An yi magana sosai game da nau'ikan kayan haɗin da aka saba amfani da su wajen gina turmi mai gauraya da busasshe, halayen aikinsu, tsarin aikinsu, da kuma tasirinsu kan aikin kayayyakin turmi mai gauraya da busasshe. An yi bayani dalla-dalla kan tasirin inganta abubuwan riƙe ruwa kamar cellulose ether da sitaci ether, foda mai narkewa da kayan zare akan aikin turmi mai gauraya da busasshe.
Haɗaɗɗun kayan abinci suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta aikin gina turmi mai gauraya busasshe, amma ƙara turmi mai gauraya busasshe yana sa farashin kayan kayan abinci na turmi mai gauraya busasshe ya fi na turmi na gargajiya, wanda ya kai fiye da kashi 40% na farashin kayan aiki a turmi mai gauraya busasshe. A halin yanzu, masana'antun ƙasashen waje ne ke samar da wani ɓangare mai yawa na kayan abinci, kuma mai samar da kayayyaki shi ma yana samar da ma'aunin da aka yi amfani da shi. Sakamakon haka, farashin kayayyakin turmi mai gauraya busasshe har yanzu yana da yawa, kuma yana da wuya a yaɗa turmi mai gauraya da filastik na yau da kullun tare da adadi mai yawa da wurare masu faɗi; manyan kayayyaki na kasuwa suna ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanonin ƙasashen waje, kuma masana'antun turmi mai gauraya busasshe suna da ƙarancin riba da rashin haƙuri ga farashi; Akwai rashin bincike mai tsari da niyya kan amfani da magunguna, kuma ana bin dabarun ƙasashen waje ba tare da wata ma'ana ba.
Bisa ga dalilan da ke sama, wannan takarda ta yi nazari da kwatanta wasu muhimman halaye na kayan haɗin da aka saba amfani da su, kuma bisa ga wannan tushe, tana nazarin aikin kayayyakin turmi da aka haɗa da busassun ta amfani da kayan haɗin.
1 wakilin riƙe ruwa
Maganin riƙe ruwa muhimmin abu ne don inganta aikin riƙe ruwa na turmi mai gauraye da busasshe, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kayan haɗin don tantance farashin kayan turmi mai gauraye da busasshe.
1. Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kalma ce ta gabaɗaya ga jerin samfuran da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar alkali cellulose da wakilin etherifying a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ana maye gurbin Alkali cellulose da wakilai daban-daban na etherifying don samun ethers cellulose daban-daban. Dangane da halayen ionization na masu maye gurbin, ana iya raba ethers cellulose zuwa rukuni biyu: ionic (kamar carboxymethyl cellulose) da non-ionic (kamar methyl cellulose). Dangane da nau'in maye gurbin, ana iya raba cellulose ether zuwa monoether (kamar methyl cellulose) da gaurayen ether (kamar hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Dangane da bambancin narkewa, ana iya raba shi zuwa ga ruwa mai narkewa (kamar hydroxyethyl cellulose) da kuma na halitta mai narkewa (kamar ethyl cellulose), da sauransu. Turmi mai gauraye busasshe galibi shine cellulose mai narkewa cikin ruwa, kuma cellulose mai narkewa cikin ruwa ana raba shi zuwa nau'in nan take da nau'in da aka yi wa magani da wuri.
Tsarin aikin cellulose ether a cikin turmi shine kamar haka:
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai fuskanci matsaloli wajen narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi. Amma zafin gelation ɗinsa a cikin ruwan zafi ya fi na methyl cellulose girma sosai. Hakanan yana inganta narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi sosai idan aka kwatanta da methyl cellulose.
(2) Dankowar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayoyin halittarsa, kuma girman nauyin kwayoyin halittar, haka nan girman dankowar. Zafin jiki kuma yana shafar dankowar sa, yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, dankowar yana raguwa. Duk da haka, babban dankowar sa yana da ƙarancin tasirin zafin jiki fiye da methyl cellulose. Maganin sa yana da karko idan aka adana shi a zafin jiki na ɗaki.
(3) Rikewar ruwa na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ya dogara da adadin ƙarinsa, dankonsa, da sauransu, kuma yawan riƙewar ruwa a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙarin ya fi na methyl cellulose girma.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali, kuma ruwan da ke cikinsa yana da daidaito sosai a cikin kewayon pH = 2 ~ 12. Soda mai kauri da ruwan lemun tsami ba su da tasiri sosai kan aikinsu, amma alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa da ƙara dankonsa. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da daidaito ga gishirin da aka saba da shi, amma idan yawan ruwan gishiri ya yi yawa, danko na ruwan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana ƙaruwa.
