Ngā momo ranunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga moata maroke-ranu, ō rātou āhuatanga mahi, te tikanga mahi, me ō rātou awe ki te mahi a ngā hua moata maroke-ranu. I matapakihia te pānga whakapai ake o ngā matū pupuri-wai pērā i te cellulose ether me te māngaro ether, te paura rapa ka taea te whakamarara anō me ngā rauemi muka ki te mahi a te moata maroke-ranu.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tāpiringa ki te whakapai ake i te mahi hanga moata maroke-ranu, engari nā te tāpiri o te moata maroke-ranu ka nui ake te utu o ngā hua moata maroke-ranu i tērā o te moata tuku iho, e 40% neke atu rānei o te utu rauemi mō te moata maroke-ranu. I tēnei wā, he nui te wāhanga o te tāpiringa e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi, ā, ko te horopeta tohutoro o te hua e whakaratohia ana hoki e te kaiwhakarato. Nō reira, kei te teitei tonu te utu o ngā hua moata maroke-ranu, ā, he uaua ki te whakatairanga i ngā moata pereki me te parai noa me ngā rahinga nui me ngā wāhi whānui; ko ngā hua mākete teitei kei te whakahaerehia e ngā kamupene o tāwāhi, ā, he iti ngā hua o ngā kaihanga moata maroke-ranu me te kore e aro ki ngā utu; Kāore he rangahau pūnaha me te arotahi mō te whakamahinga o ngā rongoā, ā, ka whaia pōuritia ngā tauira o tāwāhi.
I runga i ngā take i runga ake nei, ka tātarihia, ka whakatauritea hoki e tēnei pepa ētahi āhuatanga taketake o ngā ranunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, i runga anō i tēnei kaupapa, ka akohia te mahi a ngā hua moata maroke-ranu mā te whakamahi i ngā ranunga.
1 te kaihoko pupuri wai
Ko te kaihopu wai he ranunga matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi pupuri wai o te moata maroke-ranu, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā ranunga matua hei whakatau i te utu o ngā rauemi moata maroke-ranu.
1. Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he kupu whānui mō te raupapa o ngā hua i hangaia e te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko etherifying i raro i ētahi tikanga. Ka whakakapia te cellulose alkali ki ngā kaihoko etherifying rerekē hei whiwhi i ngā ether cellulose rerekē. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ionization o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā ether cellulose ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ionic (pēnei i te carboxymethyl cellulose) me te kore-ionic (pēnei i te methyl cellulose). E ai ki te momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i te cellulose ether ki te monoether (pēnei i te methyl cellulose) me te ether whakauru (pēnei i te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). E ai ki ngā rerekētanga o te wairewatanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki te wairewa-wai (pēnei i te hydroxyethyl cellulose) me te wairewa-whakarewa waro (pēnei i te ethyl cellulose), me ētahi atu. Ko te moata maroke-ranu he cellulose wairewa-wai te nuinga, ā, ko te cellulose wairewa-wai ka wehea ki te momo tere me te momo wairewa whakaroa kua tukatukahia ki te mata.
Ko te tikanga mahi a te cellulose ether i roto i te moata penei:
(1) He ngāwari te wairewa o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te wai matao, ā, ka uaua te wairewa ki te wai wera. Engari he nui ake te pāmahana o tōna wairewatanga i roto i te wai wera i tō te methyl cellulose. He nui ake hoki te pai o te wairewatanga i roto i te wai matao ki te whakaritea ki te methyl cellulose.
(2) E pā ana te matotoru o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki tōna taumaha ngota, ā, ki te nui ake te taumaha ngota, ka teitei ake te matotoru. Ka pā anō te pāmahana ki tōna matotoru, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te matotoru. Heoi, he iti ake te pānga pāmahana o tōna matotoru teitei i te methyl cellulose. He pumau tōna otinga ina rongoatia ki te pāmahana rūma.
(3) Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, me ētahi atu, ā, ko tōna tere pupuri wai i raro i te nui tāpiri kotahi he teitei ake i te methyl cellulose.
(4) He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te waikawa me te alkali, ā, he tino pumau tōna wairewa i te awhe pH=2~12. He iti noa te pānga o te houra kautika me te wai raima ki tōna mahi, engari ka taea e te alkali te tere ake i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā tote noa, engari ina teitei te kukū o te wairewa tote, ka piki ake te matotoru o te wairewa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
(5) Ka taea te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me ngā matū polymer wairewa-wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga ōrite, matotoru ake. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kapia huawhenua, me ētahi atu.
