sima yo iratinda cyane.
(4) Imikorere ya hydroxyethyl cellulose ikorwa na bimwe mu bigo byo mu gihugu iragaragara ko iri hasi ugereranyije n’iya methyl cellulose bitewe n’uko ifite amazi menshi n’umuvu mwinshi.
Eteri y'ibinyampeke
Eteri za sitashi zikoreshwa mu bintu bya mortiweri zihindurwa zivuye kuri polymer karemano za polisakarade zimwe na zimwe. Nk'ibirayi, ibigori, imyumbati, ibishyimbo bya guar n'ibindi.
1. Ifu yahinduwe
Ifu ya eteri y'ibirayi yahinduwe iva mu birayi, ibigori, imyumbati, nibindi ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi make cyane ugereranyije na eteri ya selulose. Bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwo guhindura, ubushobozi bwo kugumana aside na alkali buratandukanye. Hari ibicuruzwa bikwiye gukoreshwa mu mavuta akozwe muri gypsum, mu gihe ibindi bishobora gukoreshwa mu mavuta akozwe muri sima. Gukoresha eteri y'ibirayi muri mavuta ahanini bikoreshwa nk'umubyimba kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kugwa kw'amavuta, kugabanya gufatana kw'amavuta atose, no kongera igihe cyo gufungura.
Ingano ya sitashi ikunze gukoreshwa hamwe na selulose, kugira ngo imiterere n'ibyiza by'ibi bicuruzwa byombi byuzuzanye. Kubera ko ibikomoka kuri sitashi bihendutse cyane ugereranyije na selulose, gukoresha sitashi muri mortier bizagabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'ingano ya sitashi.
2. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether ni ubwoko bwa starch ether bufite imiterere yihariye, ihinduka iturutse ku bishyimbo karemano bya guar. Ahanini bitewe n'uburyo guar gum na acrylic functional group bigenda bihinduka, hakorwa imiterere irimo itsinda rya 2-hydroxypropyl functional, ikaba ari imiterere ya polygalactomannose.
(1) Ugereranyije na eteri ya selulose, eteri ya guar gum irashongesha cyane mu mazi. Imiterere ya eteri za pH guar ntabwo ihinduka.
(2) Mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe buke n’ingano nto, guar gum ishobora gusimbura ether ya cellulose ku rugero rungana, kandi ifite amazi ahagije. Ariko imiterere yayo, irwanya gucika, thixotropy n’ibindi biragaragara ko byarushijeho kuba byiza.
(3) Mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ingano nini, guar gum ntishobora gusimbura ether ya cellulose, kandi ikoreshwa ry’ibi byombi rivanze rizatuma habaho imikorere myiza.
(4) Gukoresha gum ya guar muri mortila ishingiye kuri gypsum bishobora kugabanya cyane gufatana mu gihe cyo kubaka no gutuma inyubako irushaho kuba nziza. Nta ngaruka mbi bigira ku gihe cyo gushyiraho no gukomera kwa mortila ishingiye kuri gypsum.
3. Imashini igabanya amazi y'ubutare yahinduwe
Imashini ikomeza amazi ikozwe mu mabuye y'agaciro karemano binyuze mu guhindura no gusya yakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa. Amabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa cyane mu gutegura imashini ikomeza amazi ni: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolini, n'ibindi. Aya mabuye afite ubushobozi bumwe na bumwe bwo kubika no gusya amazi binyuze mu guhindura nk'ibintu bihuza. Ubu bwoko bw'imashini ikomeza amazi ikoreshwa kuri mortier bufite ibi bikurikira.
(1) Bishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya sima isanzwe, no gukemura ibibazo by’imikorere mibi ya sima ivanze, imbaraga nke za sima ivanze, no kudakoresha amazi neza.
(2) Ibikoresho bya sima bifite urwego rutandukanye rw'imbaraga ku nyubako rusange z'inganda n'iz'ubucuruzi bishobora gukorwa.
(3) Igiciro cy'ibikoresho kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'icya eteri ya selulose na eteri ya sitashi.
(4) Uburyo amazi abikwamo buri hasi ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo kubika amazi mu buryo bw'umwimerere, agaciro k'umusenyi wateguwe kagabanuka cyane, kandi uburyo amazi abikwamo buragabanuka.
Ifu y'umukara wa polymer ishobora kongera gushonga
Ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa itunganywa hakoreshejwe spray yumisha emulsion yihariye ya polymer. Mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya, colloid irinda, anti-caking agent, nibindi biba inyongeramusaruro z'ingenzi. Ifu ya rubber yumye ni uduce duto twa mm 80 ~ 100 twateranijwe hamwe. Utu duce turashonga mu mazi kandi tugakora intatane ihamye nini gato ugereranyije n'uduce twa emulsion twa mbere. Uku gutandukana kuzakora intatane nyuma yo kubura amazi no kuma. Iyi firime ntabwo isubira inyuma nk'uko firime rusange ya emulsion ikorwa, kandi ntizongera gutandukana iyo ihuye n'amazi. Gutandukana.
Ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa ishobora kugabanywamo: copolymer ya styrene-butadiene, aside karubone ya tertiary ethylene copolymer, copolymer ya aside asetiki ya ethylene-acetate, nibindi, kandi hashingiwe kuri ibi, silicone, vinyl laurate, nibindi bishyirwaho kugira ngo binoze imikorere. Ingamba zitandukanye zo guhindura zituma ifu ya rubber ishobora guhindurwa igira imiterere itandukanye nko kwirinda amazi, kurwanya alkali, kurwanya ikirere no guhinduka. Irimo vinyl laurate na silicone, bishobora gutuma ifu ya rubber igira ubwiza bwo kudakoresha amazi. Karubone ya tertiary ya vinyl ifite amashami menshi ifite agaciro ka Tg nke kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhinduka neza.
Iyo ubwoko bw'ifu y'umukara ikoreshejwe kuri morti, byose bigira ingaruka ku gihe cyo gutinda kwa sima, ariko ingaruka zo gutinda ni ntoya ugereranyije n'iyo gukoresha emulsions zisa. Ugereranije, styrene-butadiene ifite ingaruka nini zo gutinda, naho ethylene-vinyl acetate ifite ingaruka nto zo gutinda. Iyo ingano ari nto cyane, ingaruka zo kunoza imikorere ya morti ntabwo zigaragara.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-03-2023