(5) Ana iya haɗa Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose da mahaɗan polymer masu narkewa cikin ruwa don samar da mafita mai kama da juna kuma mafi girma. Kamar polyvinyl alcohol, sitaci ether, kayan lambu, da sauransu.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da juriya ga enzyme fiye da methylcellulose, kuma maganin sa ba shi da yuwuwar lalacewa ta hanyar enzymes fiye da methylcellulose.
(7) Mannewar hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ga ginin turmi ya fi na methylcellulose girma.
2. Methylcellulose (MC)
Bayan an yi wa audugar da aka tace magani da alkali, ana samar da cellulose ether ta hanyar jerin halayen da methane chloride a matsayin wakilin etherification. Gabaɗaya, matakin maye gurbin shine 1.6~2.0, kuma narkewar shi ma ya bambanta da matakai daban-daban na maye gurbin. Yana cikin cellulose ether wanda ba ionic ba.
(1) Methylcellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin ruwansa yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kewayon pH = 3 ~ 12. Yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da sitaci, guar gum, da sauransu da yawa. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai zafin gelation, gelation yana faruwa.
(2) Rikewar ruwa na methyl cellulose ya dogara da adadin ƙarinsa, ɗanko, ɗanko na barbashi da kuma yawan narkewar sa. Gabaɗaya, idan adadin ƙarin ya yi yawa, ɗanko yana da ƙarami, kuma ɗanko yana da girma, ƙimar riƙe ruwa yana da yawa. Daga cikinsu, adadin ƙarin yana da babban tasiri akan ƙimar riƙe ruwa, kuma matakin ɗanko ba ya daidai da matakin riƙe ruwa kai tsaye. Yawan narkewar ya dogara ne akan matakin gyaran saman barbashi na cellulose da ɗanko na barbashi. Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cellulose da ke sama, methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose suna da ƙimar riƙe ruwa mafi girma.
(3) Sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi zai yi tasiri sosai ga yawan riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose. Gabaɗaya, idan yawan zafin ya yi yawa, to, riƙe ruwa ya fi muni. Idan zafin turmi ya wuce 40°C, riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose zai ragu sosai, wanda hakan zai shafi ginin turmi sosai.
(4) Methyl cellulose yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ginawa da mannewa na turmi. "Mannewa" a nan yana nufin ƙarfin manne da aka ji tsakanin kayan aikin mai amfani da ma'aikacin da kuma abin da ke kan bango, wato, juriyar yanke turmi. Mannewa yana da girma, juriyar yanke turmi yana da girma, kuma ƙarfin da ma'aikata ke buƙata yayin amfani shi ma yana da girma, kuma aikin ginin turmi ba shi da kyau. Mannewar methyl cellulose yana da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samfuran cellulose ether.
3. Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
An yi shi ne da auduga mai kyau da aka yi wa magani da alkali, kuma ana mayar da shi da ethylene oxide a matsayin wakilin etherification idan akwai acetone. Matsakaicin maye gurbinsa gabaɗaya shine 1.5 ~ 2.0. Yana da ƙarfin hydrophilicity kuma yana da sauƙin sha danshi.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, amma yana da wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin sa yana da ƙarfi a zafin jiki mai yawa ba tare da gel ba. Ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin zafin jiki mai yawa a cikin turmi, amma riƙewar ruwansa ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da daidaito ga acid da alkali gabaɗaya. Alkali na iya hanzarta narkewarsa kuma ya ƙara ɗanɗanonsa kaɗan. Watsewarsa a cikin ruwa ya ɗan fi muni fiye da na methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da kyakkyawan aikin hana sag ga turmi, amma yana da tsawon lokacin jinkirin siminti.
(4) Ayyukan hydroxyethyl cellulose da wasu kamfanonin cikin gida ke samarwa a bayyane yake ƙasa da na methyl cellulose saboda yawan ruwa da kuma yawan toka da ke cikinsa.
Sitaci ether
Ana gyara sitaci ethers da ake amfani da su a cikin turmi daga polymers na halitta na wasu polysaccharides. Kamar dankali, masara, rogo, wake guar da sauransu.
1. Sitaci da aka gyara
Sitaci ether da aka gyara daga dankali, masara, rogo, da sauransu yana da ƙarancin riƙe ruwa fiye da cellulose ether. Saboda bambancin matakin gyare-gyare, daidaiton acid da alkali ya bambanta. Wasu samfura sun dace da amfani da su a cikin turmi mai tushen gypsum, yayin da wasu za a iya amfani da su a cikin turmi mai tushen siminti. Ana amfani da sitaci ether a cikin turmi galibi azaman mai kauri don inganta yanayin hana lanƙwasa turmi, rage mannewar turmi mai jika, da kuma tsawaita lokacin buɗewa.