(6) He pai ake te ātete o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pakaruhia tōna otinga e ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose.
(7) He nui ake te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanganga moata i tō te methylcellulose.
2. Methylcellulose (MC)
I muri i te rongoā o te miro kua whakapaia ki te kawakore, ka puta te cellulose ether mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga me te methane chloride hei kaihoko etherification. Ko te tikanga, ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.6~2.0, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te wairewatanga me ngā taumata rerekē o te whakakapinga. Nō te cellulose ether kore-ionic tēnei.
(1) Ka wairewa te Methylcellulose i roto i te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai wera. He tino pumau tōna wairewa wai i roto i te awhe pH=3~12. He pai te hototahitanga ki te māngaro, te kapia guar, me ētahi atu, me te maha o ngā surfactants. Ina tae te pāmahana ki te pāmahana gelation, ka puta te gelation.
(2) Ko te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, te pai o te matūriki me te tere whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te nui te nui o te tāpiri, he iti te pai, ā, ki te nui te matotoru, he teitei te tere pupuri wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te nui o te tāpiri te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te tere pupuri wai, ā, kāore te taumata matotoru e rite tika ki te taumata o te tere pupuri wai. Ko te tere whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarerekētanga mata o ngā matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I roto i ngā cellulose ethers o runga ake nei, he nui ake ngā tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Ka pā kino ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana ki te tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. I te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino ake te pupuri wai. Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o te moata i te 40°C, ka tino heke te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka pā kino ki te hanganga o te moata.
(4) He pānga nui tō te methyl cellulose ki te hanganga me te piri o te moata. Ko te "piri" i konei e pā ana ki te kaha piri e pā ana ki te taputapu whakapiri a te kaimahi me te papa pakitara, arā, te ātete kutikuti o te moata. He teitei te piri, he nui te ātete kutikuti o te moata, ā, he nui hoki te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaimahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, he ngoikore te mahi hanganga o te moata. He taumata taurite te piri o te methyl cellulose i roto i ngā hua cellulose ether.
3. Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
He mea hanga mai i te miro kua parakoretia kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ā, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko etherification i te aroaro o te acetone. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.5~2.0. He kaha te wai-aroha, ā, he ngāwari ki te mimiti i te makuku.
(1) Ka wairewa te hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Ka pumau tōna otinga i te pāmahana teitei, kāore e whakapūpū. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i raro i te pāmahana teitei i roto i te moata, engari he iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
(2) He pumau te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te waikawa whānui me te alkali. Ka taea e te alkali te whakatere i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He kino ake tōna memeha i roto i te wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) He pai te mahi ārai-totoka a te Hydroxyethyl cellulose mō te moata, engari he roa ake te wā whakaroa mō te sima.
(4) He iti iho te mahi a te hydroxyethyl cellulose e hangaia ana e ētahi umanga ā-rohe i tērā o te methyl cellulose nā te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.
Māngaro etera
Ko ngā māngaro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā moata he mea whakarerekē mai i ngā pūhui tūturu o ētahi polysaccharides. Pērā i te rīwai, te kānga, te manioka, te pīni guar me ētahi atu.
1. Māngaro kua whakarerekētia
Ko te māngaro etera i whakarerekētia mai i te rīwai, te kānga, te manioka, me ētahi atu, he iti ake te pupuri wai i tērā i te cellulose etera. Nā te rerekētanga o te nui o te whakarerekētanga, he rerekē te pumau ki te waikawa me te kawakore. Ko ētahi hua he pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā moata gypsum, ko ētahi ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā moata sima. Ko te whakamahinga o te māngaro etera i roto i te moata ka whakamahia hei whakamātotoru hei whakapai ake i te āhuatanga ārai-totoka o te moata, hei whakaiti i te piri o te moata mākū, hei whakaroa hoki i te wā whakatuwheratanga.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia ngā māngaro etera me te cellulose, kia pai ai te āhua me ngā painga o ēnei hua e rua. Nā te mea he iti ake te utu o ngā hua māngaro etera i te cellulose etera, mā te whakamahi i te māngaro etera ki te moata ka nui te whakaiti i te utu o ngā hanganga moata.
2. Te kapia kuāra etera
Ko te kāpia kuāra he momo kāpia māngaro me ōna āhuatanga motuhake, he mea whakarerekē mai i ngā pīni kuāra tūturu. Mā te tauhohenga etherification o te kāpia kuāra me te rōpū mahi kiriaku, ka hangaia he hanganga kei roto ko te rōpū mahi 2-hydroxypropyl, he hanganga polygalactomannose.