Sau da yawa ana amfani da sitaci ethers tare da cellulose, don haka kaddarorin da fa'idodin waɗannan samfuran guda biyu suna haɗuwa da juna. Tunda samfuran sitaci ether sun fi rahusa fiye da cellulose ether, amfani da sitaci ether a cikin turmi zai haifar da raguwa sosai a farashin hada turmi.
2. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether wani nau'in sitaci ne mai sitaci wanda ke da halaye na musamman, wanda aka gyara daga wake na guar na halitta. Galibi ta hanyar amsawar etherification na guar gum da acrylic functional group, ana samar da tsari wanda ke ɗauke da 2-hydroxypropyl functional group, wanda shine tsarin polygalactomannose.
(1) Idan aka kwatanta da cellulose ether, guar gum ether ya fi narkewa a cikin ruwa. Abubuwan pH guar ethers ba su da wani tasiri a zahiri.
(2) A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin ɗanko da ƙarancin amfani, guar gum zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether daidai gwargwado, kuma yana da irin wannan riƙe ruwa. Amma daidaito, hana sag, thixotropy da sauransu a bayyane yake an inganta su.
(3) A ƙarƙashin yanayin yawan danko da kuma yawan amfani da shi, guar gum ba zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether ba, kuma amfani da su biyun zai samar da ingantaccen aiki.
(4) Shafa guar gum a cikin turmi mai tushen gypsum zai iya rage mannewa sosai yayin gini kuma ya sa ginin ya yi laushi. Ba shi da wani mummunan tasiri ga lokacin saitawa da ƙarfin turmi mai siffar gypsum.
3. Mai kauri mai riƙe ruwan ma'adinai da aka gyara
An yi amfani da na'urar riƙe ruwa mai kauri da aka yi da ma'adanai na halitta ta hanyar gyare-gyare da haɗa su a China. Manyan ma'adanai da ake amfani da su don shirya na'urorin riƙe ruwa masu kauri sune: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, da sauransu. Waɗannan ma'adanai suna da wasu halaye na riƙe ruwa da kauri ta hanyar gyare-gyare kamar su abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Wannan nau'in na'urar riƙe ruwa mai kauri da aka shafa a turmi yana da halaye masu zuwa.
(1) Zai iya inganta aikin turmi na yau da kullun sosai, da kuma magance matsalolin rashin iya aiki da turmi na siminti, ƙarancin ƙarfin turmi gauraye, da kuma rashin juriyar ruwa.
(2) Ana iya tsara samfuran turmi masu matakan ƙarfi daban-daban ga gine-ginen masana'antu da na farar hula.
(3) Farashin kayan ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da na cellulose ether da sitaci ether.
(4) Rikewar ruwa ya yi ƙasa da na wakilin riƙe ruwa na halitta, ƙimar busasshiyar raguwar turmi da aka shirya ta fi girma, kuma haɗin kai ya ragu.
Foda roba mai sake juyawa ta polymer
Ana sarrafa foda roba mai sake dawowa ta hanyar busar da feshi na musamman na emulsion na polymer. A cikin aikin sarrafawa, colloid mai kariya, wakili mai hana caking, da sauransu sun zama ƙarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Busasshen foda roba wasu ƙwayoyin zagaye ne na 80 ~ 100mm da aka tattara tare. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma suna samar da warwatse mai ƙarfi da ɗan girma fiye da ƙwayoyin emulsion na asali. Wannan warwatse zai samar da fim bayan bushewa da bushewa. Wannan fim ɗin ba shi da matsala kamar yadda aka samar da fim ɗin emulsion gabaɗaya, kuma ba zai sake warwatse ba lokacin da ya haɗu da ruwa. Warwatsewa.
Ana iya raba foda roba mai sake dawowa zuwa: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, da sauransu, kuma bisa ga wannan, ana dasa silicone, vinyl laurate, da sauransu don inganta aiki. Matakan gyare-gyare daban-daban suna sa foda roba mai sake dawowa yana da halaye daban-daban kamar juriyar ruwa, juriyar alkali, juriyar yanayi da sassauci. Ya ƙunshi vinyl laurate da silicone, waɗanda zasu iya sa foda roba ya sami kyakkyawan hydrophobicity. Vinyl tertiary carbonate mai rassan bishiyoyi tare da ƙarancin ƙimar Tg da sassauci mai kyau.
Idan aka shafa irin waɗannan foda na roba a kan turmi, duk suna da tasirin jinkiri akan lokacin saita siminti, amma tasirin jinkiri ya fi ƙasa da na amfani da emulsions kai tsaye. Idan aka kwatanta, styrene-butadiene yana da mafi girman tasirin jinkiri, kuma ethylene-vinyl acetate yana da ƙaramin tasirin jinkiri. Idan yawan maganin ya yi ƙanƙanta, tasirin inganta aikin turmi ba a bayyane yake ba.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-03-2023