(1) Ki te whakatauritea ki te cellulose ether, he māmā ake te wairewa o te guar gum ether i roto i te wai. Kāore e pāngia ngā āhuatanga o te pH o ngā guar ether.
(2) I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te matotoru iti me te horopeta iti, ka taea e te kapia guar te whakakapi i te cellulose ether i roto i te nui ōrite, ā, he rite tonu te pupuri wai. Engari ko te matotoru, te ātete-taumaha, te thixotropy me ētahi atu mea kua tino pai ake.
(3) I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te matotoru teitei me te nui o te horopeta, kāore e taea e te kapia guar te whakakapi i te cellulose ether, ā, mā te whakamahi whakaranu o ngā mea e rua ka pai ake te mahi.
(4) Mā te paninga o te kapia kuāra ki roto i te moata gypsum ka taea te whakaiti i te piri i te wā hanga, ā, ka maeneene ake te hanganga. Kāore he pānga kino ki te wā whakatakoto me te kaha o te moata gypsum.
3. Whakamātotoru pupuri wai kohuke kua whakarerekētia
Kua whakamahia te whakamātotoru pupuri-wai i hangaia mai i ngā kohuke tūturu mā te whakarerekētanga me te whakaranu i Haina. Ko ngā kohuke matua e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā whakamātotoru pupuri-wai ko: te sepiolite, te bentonite, te montmorillonite, te kaolin, me ētahi atu. He āhuatanga pupuri-wai me te whakamātotoru ēnei kohuke mā te whakarerekētanga pērā i ngā ātete honohono. Ko ēnei momo whakamātotoru pupuri-wai e whakamahia ana ki te moata he āhuatanga e whai ake nei.
(1) Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te mahi a te moata noa, me te whakaoti rapanga o te ngoikore o te mahi a te moata sima, te ngoikore o te kaha o te moata whakaranu, me te ātete wai ngoikore.
(2) Ka taea te hanga hua moata me ngā taumata kaha rerekē mō ngā whare ahumahi me ngā whare ā-iwi whānui.
(3) He iti iho te utu o ngā rauemi i tērā o te cellulose ether me te māngaro ether.
(4) He iti ake te pupuri wai i tērā o te kaihoko pupuri wai waro, he nui ake te uara mimiti maroke o te moata kua whakaritea, ā, ka iti ake te piripono.
Paura rapa pūmua ka taea te whakamarara anō
Ka tukatukahia te paura rapa ka taea te whakamaroke anō mā te whakamaroke rehu i te emulsion polymer motuhake. I roto i te tukanga tukatuka, ka noho te colloid tiaki, te kaihoko ārai-whakakorikori, me ētahi atu hei tāpiringa tino nui. Ko te paura rapa maroke he matūriki porowhita o te 80 ~ 100mm te rahi kua huihuia. Ka wairewa ēnei matūriki ki te wai, ā, ka hanga he marara pumau he nui ake i ngā matūriki emulsion taketake. Ka hanga e tēnei marara he kiriata i muri i te maroke me te whakamaroke. He rite tonu te kore e taea te huri i tēnei kiriata ki te hanganga kiriata emulsion whānui, ā, e kore e marara anō ina tūtaki ki te wai. Ngā marara.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te paura rapa ka taea te whakamarara ki: te copolymer styrene-butadiene, te copolymer ethylene waikawa waro tuatoru, te copolymer ethylene-acetate waikawa acetic, me ētahi atu, ā, i runga i tēnei, ka honoa te silicone, te vinyl laurate, me ētahi atu hei whakapai ake i te mahi. Nā ngā momo whakarerekētanga rerekē, ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te paura rapa ka taea te whakamarara pērā i te ātete ki te wai, te ātete ki te kawakore, te ātete ki te huarere me te ngāwari. Kei roto te vinyl laurate me te silicone, ka pai ai te pai o te wai o te paura rapa. He tino peka te vinyl tuatoru waro me te uara Tg iti me te ngāwari pai.
Ina pania ēnei momo paura rapa ki te moata, ka whakaroa katoa i te wā pumau o te sima, engari he iti ake te pānga whakaroa i tērā o te paninga tika o ngā ranunga rite. Ki te whakataurite, ko te styrene-butadiene te mea nui rawa atu hei whakaroa, ā, ko te ethylene-vinyl acetate te mea iti rawa. Mena he iti rawa te horopeta, kāore e kitea te pānga o te whakapai ake i te mahi a te moata.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-03-2023